This thesis examines the on-going anti-piracy and anti-file sharing measures taken by media conglomerates and big content as misguided attempts at addressing changing consumer expectations and social and technological norms. These measures include legislation such as the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), Preventing Real Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Theft of Intellectual Property Act (PIPA), Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), and Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA); and litigation against both extremes of the spectrum: from the world's largest file sharing search engines like The Pirate Bay, and cyberlockers like MegaUpload, to private citizens who illegally downloaded a few movies or a few songs. The manner in which the entertainment industry's largest, most expensive, and highest-profile anti-piracy measures in the recent years have been received by groups from IT corporations to human rights organizations, researchers, politicians, legal and internet experts, and millions of citizens worldwide are of focus; and how this translates into an unpopular public image is explored. Piracy is underlined as a service and distribution problem, and various international studies are presented in exploring the relationship between illegal downloading and legal purchases.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo geral investigar se o Programa de AssistÃncia ao Idoso - PAI, por meio do Programa Integrado de PreparaÃÃo para a Aposentadoria - PIPA, patrocinados pelo Governo do Estado do CearÃ, tem como essÃncia cuidar e incentivar o idoso para uma atividade prazerosa e produtiva na aposentadoria, por meio de aÃÃes que nÃo sejam meramente lÃdicas e que, muitas vezes "infantilizam" essas pessoas, atravÃs de brincadeiras e atividades atà mesmo constrangedoras. Esta pesquisa adotou, como grupo empÃrico, uma amostra de 36 (trinta e seis) sujeitos participantes do citado programa, que se dispuseram, apÃs uma prÃvia autorizaÃÃo, a participar. Utilizou-se como metodologia a aplicaÃÃo de um questionÃrio composto de perguntas abertas e fechadas, cujos dados analisados permitiram traÃar o perfil socioeconÃmico dos sujeitos envolvidos, bem como perceber o alcance dos objetivos propostos pelo programa. De modo geral, os participantes, estÃo satisfeitos com o programa e com as atividades oferecidas, constatando-se que os objetivos da pesquisa foram alcanÃados, uma vez que a investigaÃÃo deparou-se com um grande nÃmero de servidores que estÃo confiantes para enfrentar o fantasma da inatividade. Contudo, por se tratar de uma polÃtica pÃblica voltada para o bem estar dessa faixa da populaÃÃo, à importante frisar que como demanda pÃblica, pelo fato de nÃo ser estÃtica, requer avaliaÃÃes periÃdicas. No caso especÃfico do PIPA, surge a necessidade de que este estudo seja feito numa outra conjuntura, haja vista que a criaÃÃo e reformulaÃÃo de leis emanadas do Estado possibilitam uma realidade, hoje, que poderà ser diferente amanhÃ. Portanto, os participantes do PIPA sÃo servidores que se aproximam do tÃrmino do tempo de serviÃo e que poderÃo ser reinseridos na economia por vias de programas sociais, especialmente nesse momento de crise pelo qual passa o mundo, o Brasil e o Estado do CearÃ, onde o neoliberalismo està cada vez mais presente e os governos sentem a necessidade de evitar seus dÃficits. / This research aims at investigate whether the Assistance Program for the Elderly - PAI, by way of the Integrated Program of Retirement Preparation - PIPA, both sponsored by the Government of the State of CearÃ, has the essence of caring and encourage the elderly for a pleasurable and productive activity in the retirement, with actions that are not merely ludic and often "infantilize" these people, through games and activities, even embarrassing. This research adopted as empirical group, 36 (thirty six) subjects participating in the said program, who made themselves ready, after a prior authorization, to participate. It was used as a methodology the application of a questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions, which analyzed data allowed us to outline the socioeconomic profile of the individuals involved, as well as realize the scope of the objectives proposed by the program. In general, participants are satisfied with the program and the activities offered, revealing that the research objectives were achieved, since the research came across itself with a large number of servers that are confident to face the ghost of the inactivity. However, as it is a public policy for the welfare of this population group, it is important to emphasize that public demand, because it is not static, requires periodic evaluations. In the specific case of PIPA, arises the need for this study to be done in another conjuncture, considering that the creation and reformulation of laws issued by the State allow that a reality, today, may be different tomorrow. Therefore, the participants of PIPA are servers that are approaching the end of the period of service and may be reinserted into the economy by social programs, especially in this time of crisis in which the world passes, Brazil and state of CearÃ, where the neoliberalism is increasingly present and governments feel the need to avoid fiscal deficits.

This dissertation presents the first full grammatical description of unprompted (spontaneous) speech in pidgin Chinook Jargon [synonyms Chinúk Wawa, Chinook]. The data come from a dialect I term ‘Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’, used in southern interior British Columbia circa 1900. I also present the first historical study and structural analysis of the shorthand-based ‘Chinuk pipa’ alphabet in which Kamloops Chinúk Wawa was written, primarily by Salish people. This study is made possible by the discovery of several hundred such texts, which I have transliterated and analyzed. The Basic Linguistic Theory-inspired (cf. Dixon 2010a,b) framework used here interprets Kamloops Chinúk Wawa as surprisingly ramified in morphological and syntactic structure, a finding in line with recent studies reexamining the status of pidgins by Bakker (e.g. 2003a,b, forthcoming) among others. Among the major findings: an unusually successful pidgin literacy including a widely circulated newspaper Kamloops Wawa, and language planning by the missionary J.M.R. Le Jeune, O.M.I. He planned both for the use of Kamloops Chinúk Wawa and this alphabet, and for their replacement by English. Additional sociolinguistic factors determining how Chinuk pipa was written included Salish preferences for learning to write by whole-word units (rather than letter by letter), and toward informal intra-community teaching of this first group literacy. In addition to compounding and conversion of lexical roots, Kamloops Chinúk Wawa morphology exploited three types of preposed grammatical morphemes—affixes, clitics, and particles. Virtually all are homonymous with and grammaticalized from demonstrably lexical morphs. Newly identified categories include ‘out-of-control’ transitivity marking and discourse markers including ‘admirative’ and ‘inferred’. Contrary to previous claims about Chinook Jargon (cf. Vrzic 1999), no overt passive voice exists in Kamloops Chinúk Wawa (nor probably in pan-Chinook Jargon), but a previously unknown ‘passivization strategy’ of implied agent demotion is brought to light. A realis-irrealis modality distinction is reflected at several scopal levels: phrase, clause and sentence. Functional differences are observed between irrealis clauses before and after main clauses. Polar questions are restricted to subordinate clauses, while alternative questions are formed by simple juxtaposition of irrealis clauses. Main-clause interrogatives are limited to content-question forms, optionally with irrealis marking. Positive imperatives are normally signaled by a mood particle on a realis clause, negative ones by a negative particle. Aspect is marked in a three-part ingressive-imperfective-completive system, with a marginal fourth ‘conative’. One negative operator has characteristically clausal, and another phrasal, scope. One copula is newly attested. Degree marking is largely confined to ‘predicative’ adjectives (copula complements). Several novel features of pronoun usage possibly reflect Salish L1 grammatical habits: a consistent animacy distinction occurs in third-person pronouns, where pan-Chinook Jargon 'iaka' (animate singular) and 'klaska' (animate plural) contrast with a null inanimate object/patient; this null and 'iaka' are non-specified for number; in intransitives, double exponence (repetition) of pronominal subjects is common; and pan-Chinook Jargon 'klaksta' (originally ‘who?’) and 'klaska' (originally ‘they’) vary freely with each other. Certain etymologically content-question forms are used also as determiners. Kamloops Chinúk Wawa’s numeral system is unusually regular and small for a pidgin; numerals are also used ordinally in a distinctly Chinook Jargon type of personal name. There is a null allomorph of the preposition 'kopa'. This preposition has additionally a realis complementizer function (with nominalized predicates) distinct from irrealis 'pus' (with verbal ones). Conjunction 'pi' also has a function in a syntactic focus-increasing and -reducing system. / Graduate