Methods. The intestinal absorption and metabolism of W and OA as well as the potential interactions among B, Wand OA were investigated at in vitro, in situ and in vivo levels. Various models were employed including Caco-2 cell monolayer model, in vitro enzymatic kinetics study, rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model and in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats. / Purpose. Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Asia. Its dried root, Radix Scutellariae (RS), has been extensively used in Chinese and Japanese medicine. Six flavones including baicalein (B), wogonin (W), oroxylin A (OA) and their corresponding glucuronic acid conjugates (BG, WG, OAG) are the major bioactive components in RS. Our previous studies on B revealed an extensive first-pass metabolism during its absorption. Hence, it is expected that W and OA which have the similar structures as B, may share similar absorption and metabolic pathways as B. The present project aims to (1) establish an assay method for better quality control of RS; (2) provide further biopharmaceutic characterizations ofW and OA in RS; (3) investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions among B, Wand OA. / Results. Similar to B, Wand OA showed favorable permeability in both the Caco-2 cell and the rat in situ single-pass perfusion models. However, they experienced extensive first-pass metabolism, mainly in the form of glucuronidation. Intracellularly formed WG and OAG could be effluxed to both the apical side (lumen side) and basolateral side (mesenteric blood side) mainly by MRPs, which was confirmed by inhibition transport studies in Caco-2 cells and transfected MDCK cells. The glucuronidation rate of OA was higher than that of W, which was observed by enzymatic kinetics studies by sub-cellular fractions with intrinsic clearances (Vmax/K m, mul/min/mg) of 456 to 4170 for W and 509∼5038 for OA. UGT 1A9 was the most potent metabolic enzyme for hepatic glucuronidation, while UGTs 1A8 and 1AlO were responsible for the intestinal glucuronidation of W and OA. The in vivo rat pharmacokinetics studies showed that W and OA may be readily absorbed and extensively metabolized with no parent compound detectable in blood after oral administration of W and OA. A new metabolite of W was identified to be the glucuronic acid conjugate at 5-0H of W. After co-administration of B, W and OA, decreased formation of BG, WG and OAG was observed in in vitro enzymatic kinetics study. Further studies in absorption models of Caco-2 cell monolayer and rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion demonstrated the enhancement in absorption of B, W and OA and decrease of BG, WG and OAG after the co-administration of B, W and OA. The ultimate pharmacokinetics interaction study revealed that glucuronides were the predominant form in systemic circulation and the AUC of OAG significantly increased after co-administration of B, Wand OA. Conclusion: Similar to B, Wand OA may be well absorbed followed by extensive first-pass metabolism, which was mediated by various UGT isozymes. During absorption, the intracellularly formed WG and OAG were mainly effluxed by MRPs to both the lumen and mesenteric blood side of the intestine. Both in vitro and in situ models indicated that interactions among B, W and OA would lead to decreased glucuronidation and increased absorption of parent flavones. Due to extensive metabolism in vivo, only glucuronides appeared in systemic circulation after co-administration of B, W and OA in rats. The resulted increased systemic exposure of OAG indicated that the co-administration might lead to the enhancement of bioavailability for the studied flavones in the form of glucuronides. / Li, Chenrui. / Adviser: Zuo Zhong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-236). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Kok Dick Shun, Louis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Table of Contents --- p.II / Abbreviations --- p.V / Aim and Scope of This Dissertation --- p.IX / Abstract --- p.X / Chapter Chapter One： --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- An Overview of the Immune System --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Innate Immunity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Adaptive Immunity --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Humoral antibody immune response --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Cell- mediated immune response --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Immunomodulation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- An overview of the Host-mediated response against tumours --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- T and B lymphocytes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- M acrophages --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Natural killer cells --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Lymphokines-activated killer cells --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Cytokines --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4 --- Carbohydrates as Potential Immunostimulating agents --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5 --- General Properties of Bupleuri radix (B.R.) --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter Two： --- Materials and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Bupleuri radix --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and fractionation of Bupleuri radix --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Purification of Bupleuri radix --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Characterization of Bupleuri radix --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- In vivo Drug Treatment --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the immunorestorative properties of Bupleuri radix --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Assays for the anti-tumour activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.75 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Statistical analysis --- p.83 / Chapter Chapter Three： --- "Fractionation, Purification and Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from Bupleuri radix" --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Bupleuri radix --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Purification of Bupleuri radix --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Carbohydrate and Protein Contents of B.R. Fractions --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Lack of cytotoxicity of Bupleuri radix to Mouse Splenocytes --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- LC50 of B.R. Fractions determined by Brine Shrimp Bioassay --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Heat stability of B.R. Fractions --- p.93 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- "Uronic Acid Content of BRIai, BRIaii, BRIbi and BRIbii" --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Four： --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of Bupleuri radix on the Specific and Nonspecific Immunity --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Splenocytes in vitro --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Splenocytes ex vivo --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.1.3 --- In vitro Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions treated with Periodate --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1.4 --- In vitro Mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions treated with Acetic Acid --- p.103 / Chapter 4.1.1.5 --- In vitro Co -mitogenic effect of B.R. Fractions with Polymyxin B Sulphate --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.6 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte sub-populations --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.7 --- Primary Humoral Immune Response to SRBC in B.R.-treated mice --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.1.8 --- Activity of cytotoxic T cells in B.R-treated mice --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.1.9 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-1 - like Factors Production --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.1.10 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-2 Production --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.1.11 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression on Murine Splenocytes --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.1.12 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on GM-CSF Production --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13 --- Immunopotentiating effects of B.R. Fractions on Macrophages: --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13.1 --- In vivo Migration of Macrophages in B.R.-treated mice --- p.119 / Chapter 4.1.1.13.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Fc Receptor Expression on Murine Resident Peritoneal Exudate Cells --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Immunorestorative Properties of Bupleuri radix --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Aged Mice --- p.123 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Tumour-bearing Mice --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter Five： --- The Anti-tumour Activities of Bupleuri radix --- p.132 / Chapter 5.1 --- Results / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Cytostatic Effect of B.R. Fractions on Murine Tumour Cell Lines in vitro --- p.133 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Growth of Tumour Ceils in vivo --- p.133 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on the Survival of EAT-bearing mice --- p.140 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Ex vivo Induction of Natural Killer Cell Activity by B.R. Fractions --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- In vitro Induction of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by B.R Fractions --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- In vivo Induction of Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes by B.R. Fractions --- p.149 / Chapter 5.1.7 --- In vitro Induction of Macrophage-mediated Cytostatic Effect on Tumour Cells by B.R. Fractions --- p.151 / Chapter 5.1.8 --- In vitro Induction of Macrophage-mediated Cytostatic Eifect on Tumour Cells by B.R. Fractions --- p.153 / Chapter 5.1.9 --- Effect of B.R. Fractions on γ-interferon Production in vitro --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Six： --- "General Discussion, Conclusion and Future Prospects" --- p.164 / Bibliography --- p.i

Ha Wai-Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-180). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Abbreviations --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Hstory, cultivation and trade" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Botany --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological effects --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Authentication of Chinese herbal materials --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Morphological marker --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Histological marker --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Chemical marker --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Molecular markers --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Protein marker --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- DNA-based markers --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1 --- PCR-based markers --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.1 --- Random-primed PCR --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.2 --- Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.1.3 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.2 --- Hybridization-based markers --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.4.2.3 --- Sequencing-based markers --- p.35 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and Strategies of the studies --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- General Materials and Methods --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reagents and Buffers --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Media for bacterial culture --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Reagents for preparation of competent cells --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Reagents for plasmid DNA preparation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Reagents for agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Reagents for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Reagents for Southern hybridization --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2 --- Agarose Gel electrophoresis of DNA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Purification of PCR products --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- From agarose gel using Geneclean® II kit --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Using Microspin´ёØ Column --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- End modification of PCR amplified DNA --- p.47 / Chapter 2.5 --- Preparation of Escherichia coli Competent Cells --- p.48 / Chapter 2.6 --- "Ligation and Transformation of E, coli" --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7 --- Plasmid Preparation --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Minipreparation of plasmid DNA --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Preparation of plasmid DNA using Wizard® Plus SV Minipreps DNA Purification Kit (Promega) --- p.50 / Chapter 2.8 --- Screening for the Presence of insert in plasmid --- p.51 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Rapid alkaline lysis --- p.51 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- PCR screening --- p.52 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9 --- DNA sequencing --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Plasmid sequencing using T7 Sequencing Kit --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Cycle Sequencing from PCR products or plasmid --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10 --- DNA Sequencing electrophoresis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Preparation of 6 % polyacrylamide gel solution --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Gel casting --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Electrophoresis of Sequencing Gel --- p.56 / Chapter 2.10.4 --- Autoradiography --- p.57 / Chapter 2.11 --- DNA elution from dried sequencing gel --- p.57 / Chapter 2.12 --- Southern blot analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.1 --- Restriction digestion of genomic DNA --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.2 --- Purification of digested DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.58 / Chapter 2.12.3 --- Capillary transfer of DNA to a Hybond´ёØ N+ nylon membrane --- p.59 / Chapter 2.12.4 --- DNA radiolabeling by nick translation --- p.60 / Chapter 2.12.5 --- Purificaiton of radiolabeled probe by NICK® Spin Column --- p.60 / Chapter 2.12.6 --- Hybridization of DNA --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Plant DNA extraction --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Reagents and buffer for total DNA extraction --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3 --- Extraction methods --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- CTAB extraction method --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Potassium acetate/ SDS extraction method --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- GIBRO Plant DNAzol® reagent for genomic DNA isolation --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Choice of Primers and radiolabeling --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- AFLP assay --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Electrophoresis of AFLP fingerprint --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Similarity Index (S.I.) analysis of AFLP profile --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Re-amplification of polymorphic DNA fragments isolated from dried sequencing gel --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Cloning and Sequencing of the AFLP fragments --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Conversion of AFLP marker into Directed Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA polymorphism (DAMD) marker --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Direct Amplification of Length Polymorphisms (DALP) analysis of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius --- p.107 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Choice of Primers --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Alternative labelled Amplification reaction --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Electrophoresis of the multi-locus amplification products --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Isolation and Re-amplification of polymorphic DALP fragments from dried sequencing gel --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Cloning and Sequencing --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Conversion of DALP marker to Sequence Tagged Site (STS) marker --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR): the sequel of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) --- p.137 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.138 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Plant materials --- p.140 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- PCR reaction --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Cloning and sequencing --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.144 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.157 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Outlook --- p.159 / Chapter 7.1 --- Molecular authentication of Chinese medicinal materials --- p.160 / Chapter 7.2 --- Development of molecular markers for Ginseng --- p.161 / Appendix I --- p.164 / Appendix II --- p.165 / References --- p.166

Lai, Kwok Kin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-251). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Tam, Chor Wing Jacqueline. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 322-359). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Tsz-Wan Ho. / Thesis submitted in: July 2003. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Content --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of tables --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Alzheimer'sDisease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hallmarks of AD --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The amyloid cascade hypothesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The tauopathy hypothesis --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Cholinergic Hypothesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Cholinergic drug therapy --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Tacrine --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Donepezil --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Rivastigimine - ENA-713 --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4 --- AChE inhibitors from plants --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Galanthamine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Huperzine --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- α-onocerin --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- (+)-alpha-viniferin --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- My project --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Preparation of CMM --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Selecting criteria and sources --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of aqueous extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of ethanol extract --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3 --- Routine maintenance of cell lines --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Toxicity test --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Ellman assay --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ellman assay over BuChE --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7 --- Drugs --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- SCREENING OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS FROM CHINESE MEDICINAL MATERIALS --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Preliminary screening of 45 selected TCMs for AChE inhibition --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Rescreening of drugs that show AChE inhibition in both aqueous and organic extracts --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTI-ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY FROM SALVIA MBLTIORRHIZA BGE.(丹參) --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Clinical application of Danshen --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Pharmacological properties of Danshen and Salvia species --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1.2.1. --- Antiinflammatory and antibacterial responses --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Diabetes --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Alcoholism --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1.2.4 --- Apoptosis --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.2.5 --- The effect of Salvia extracts on neuro-receptors --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Anti-cholinesterase activity by the Salvia species --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Active components from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of tanshinone derivatives on AChE --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials and Methods --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EXTRACTION OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE FROM SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.54 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Extracts of Danshen from different sources for obtaining the chemical profile --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Analytical RP-HPLC --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Preparative RP-HPLC --- p.58 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Identification of Peaks that contain the proposed active components --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Different samples of Danshen contain different amount of active components that can exert inhibitory effect on hAChE --- p.66 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- EFFECT OF CRYPTOTANSHINONE ON CALCIUM MOVEMENT in SH-SY5Y Cell --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Reagents and drugs --- p.82 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Calcium fluorimetry --- p.82 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.98 / Chapter 7.1 --- Structure-function relationship of crytotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.98 / Chapter 7.2 --- Further study on cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone I --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Modulation on nictonic receptor --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Behavioral study on mice --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Large scale production of the desired active components --- p.102 / Chapter 7.3 --- Study on other candidate herbs --- p.102 / References --- p.107

Chan Yiu-Pong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Declaration --- p.vi / Table of content --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of abbreviation --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum seed --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pharmacological studies --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction to tracheal secretion --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Mucus composition --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sputum formation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Expectorant --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Secretolytic drugs --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Mucolytic drugs --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Assays of studying expectorant activity --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to oxidant and antioxidant --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Production of oxidants/ reactive oxygen species --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Reactive oxygen species reaction products --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.1 --- DNA damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.2 --- Protein damage --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1.2.3 --- Lipid damage --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Antioxidant --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Endogenous antioxidants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.1 --- Superoxide dismutase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.2 --- Catalase --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2.1.3 --- Glutathione and glutathione peroxidases --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Synthetic and natural antioxidants --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Vitamin C --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Tocopherols (Vitamin E) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activities --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- DPPH radical scavenging system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- APPH-induced hemolysis system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the research --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Semen Oroxyli --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Assay for studying expectorant activity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Phenol red standard curve --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Tracheal phenol red secretion system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Assays for studying antioxidative activity --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DPPH radicals scavenging system --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- AAPH-induced red blood cell hemolysis system --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "Extraction, fractionation and purification of Semen Oroxyli" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 70% ethanol extraction of Semen Oroxyli --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Fractionation in polyamide column --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Fractionation in resin column --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Sub-fractions separation from 95% ethanol soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Pure compounds obtained from sub-fractions --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Nulcear magnetic resonance (NMR) for identification --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results of Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Expectorant Activity --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Expectorant Activity on Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Expectorant activities of fractionations of Semen Oroxyli ethanol extract --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results of Antioxidative Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Antioxidative activity of 70% ethanol extract --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Antioxidative activity of fractions of 70% ethanol extract --- p.49 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Antioxidative activity on sub-fractions fractionated from 95% ethanol-soluble fraction --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Antioxidative activity on pure compounds isolated from sub-fractions --- p.59 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results of Identification of Pure compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- Identification of compounds --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Compound A --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Compound B --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Compound C --- p.69 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Compound D --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Compound E --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1 --- Discussion of expectorant activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.73 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussion of antioxidative activity of Semen Oroxyli --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- General Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.82 / Appendix A Procedures for preparing the phenol red standard curve for tracheal phenol red secretion system. --- p.85 / Appedix B 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra --- p.87 / References --- p.98

Poon Wing-sem. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-171). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT I-IV --- p.I-IV / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI-VIII / LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES --- p.IX-XI / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XII / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rutaceae --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- taxonomy of Rutaceae --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Controversial taxonomic issues --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Subfamilies Rutoideae and Toddalioideae --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- "Euodia, Melicope and Tetradium" --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.1 --- History --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.3.2.2 --- Arguments based on morphology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Molecular Approach --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction to molecular systematics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- DNA sequence markers --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Applications --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Fructus Evodiae --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Functional chemicals and pharmacological effects of Fructus Evodiae --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Problem in authentication --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Plant and Herb Materials --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- DNA extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Modified cetyltriethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Kit extraction --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- DNeasy® Plant MiniKit of Qiagen --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- GenElute´ёØ Plant Genomic DNA Miniprep Kit of Sigma® --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- DNA gel electrophoresis --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- PCR product purification --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Rapid Gel Extraction System of Marligen Biosciences INC --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Gel-M´ёØ Gel Extraction System --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- Ligation and transformation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Ligation and transformation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Cell culture --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Plasmid extraction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7 --- Determination of DNA concentration --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8 --- Cycle Sequencing --- p.54 / Chapter 2.9 --- Sequence Analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 2.10 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- MOLECULAR AUTHENTICATION OF FRUCTUSEVODIAE --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- Results and data analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Authentication based on ITS-1 region --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Phylogram study --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- ITS-1 region nucleotide differences significant in authentication of Fructus Evodiae --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Comparison of sequences --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Authentication based on ITS-2 region --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Phylogram study --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Sequence alignment --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- ITS-2 region nucleotide differences significant inauthentication of Fructus Evodiae --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Comparison of sequences --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2 --- Discussion --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Molecular markers --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- PHYLOGENETIC STUDIES ON RUTACEAE --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Results and data analysis --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chloroplast trnL intron region --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Chloroplast trnL-F intergenic spacer region --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.116 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.126 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Nuclear ITS-1 region --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Sequence alignment --- p.132 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Phylogenetic analysis --- p.143 / Chapter 4.2 --- Discussion --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Euodia, Melicope and Tetradium" --- p.152 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Tetradium --- p.153 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Tetradium and Phellodendron --- p.155 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Zanthoxylum and Toddalia --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Rutoideae and Toddalioideae --- p.156 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Tree constructing methods --- p.158 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- CONCLUSION --- p.161 / REFERENCES --- p.163

Ren-Wang Jiang. / "July 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Zhang Yongwen. / "February 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-188). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.