L'étude de la photochimie dans le système solaire est de toute première importance pour appréhender la chimie organique complexe au sein d'un environnement extraterrestre. Parmi ces environnements, les comètes revêtent un intérêt particulier en exobiologie puisqu'elles ont pu, ainsi que leurs grains, être des vecteurs de matière organique sur la Terre primitive et ainsi contribuer à l'émergence de la vie. Mais dans quelle mesure, la matière organique potentiellement présente au sein des grains survit-elle face aux rayonnements solaires? Ma thèse porte sur l'étude de la dégradation photochimique de trois bases azotées (adénine, guanine et uracile) et d'un acide aminé (glycine) dans les conditions du système solaire, c'est à dire soumis à des rayonnements énergétiques VUV/UV ( <300 nm). Les études conduites lors de ce travail peuvent aussi être appliquées à l'interprétation des mesures du le spectromètre de masse COSIMA présent sur l'orbiteur de la mission cométaire ROSETTA et dont l'objectif est l'analyse de la surface de grains cométaires capturés dans l'environnement de la comète 67P/Churyomov-Gerasimenko. Ce travail présente les spectres de sections efficaces d'absorption mesurés dans les domaines VUV/UV pour des films organiques purs. Ces spectres ont mené à la déduction de constantes de photolyse, ainsi qu'à l'élaboration d'un modèle simulant la cinétique de destruction globale d'un film organique optiquement épais. La confrontation entre ce modèle et les données expérimentales d'irradiation en orbite basse terrestre ainsi qu'en laboratoire a permis d'estimer les temps de vie des molécules considérées à 1 ua puis extrapolés à différentes distances héliocentriques. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la glycine, l'adénine et la guanine, potentiellement présentes au sein des grains cométaires, seraient totalement détruites entre le moment de l'éjection des grains du noyau cométaire et l'arrivée sur Terre si elles sont en surface. En sous-surface, elles sont au contraire très stables, de part la protection efficace que leur confèrent les minéraux constitutifs du grain contre les rayonnements solaires. Dans le cadre de la mission ROSETTA, les résultats diffèrent. Au plus loin du soleil, à 3,5 ua, l'abondance des molécules ne diminuerait pas de façon significative pendant le temps de parcours des grains entre le noyau et l'orbiteur. Au périhélie, la "survie" des molécules dépendra fortement de la distance noyau-orbiteur. Les pertes significatives des 3 molécules par photochimie n'auraient lieu que si l'orbiteur se situe au moins à quelques centaines de kilomètres du noyau / The study of photochemistry in the solar system is of prime importance to assess complex organic chemistry in an extraterrestrial environment. Among those environments, comets are subject to a particular interest in the context of exobiology, along with their grains, as they could have bring organic matter on the primitive earth, and hence contribute to the emergence of life. But to what extent does the organic matter potentially with in grains survive face to solar radiation? My thesis deals with the study of photochemical degradation of three nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine and uracil) and one amino acid ( glycine) in the conditions of the solar system, which means subject to VUV/UV energetically radiations ( <300 nm). Studies performed during this work can also be applied to the interpretation of COSIMA mass spectrometer, present on the cometary mission ROSETTA, which aims to analyze the surface of cometary grains captured in the environment of the 67P/Churyomov-Gerasimenko comet. This work present absorption cross section spectrum measured in the VUV/UV range, for pure organic films. These spectrum led to the deduction of photolysis rate constants, and to the elaboration of a model simulating the global kinetic of destruction of a optically thick organic film. The comparison between this model and experimental data of low earth orbit irradiation as well as laboratory data allowed to estimates lifetimes for the considered molecules at 1 AU, and then extrapolated at different heliocentrically distances. Results show that glycine, adenine and guanine, potentially existing inside the cometary grains, would be entirely destroyed between the ejection of the grains and the arrival on earth if they exist at the surface. Below the surface, they are at the contrary very stable, thanks the effective protection of the mineral constitutive of the grain against solar radiations. In the frame of ROSETTA mission, results differ. At the farther of the sun, at 3.5 AU, the abundance of the molecule would not significantly decrease during the time of travel of grains between the core and the orbiter. At the perihelia, the survival of molecule strongly depends of the core-orbiter distance. Significant loss of the 3 molecules by photochemistry would only occurred if the orbiter is at more than hundred of kilometers from the core

Orientador: Juliano Alves Bonacin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:22:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_PamylaLayenedos_M.pdf: 4212017 bytes, checksum: 32d8be4cbad15f721c18e5490e98cb35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O azul da Prússia (AP) é um dos mais antigos compostos de coordenação e pode ser utilizado na modificação de sensores eletroquímicos para a detecção de H2O2, o AP pode catalisar a redução do peróxido e por isso é conhecido como "artificial peroxidase". Entretanto, filmes de AP não apresentam boa estabilidade eletroquímica e alternativas como a obtenção de nanocompósito baseados em AP e grafeno podem ser utilizadas para contornar o problema. O grafeno é um material com alta condutividade, flexibilidade e resistência à tração, pode ser obtido pelo método de Hummers que consiste na redução do óxido de grafeno e neste caso é chamado de óxido de grafeno reduzido. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção fotoquímica de um nanocompósito baseado em azul da Prússia (AP) e óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) que permite uma combinação das propriedades eletrocatalíticas do AP e condutoras do rGO para a aplicação em sensores eletroquímicos. Além disso, espera-se uma maior estabilidade eletroquímica deste material. Os materiais óxido de grafeno reduzido e azul da Prússia foram obtidos separadamente pelos métodos químicos e fotoquímicos com a utilização de LEDs. Os resultados mostraram vantagens do método fotoquímico como o controle da morfologia e do tamanho dos cristais de azul da Prússia. O grau de redução dos materiais baseados em grafeno foi controlado com o tempo de irradiação no LED e isso foi refletido em suas propriedades eletroquímicas, com uma resposta linear da corrente de pico em função do grau de redução. O nanocompósito foi obtido pelo método fotoquímico in situ, e isso foi comprovado pelas técnicas DRX, espectroscopias Raman e UV-Vis. As micrografias obtidas por FEG-SEM mostraram a presença de cubos de AP sobre toda a superfície do óxido de grafeno reduzido. Espera-se que a interação entre o AP e rGO permita uma maior estabilidade eletroquímica do material que será testado no sensoriamento de H2O2 / Abstract: Prussian blue is one of the oldest coordination compounds and can be used on the modification of electrochemical sensors for the detection of H2O2, PB can catalyze the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and, for that, it is known as "artificial peroxidase". However, PB films do not show good electrochemical stability and alternatives such as the obtention of nanocomposites based on PB and graphene can be used to work around this problem. Graphene is a material with high conductivity, flexibility and tensile strength. Graphene can be obtained by Hummers method, which consists of reducing graphene oxide, in which case it is called a reduced graphene oxide. The goal of this work is photochemically obtaining a nanocomposite based on Prussian blue (PB) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) that allows a combination of the electrocatalytical properties of PB and high conductivity of rGO for use in electrochemical sensors. In addition, we expect a higher electrochemical stability of this material. Reduced graphene oxide and Prussian blue were obtained separately by chemical and photochemical methods using LED. The results show the advantages of photochemical method to control the morphology and size of Prussian blue crystals. The reduction extent of graphene-based material was controlled by the irradiation time of the LED and this was reflected in its electrochemical properties, with a linear response of the peak current depending on the reduction extent. The nanocomposite was obtained by in situ photochemical method, and this was confirmed by XRD techniques, Raman and UV-Vis. The micrographs obtained by FEG-SEM showed the presence of PB cubes on the entire surface of the reduced graphene oxide. It is expected that the interaction between the PB and rGO allowing greater electrochemical stability of the material to be tested in H2O2 sensing / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestra em Química

Mineral dust aerosols emitted from the Earth crust during various natural and anthropogenic processes continuously alter the chemical balance of the atmosphere via heterogeneous processes and thus, impact on the global climate. Understanding of heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry on mineral dust has become vital to accurately predict the effect of mineral dust loading on the Earth's atmosphere. Here, laboratory measurements are coupled with model studies to understand heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry in the atmosphere with the specific focus on reactions on mineral oxide surfaces. Heterogeneous uptake of gas phase HNO3 on well characterized metal oxides, oxyhydroxides and carbonates emphasized binding of nitric acid to these surfaces in different modes including monodentate, bidentate and bridging under dry conditions. It is becoming increasingly clear that the heterogeneous chemistry, including uptake of HNO3, is a function of relative humidity (RH) as water on the surface of these particles can enhance or inhibit its reactivity depending on the reaction. All the studied model systems showed a significant uptake of water with the highest uptake by CaCO3. Quantitative analysis of water uptake indicated formation of multilayers of water over these reactive surfaces. Under humid conditions, two water solvated nitrate coordination modes were observed that is inner-sphere and outer-sphere, which differ by nitrate proximity to the surface. Photochemical conversion of nitric acid to gas phase nitrous oxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide through an adsorbed nitrate intermediate under different atmospherically relevant conditions is shown using transmittance FTIR and XPS analysis. The relative ratio and product yields of these gas phase products change with relative humidity. Photochemistry of adsorbed nitrate on mineral aerosol dust may be influenced by the presence of other distinct gases in the atmosphere making it complicated to understand. This thesis converses formation of active nitrogen, NOx and N2O, and chlorine, ClOx, species in the presence of co-adsorbed trace gases, that could potentially regulate the peak concentration and geographical distribution of atmospheric ozone. Here we report formation of atmospheric N2O, from the photodecomposition of adsorbed nitrate in the presence of co-adsorbed NH3 via an abiotic mechanism that is favorable in the presence of light, relative humidity and a surface. Estimated annual production of N2O over the continental United States is 9.3+0.7/-5.3 Gg N2O, ~5% of total U.S. anthropogenic N2O emissions. Not only NH2 but also gaseous HCl react with adsorbed nitrate to activate "inert" N and Cl reservoir species, yielding NOCl, NOx, Cl and Cl2, through adsorbed nitrate under different atmospherically relevant conditions. Mineral dust aerosol is a major source of bioavailable iron to the ocean with an annual deposition of ~ 450 Tg of dust into the open ocean waters. In this study, we report enhanced Fe dissolution from nano scale Fe-containing minerals, i.e.alpha-FeOOH, beyond the surface area effects that can be attributed to the presence of more reactive sites on specific crystal planes exposed. We further report with clear evidence that aggregation impacts on dissolution. Proton-promoted dissolution of nanorods is nearly or completely quenched in the aggregated state. Acid type, presence of oxyanions and light are several other key factors responsible for regulating for iron dissolution. The work reported in this thesis provides insight into the heterogeneous chemistry and photochemistry of mineral dust aerosol under different atmospherically relevant conditions.

C’est dernières années, les progrès des techniques expérimentales combinées avec les simulations théoriques ont données un accès à l’étude et le contrôle des réactions photochimiques dans des systèmes moléculaires de grande taille. Ceci ouvre des portes à de nouvelles applications technologiques. Par exemple, les molécules de la famille du 3-hydroxychromone et de l’aminobenzonitrile sont des types de systèmes où les spectres de fluorescences vont présentés des différences importantes suivant l’environnement du système ou même suivant les substituants utilisés. Ce type de propriété est crucial dans le domaine des matériaux organique, afin de pouvoir comprendre et designer des matériaux qui présentent des propriétés optiques choisis tells que les marqueurs fluorescents dans le domaine médical par exemple.Notre stratégie pour étudier la réactivité photochimique est la suivante: *Explorer la surface d’énergie potentielle et optimiser les points spécifiques avec des calculs de chimie quantiques. Dans un premier temps, on a utilisé des méthodes CASSCF/CASPT2 et la méthode PCM pour décrire les effets de solvant. * Génération des surfaces d énergies potentielles exprimer sous la forme de fonctions analytiques des coordonnées nucléaires. * Résolution de l’équation de Schrödinger dépendant du temps pour les noyaux et pour tout les derges de libertés de la molécule. Cette étape est faite à l’aide de la méthode multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent hartree (ML-MCTDH). / Over the last decades, progress in experimental techniques combined with theoretical simulations has given access to studying and controlling the photochemical reactivity of large molecular systems with numerous technological applications. 3-hydroxychromone and aminobenzonitrile-like molecules are an example where different fluorescence patterns are observed, depending of the solvent or its substituents. Such properties are crucial in the field of organic materials to understand and design materials with specific optical properties such as fluorescent markers.Our strategy to study the photochemistry reactivity is summarised as follows: * Exploring the potential energy surfaces and optimising specific points with quantum chemistry calculations. In a first stage, these are run at the CASSCF/CASPT2 level of theory with a polarised extended basis set, and the solvent effect is described implicitly with the PCM model. * Generating the full dimension potential energy surfaces as analytical functions of the nuclear coordinates.* Solving the nuclear time-dependent Schrödinger equation for all the degrees of freedom. This is achieved with the multilayer Multi-Configuration Time-Dependent Hartree method (ML-MCTDH).

La photochimie de Titan amorcée par rayonnements VUV est étudiée par la simulation en laboratoire et la modélisation numérique.Dans les simulations en laboratoire, nous avons irradié un _ux de gaz de N2/CH4 (90/10)par un faisceau synchrotron VUV continu (60-350 nm) dans un nouveau réacteur, nommé APSIS (Atmospheric Photochemistry SImulated by Synchrotron). La production d'hydrocarbures C2-C4 ainsi que de plusieurs nitriles est détectée par la spectrométrie de masse in situ et GC-MS ex situ d'un piège cryogénique. Notre stratégie de modélisation comprend le traitement des paramètres incertains. Nous proposons des représentations séparées des sections efficaces et des rapports de branchement incertains de photolyse. Cela permet de développer un modèle dépendant de la longueur d'onde pour les rapports de branchement. Grâce à cette séparation, dans la modélisation de l'atmosphère de Titan, nous observons lesaltitudes spécifiques où l'incertitude sur les constantes de vitesse de photolyse disparaît. Nous montrons que les rapports de branchement de la photolyse du méthane de Wang et al. (2000) et l'hypothèse 100% CH3 pour ceux hors Ly-α, couramment utilisés, doivent être évités dans les modèles photochimiques de Titan.Nous avons dévéloppé un modèle ion-neutre couplé pour les expériences APSIS. Par ce modèle, nous trouvons que la chimie des ions et, en particulier, la recombinaison dissociative sont très importants. Nous avons identifié trois familles de croissance, dont la plus insaturée, promue par C2H2, est prédominante. Ceci est en bon accord avec la production des espèces insaturées dans la haute atmosphère de Titan détectée par le Cassini INMS, mais pas avec les spectres de masse in situ dans les expériences APSIS et celles d'Imanaka and Smith (2010), dont les productions d'espèces saturées sont nettement plus élevées et probablement dues à catalyse par les parois métalliques des réacteurs. / Titan's VUV photochemistry is studied by laboratory simulation and numerical modeling.In the laboratory simulations, a gas flow of N2/CH4 (90/10) was irradiated by a continuousVUV (60-350 nm) synchrotron beam in a new reactor, named APSIS (Atmospheric Photochemistry SImulated by Synchrotron). The production of C2-C4 hydrocarbons as well as several nitriles is detected by in situ mass spectrometry and ex situ GC-MS of a cryogenic experiment.Our modeling strategy includes the treatment of uncertain parameters. We propose separaterepresentations of the uncertain photolysis cross-sections and branching ratios. This enables to develop a wavelength-dependent model for the branching ratios.Owing to this separation, in the modeling of Titan's atmosphere, we observe specific altitudes where the uncertainty on the photolysis rate constants vanishes. We show that the Ly-α methane photolysis branching ratios of Wang et al. (2000) and the commonly used 100% CH3 hypothesis for out-of-Ly-α ones should be avoided in Titan's photochemical models. A new ion-neutral coupled model was developed for the APSIS experiments. By this model, ion chemistry and in particular dissociative recombination are found to be very important. We identifed three growth families, of which the most unsaturated one, promoted by C2H2, is dominant. This agrees well with the unsaturated production in Titan's upper atmosphere observed by the Cassini INMS, but not with the in situ MS in the APSIS and Imanaka and Smith (2010)'s experiments, whose saturated productions are substantially higher and likely to originate from the catalysis by metallic walls of the reactors.

Le présent mémoire décrit le développement d’une méthode de synthèse des hélicènes catalysée par la lumière visible. Les conditions pour la formation de [5]hélicène ont été établies par une optimisation du photocatalyseur, du solvant, du système d’oxydation et du temps réactionnel. Suite aux études mécanistiques préliminaires, un mécanisme oxydatif est proposé. Les conditions optimisées ont été appliquées à la synthèse de [6]hélicènes pour laquelle la régiosélectivité a été améliorée en ajoutant des substituants sur la colonne hélicale. La synthèse de thiohélicènes a aussi été testée en utilisant les mêmes conditions sous irradiation par la lumière visible. La méthode a été inefficace pour la formation de benzodithiophènes et de naphtothiophènes, par contre elle permet la formation du phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophène avec un rendement acceptable. En prolongeant la surface-π de la colonne hélicale, le pyrène a été fusionné aux motifs de [4]- et [5]hélicène. Trois dérivés de pyrène-hélicène ont été synthétisés en utilisant les conditions optimisées pour la photocyclisation et leurs caractéristiques physiques ont été étudiées. La méthode de cyclisation sous l’action de la lumière visible a aussi été étudiée en flux continu. Une optimisation du montage expérimental ainsi que de la source lumineuse a été effectuée et les meilleures conditions ont été appliquées à la formation de [5]hélicène et des trois dérivés du pyrène-hélicène. Une amélioration ou conservation des rendements a été observée pour la plupart des produits formés en flux continu comparativement à la synthèse en batch. La concentration de la réaction a aussi été conservée et le temps réactionnel a été réduit par un facteur de dix toujours en comparaison avec la synthèse en batch. / The present work describes the development of a visible-light-mediated method for the synthesis of helicenes. The conditions for the formation of [5]helicene were established in a batch process as a result of an extensive optimization of the photosensitizer, solvent, oxidant system and reaction time. Following preliminary mechanistic studies, an oxidative reaction mechanism was proposed. The optimized conditions were applied to the synthesis of [6]helicenes and the regioselectivity of the reaction was improved through substitution along the helicene backbone. Synthesis of thiohelicenes was also explored under the same conditions and although ineffective for the formation of benzodithiophenes and naphthothiophene, it did provide phenanthro[3,4-b]thiophene in a moderate yield. In an effort to extend the π-surface of the helical backbone, a pyrene moiety was fused to the [4]- and [5]helicene core. Three pyrene-helicene hybrid derivatives were synthesized under the visible-light-mediated cyclization conditions and their physical properties investigated. The visible-light-mediated method for the formation of helicenes was also explored using the continuous flow method. An optimization of the reaction set up, the reaction medium as well as the light source was conducted with the [5]helicene model system. The optimal conditions were applied to the formation of various pyrene-helicene derivatives. In most cases the reaction yields were maintained or significantly improved when compared with the batch process. Also, the reaction concentration was conserved while the reaction time was decreased tenfold from the batch method to the continuous flow process.

No description available.

About 85% of the world’s energy is derived from non-renewable sources—coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Solar photocatalysis is one way to potentially generate cheap renewable fuels by harnessing energy from the sun using a photosensitizer and converting it into chemical energy. The efficiency of a photosensitizer depends on its capacity to form a prolonged triplet excited state. Zinc dipyrrin complexes have the potential to be efficient sensitizers for reductive photochemistry, but their ability to form long-lived triplet excited states still needs extensive research. The overall aim of this research is to probe the role charge separation plays in the formation of triplet state in metal complexes of dipyrrin photosensitizers. The specific objectives are to synthesize and characterize zinc and boron dipyrrin complexes, analyze their photophysical properties—such as steady state spectroscopy, low temperature emission spectroscopy—and quantify their triplet states using time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy.

This diploma thesis deals with a study of kinetics of photochemical reactions in a thin printed polymer layer. The experimental part deals with the composition preparation and layers coating. The prepared layers were exposed and subsequently studied for their colour response to the light. The aim of this work was to prepare a photosensitive layer with a significant colour change between individual doses of radiation, to improve the mechanical resistance of the layers, to adjust the sensitivity of the compositions to UVB radiation and to study the kinetics of the photochemical reaction used.

No description available.