Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-222).

- / -

- / -

Submitted by Orlando Aparecido Carriel null (orlando.carriel@hotmail.com) on 2018-04-02T17:22:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado OAC - Versão Capa Dura (Padrão Unesp).pdf: 1074122 bytes, checksum: e6b5090eb690b059e1b2e38c0686fb9f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Luiza Carpi Semeghini (luiza@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-02T22:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carriel_oa_me_assis.pdf: 1074122 bytes, checksum: e6b5090eb690b059e1b2e38c0686fb9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T22:12:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carriel_oa_me_assis.pdf: 1074122 bytes, checksum: e6b5090eb690b059e1b2e38c0686fb9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-05 / Ao longo do tempo a temperatura média global teve grandes variações, devido principalmente à fenômenos naturais. Porém, a partir da revolução industrial diversas atividades antrópicas vêm causando uma significativa alteração na atmosfera terrestre, de modo que diversos gases, especialmente CO2, têm aumentado a sua concentração atmosférica e, como consequência, produzido elevação na temperatura do planeta. Essas mudanças climáticas, particularmente o aquecimento global, podem afetar os organismos de ambientes aquáticos continentais, incluindo os produtores primários (p.ex., macrófitas). Utilizando o método de evolução do oxigênio dissolvido (técnica dos frascos claros e escuros), a técnica da fluorescência da clorofila a e a técnica da concentração de clorofila a, avaliou-se o efeito do aumento de temperatura potencialmente produzido pelo aquecimento global, previsto em dois cenários futuros do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC), RCP 4.5 e RCP 8.5, sobre as respostas fotossintéticas de macrófitas aquáticas de ecossistemas lóticos tropicais. As temperaturas de controle foram determinadas, para as estações de inverno e verão, a partir da temperatura média de riachos da região onde as amostras de macrófitas foram coletadas e as temperaturas experimentais calculadas adicionando-se os aumentos previstos pelos cenários testados do IPCC. A resposta à simulação dos cenários do IPCC ocorreu de modo espécie-específico. Sendo que para a maioria das espécies investigadas não foram registrados efeitos negativos ou significativos sobre a fotossíntese, com algumas espécies demonstrando inclusive um aumento na produtividade primaria nos cenários experimentais do IPCC em relação ao controle. / Over time, the average global temperature had great variations, mainly due to natural phenomena. However, since the industrial revolution several anthropic activities have caused a significant change in the Earth's atmosphere, so that various gases, especially CO2, have increased their atmospheric concentration and, consequently, produced an increase in the planet's temperature. These climatic changes, particularly global warming, can affect organisms in continental aquatic environments, including primary producers (eg, macrophytes). Using the method of evolution of dissolved oxygen (light and dark jars technique), chlorophyll a fluorescence technique and chlorophyll a concentration technique, the effect of the temperature increase potentially produced by global warming, predicted in two scenarios future of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, on the photosynthetic responses of aquatic macrophytes from tropical lotic ecosystems. Control temperatures were determined for the winter and summer seasons from the average stream temperature of the region where the macrophyte samples were collected and the experimental temperatures calculated by adding the predicted increases in the IPCC tested scenarios. The response to the simulation of the IPCC scenarios occurred in a species-specific manner. For most of the species investigated, there were no negative or significant effects on photosynthesis, with some species even showing an increase in primary productivity in the experimental scenarios of the IPCC in relation to the control.

abstract: The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 performs oxygenic photosynthesis. Light energy conversion in photosynthesis takes place in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) that contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy that is utilized as a driving force for photosynthesis. However, excess light energy may lead to formation of reactive oxygen species that cause damage to photosynthetic complexes, which subsequently need repair or replacement. To gain insight in the degradation/biogenesis dynamics of the photosystems, the lifetimes of photosynthetic proteins and chlorophyll were determined by a combined stable-isotope (15N) and mass spectrometry method. The lifetimes of PSII and PSI proteins ranged from 1-33 and 30-75 hours, respectively. Interestingly, chlorophyll had longer lifetimes than the chlorophyll-binding proteins in these photosystems. Therefore, photosynthetic proteins turn over and are replaced independently from each other, and chlorophyll is recycled from the damaged chlorophyll-binding proteins. In Synechocystis, there are five small Cab-like proteins (SCPs: ScpA-E) that share chlorophyll a/b-binding motifs with LHC proteins in plants. SCPs appear to transiently bind chlorophyll and to regulate chlorophyll biosynthesis. In this study, the association of ScpB, ScpC, and ScpD with damaged and repaired PSII was demonstrated. Moreover, in a mutant lacking SCPs, most PSII protein lifetimes were unaffected but the lifetime of chlorophyll was decreased, and one of the nascent PSII complexes was missing. SCPs appear to bind PSII chlorophyll while PSII is repaired, and SCPs stabilize nascent PSII complexes. Furthermore, aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis, an early step of chlorophyll biosynthesis, was impaired in the absence of SCPs, so that the amount of chlorophyll in the cells was reduced. Finally, a deletion mutation was introduced into the sll1906 gene, encoding a member of the putative bacteriochlorophyll delivery (BCD) protein family. The Sll1906 sequence contains possible chlorophyll-binding sites, and its homolog in purple bacteria functions in proper assembly of light-harvesting complexes. However, the sll1906 deletion did not affect chlorophyll degradation/biosynthesis and photosystem assembly. Other (parallel) pathways may exist that may fully compensate for the lack of Sll1906. This study has highlighted the dynamics of photosynthetic complexes in their biogenesis and turnover and the coordination between synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthetic proteins. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Plant Biology 2011

abstract: Natural photosynthesis features a complex biophysical/chemical process that requires sunlight to produce energy rich products. It is one of the most important processes responsible for the appearance and sustainability of life on earth. The first part of the thesis focuses on understanding the mechanisms involved in regulation of light harvesting, which is necessary to balance the absorption and utilization of light energy and in that way reduce the effect caused by photooxidative damage. In photosynthesis, carotenoids are responsible not only for collection of light, but also play a major role in protecting the photosynthetic system. To investigate the role of carotenoids in the quenching of the excited state of cyclic tetrapyrroles, two sets of dyads were studied. Both sets of dyads contain zinc phthalocyanine (Pc) covalently attached to carotenoids of varying conjugation lengths. In the first set of dyads, carotenoids were attached to the phthalocyanine via amide linkage. This set of dyads serves as a good model for understanding the molecular "gear-shift" mechanism, where the addition of one double bond can turn the carotenoid from a nonquencher to a very strong quencher of the excited state of a tetrapyrrole. In the second set of dyads, carotenoids were attached to phthalocyanine via a phenyl amino group. Two independent studies were performed on these dyads: femtosecond transient absorption and steady state fluorescence induced by two-photon excitation. In the transient absorption study it was observed that there is an instantaneous population of the carotenoid S1 state after Pc excitation, while two-photon excitation of the optically forbidden carotenoid S1 state shows 1Pc population. Both observations provide a strong indication of the existence of a shared excitonic state between carotenoid and Pc. Similar results were observed in LHC II complexes in plants, supporting the role of such interactions in photosynthetic down regulation. In the second chapter we describe the synthesis of porphyrin dyes functionalized with carboxylate and phosphonate anchoring groups to be used in the construction of photoelectrochemical cells containing a porphyrin-IrO2·nH2O complex immobilized on a TiO2 electrode. The research presented here is a step in the development of high potential porphyrin-metal oxide complexes to be used in the photooxidation of water. The last chapter focuses on developing synthetic strategies for the construction of an artificial antenna system consisting of porphyrin-silver nanoparticle conjugates, linked by DNA of varied length to study the distance dependence of the interaction between nanoparticles and the porphyrin chromophore. Preliminary studies indicate that at the distance of about 7-10 nm between porphyrin and silver nanoparticle is where the porphyrin absorption leading to fluorescence shows maximum enhancement. These new hybrid constructs will be helpful for designing efficient light harvesting systems. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2011

The specialized pigment-protein complexes involved in the first process of photosynthesis are light-harvesting structures that are composed of networks of chromophores in protein scaffolds. Though light-harvesting complexes vary in chromophore composition and protein structure, they are capable of transferring the absorbed energy as molecular excitation energy from chromophore to chromophore with maximal efficiency. Thus, numerous interdisciplinary studies focus on elucidating energy transfer mechanisms in these biological complexes and how the same principles can be applied to artificial photosynthetic and photovoltaic machines. From advanced spectroscopic measurements and theoretical models, the interaction between the excited electronic states and the nuclear vibrational degrees of freedom is now established to be crucial for efficient energy transfer. In light-harvesting complexes of plants and bacteria, it is now understood that the classical-like vibrational modes of the protein and solvent environment drive energy transfer between the energetically close electronic states of the chromophores. On the other hand, recent spectroscopic measurements on algae light-harvesting complexes discovered signatures of quantized, high frequency vibrational modes of the chromophore. Unfortunately, a deterministic interpretation of the data and the underlying Hamiltonian is hindered due to significant inhomogeneous spectral line-broadening. Though numerous model Hamiltonians have been proposed from theoretical work, various computational approximations employed in these studies necessitate empirical parameter tuning in order to obtain agreement with benchmark linear optical spectra. Thus in this work, we present a simple, but improved, computational prescription to compute the ensemble of Hamiltonians for four closely-related algae light-harvesting complexes. We verify the reliability of our proposed models by comparing simulated optical spectra with experimental measurements. We show that static disorder and inhomogeneous broadening are significant for phycobiliproteins due to large site energy fluctuations. We also show that the nuclear environment plays an important role in defining the trapping state, or the final energy acceptor. Finally, our work for the first time suggests that EET dynamics can be tuned by varying the titration states of the chromophores.

The aim of the work was to examine microalgae growth and nutrient elimination in various diluted digestates in the first trial, then to study CO2 removal from a simulated biogas mixture by the same strain in the second trial. Scenedesmus SCCP K-1826 was cultivated in the digestate from Sundet biogas plant diluted 10, 20 and 30 times. The cultures were open-air with occasional CO2 injections to control pH. On day 15, the best growth was obtained in the 10 times diluted sample. COD, TN and TP removal efficiencies were similar in each bottle as the strain didn’t perform better in any specific dilution. The control proved that additional mechanisms other than photosynthesis contributed to digestate cleaning. Using the 10 times diluted sludge, Scenedesmus was grown in sealed flasks filled with simulated biogas (35.3 % CO2 + 32.3 % CH4 + 32.3 % N2). More algal biomass was produced in this batch culture. Nutrient removal efficiencies were close to the ones reached in the open-air flasks. After 10 days, 96 % of carbon dioxide was reduced. Methane content was depleted as well, possibly due to undesirable methane oxidizing bacteria which infiltrated the medium.

The purpose of this thesis is to obtain informations about the parameters of environment, which increases respiratory processes in fishponds and can cause an oxygen deficit. 24 monitored lakes were chosen according to the requirements of Rybářství Třeboň a.s. Between 4. 2. 2014 and 30. 9. 2014 took place 10 samplings. Water samples were taken for chemical laboratory analysis. At the same time there were made field measurements of basic physico-chemical parameters - dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, color and transparency. Laboratory analysis determined compound and forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and the quantity of chlorophyll-a. Plankton respiration per 24 hours was detected by measuring the oxygen consumption by plankton in sizes up to 235 microns. Relations between respiration and other parameters, and different concentration of dissolved oxygen at the surface and in the depth of 1 m and the other parameters were compared using regression and correlation analysis. The observed decreasing trend of the seasonal oxygen saturation indicates that whole fishpond is dominated by respiratory processes. The results of correlation analysis, comparing the relationship of environmental parameters and respiration pelagial per 24 hours, shows that respiration correlates most with organic carbon content (representing the amount of organic substance). Furthermore, positively correlates content of total nitrogen, the amount of phytoplankton expressed as chlorophyll-a concentration and transparency. Content of particulate and total nitrogen, amount of phytoplankton and transparency also positively correlated with respiration. Total phosphorus concentration correlates with the respiration least of the monitored parameters.

SILVEIRA, Enio Marques de Castro. Fisiologia de plantas de meloeiro cultivadas sob diferentes níveis de irrigação. 2013. 57 f. ; Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T13:21:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_emcsilveira.pdf: 553128 bytes, checksum: ad61050bcccc7053d91abf2f8adb3ce9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-23T13:22:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_emcsilveira.pdf: 553128 bytes, checksum: ad61050bcccc7053d91abf2f8adb3ce9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T13:22:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_emcsilveira.pdf: 553128 bytes, checksum: ad61050bcccc7053d91abf2f8adb3ce9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The melon is the most exports of fresh fruit produced in Brazil, especially being produced in the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Ceará. All this curcubitaceae commercial orchard in the two regions is performed under irrigated conditions. Thus, measures of efficient use of water become essential for this crop. The improvement in efficiency of water use will depend primarily on a management plan that deliver only the amount of water necessary for their full development. The study aimed to evaluate plant growth, water status, gas exchange and yield of yellow melon grown under different irrigation levels. Therefore, two experiments were conducted in the experimental field of Curu, Paraipaba, CE, using hybrid Gold Mine, with spacing of 2.0 m x 0.4 m, under drip irrigation. The first experiment consisted of weekly evaluation of plant growth in response to applying three different irrigation water levels: 100% 80% and 120% (T1, T2 and T3 respectively) of calculated levels. In the second experiment, in addition to the treatments mentioned above, was inserted another factor: the irrigation schedule of 24 to 48 hours, with four replicates. In this it, was evaluated gas exchange, water potential, the carbohydrate in different parts of the plant, yield and fruit quality. In all treatments the plants showed the lowest water potential daily between 12:00 to 2:00pm. Although stomatal conductance decreases during the day curse, it remained in amounts sufficient for photosynthetic rate nearly constant, with a slight reduction after noon and marked decrease only after 4:00pm. In turn, with the exception of transpiration, which was higher in plants irrigated every 48 hours, the irrigation water levels and the irrigation schedule did not affect gas exchange of plants. Likewise, the production, the size and quality of melon fruits were practically not influenced by treatments. Thus, under the experimental conditions used, the increase or decrease of 20% of irrigation water level calculated and recommended to the melon in the region, did not affect plant development, nor the production. Only the amount of total soluble solids was positively influenced by the addition of 20% of the water levels calculated, when applied daily / O melão representa a maior parte das exportações de frutas frescas produzidas no Brasil, sendo cultivado em larga escala nos estados do Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará. Todo o cultivo comercial desta curcubitácea nestas duas regiões é realizado sob condições de irrigação. Assim, medidas de uso eficiente da água tornam-se essenciais para esta cultura. A melhoria na eficiência do uso da água irá depender principalmente de um manejo que entregue à planta somente a quantidade de água necessária para o seu pleno desenvolvimento. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento das plantas, o estado hídrico, as trocas gasosas e a produção do meloeiro amarelo cultivado sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação. Para tanto, conduziram-se dois experimentos no Campo Experimental do Curu, no município de Paraipaba, CE, utilizando híbrido Gold Mine, com espaçamento de 2,0 m x 0,4 m e irrigado por gotejamento. O primeiro experimento consistiu na avaliação semanal do crescimento das plantas em resposta à aplicação de três diferentes lâminas diárias de irrigação: 100% 80% e 120% (T1, T2 e T3 respectivamente) da lâmina calculada. No segundo experimento, além dos tratamentos citados anteriormente, foi inserido outro fator: turno de rega de 24 e 48 horas, com quatro repetições por tratamento. Neste, se avaliou as trocas gasosas, o potencial hídrico, os teores de carboidratos nas diversas partes das plantas e a produção e qualidade dos frutos. Em todos os tratamentos, as plantas apresentaram o menor potencial hídrico diário no período de 12h00min às 14h00min. Apesar de a condutância estomática decrescer ao longo do dia, a mesma se mantinha em valores suficientes para permitir uma taxa fotossintética praticamente constante, com leve redução após o meio dia e decréscimo acentuado somente após as 16h00min. Por sua vez, com exceção da transpiração, que foi mais alta nas plantas irrigadas a cada 48 horas, o turno de rega e as lâminas hídricas aplicadas não influenciaram as trocas gasosas das plantas. Da mesma forma, a produção, o tamanho e a qualidade dos frutos de meloeiro praticamente não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos aplicados. Assim, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, o acréscimo ou diminuição de 20% da lâmina de água calculada recomendada para o melão na região, não influenciou o desenvolvimento das plantas, nem tampouco a produção. Apenas a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais (ºBrix) foi influenciada positivamente pelo o acréscimo de 20% da lâmina calculada, quando aplicada diariamente.