Effondrement et poussée sont les deux étais qui font le soutènement de la surface picturale dans l’art contemporain. De cette hypothèse, est né un parcours esthétique à la recherche de ce qui crée l’événement dans la surface : l’espacement de la surface mallarméenne, l’ouvert de Maldiney et le « vide actif » chez Cézanne ou Mondrian, le saut ou « jump » de Willem de Kooning, l’incise, la déchirure, ce par quoi le regard semble tomber dans la surface, semble s’abimer dans ses dessous et provoquer ce que Walter Benjamin nomme l’image dialectique, un état-limite où la sensation d’effondrement intérieur se double d’un plaisir esthétique fondé sur une pratique de chiffonnier : la récolte de détritus ou de déchets pour créer un montage de temps, une surface complexe. Cet état-limite de la peinture est développé par Didi-Huberman grâce au concept de pan dont la force antithétique réunit les pôles entre lesquels s’écartèle la peinture : ordre et chaos, autrefois et présent, lointain et proche, structure et texture, vide et plein… Le battement qui en résulte fait naître, fait pousser un regard autre, caractéristique de l’aura dont on se demande si elle n’est pas l’origine même de la peinture et non pas sa conséquence, ses effets. Ainsi, la question de l’aura génère-t-elle des questions plastiques telles que la trace, la marque, le trait, le blanc, le vide, le rien… mais aussi celles du pli, du dépli, du repli et de son équivalent le retrait. La métaphore anthropologique de la peau est le fil conducteur de cette thèse dont les occurrences se retrouvent également dans la figure de l’arbre, de l’écorce, feuilles et nervures. Le livre ou le cahier auxquels est dévolue une partie de la recherche prend sa source dans la matière même de l’arbre, le liber, pellicule entre l’écorce et le bois. Le geste même de l’inscription est interrogé et, avec lui, les lieux et les temps mêmes de sa déposition, surfaces picturales. / Pictorial surfaces: collapse & thrust is based on the assumption that the “surface entity”, following the expression coined by Christian Bonnefoi, is the unstable location of painting, whose construction can only be chronological. An aesthetic journey unfurls on the foundation of this allegation, the first step being the attempt to determine a typology of surfaces : surface spacing as in Mallarmé’s work, the “open” in Maldiney’s work, with “active emptiness” in Cezanne or Mondrian’s work -, and also, what opens the body of painting. The rift on the surface, the missing part has the value of Willem de Kooning’s leap or “jump”. The incision, the tear through which the eye seems to drop onto the surface takes the shape of a strip, grating or mesh. Collapse can put on the attire of disaster. What emerges at the precise spot where stars fell is the dialectical venue of images, a border-line where the sensation of inner disintegration comes with an aesthetic pleasure based on a practice giving preference to withdrawal and generating a complex surface. This border-line of painting is taken up by Didi-Huberman, with the concept of “face”, whose antithetical strength brings together poles between which painting is torn apart: order and chaos, past and present, distance and proximity, structure and texture, emptiness and completeness. The resulting pulsation gives birth to, creates a different vision, which characterises the aura which may be the very origin of painting, we may wonder, not its consequence or effects. So, the question of the aura reaffirms the idea that there is something unknown about the surface and gives rise to the question of sensation in painting and concomitantly that of memory in the creative process.

Mionecrose é uma importante complicação médica resultante de picadas de serpentes e, em casos graves, a mionecrose local pode levar a sequelas drásticas, como a perda de tecido permanente, incapacidade ou amputação do membro. As serpentes peçonhentas e não peçonhentas possuem na corrente sanguínea, proteínas inibidoras de fosfolipases A2 (PLA2s), denominadas PLIs. Uma hipótese que poderia explicar a presença desses PLIs no soro de serpentes peçonhentas seria a auto-proteção contra as enzimas da própria peçonha, que eventualmente, poderiam alcançar o sistema circulatório. No presente trabalho, uma proteína inibitória (denominada ?BaltMIP) que neutraliza as atividades enzimáticas e tóxicas de diversas PLA2s de peçonhas botrópicas foi isolada do plasma da serpente Bothrops alternatus por cromatografia de afinidade utilizando a miotoxina BthTX-I imobilizada em resina Sepharose CNBr ativada. Essa proteína apresentou massa molecular relativa de 24.000 em condições redutoras em SDS-PAGE e maior especificidade de inibição das atividades citotóxicas e miotóxicas das PLA2s símile Lys49 quando comparadas às atividades fosfolipásicas e anticoagulantes de PLA2s Asp49. Além disso, foi realizada a modelagem molecular, através de análises in silico, tanto da estrutura terciária, quanto da quaternária da ?BaltMIP. Ademais, um modelo de interação entre os alfas inibidores de miotoxinas e essas toxinas foi proposto, trazendo uma nova abordagem para o estudo com essas enzimas. Também foi realizada com sucesso a clonagem e expressão deste inibidor, denominado rBaltMIP em sua forma recombinante, sendo realizada em seguida sua caracterização bioquímica parcial. O sequenciamento N-terminal e HPLC de fase reversa mostraram que rBaltMIP foi purificado em um alto grau de pureza, apresentando 100% de identidade sequencial com o inibidor nativo. As propriedades inibitórias de rBaltMIP foram testadas frente às PLA2s e PLA2s-símiles. rBaltMIP foi capaz de inibir parcialmente a atividade fosfolipásica de diferentes enzimas, além de inibir a atividade miotóxica e citotóxica de diferentes PLA2 Lys49. A expressão heteróloga de rBaltMIP possibilitará a obtenção desse inibidor em grande escala, e consequentemente, a realização de trabalhos mais aprofundados no que diz respeito à possível elucidação do mecanismo de inibição das PLA2s de serpentes, o qual ainda não foi totalmente esclarecido. Além disso, novas informações em relação ao mecanismo de ação desses inibidores poderão ser conhecidas, na tentativa de melhor entender a aplicação destes, como novo modelo terapêutico com ação antiofídica na neutralização de diferentes tipos de PLA2s, na suplementação da soroterapia convencional e também na interação molecular com PLA2s. / Myonecrosis is an important medical complication resulting from snakebites and, in severe cases, local myonecrosis can lead to drastic consequences such as permanent tissue loss, disability or limb amputation. Venomous and non-venomous snakes possess proteins that inhibit phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) in their bloodstream, called PLIs. One hypothesis that could explain the presence of these PLIs in the serum of venomous snakes would be the self-protection against their own venom enzymes, which could eventually reach the circulatory system. In the present work, an inhibitory protein (called ?BaltMIP) that neutralizes the enzymatic and toxic activities of several bothropic PLA2s was isolated from Bothrops alternatus plasma by affinity chromatography using the myotoxin BthTX-I immobilized on a CNBr-activated Sepharose resin. This protein showed relative molecular mass of 24,000 under reducing conditions on SDS-PAGE and greater specificity of inhibition of the cytotoxic and myotoxic activities of Lys49 PLA2-like enzymes compared to the anticoagulant and phospholipase activities of Asp49 PLA2s. In addition, molecular modeling was performed by in silico analysis of both tertiary and quaternary structures of ?BaltMIP. Furthermore, a model of interaction between alpha inhibitors of myotoxins and these toxins was proposed, bringing a new approach to the study of these enzymes. Cloning and expression of the inhibitor (called rBaltMIP in its recombinant form) were also achieved successfully, followed by its partial biochemical characterization. Nterminal sequencing and reverse phase HPLC showed that rBaltMIP was purified in a high purity degree, with 100% sequence identity with the native inhibitor. The inhibitory properties of rBaltMIP were tested against PLA2s and PLA2-like enzymes. rBaltMIP was able to partially inhibit the phospholipase activity of different enzymes, also inhibiting the cytotoxic and myotoxic activity of different Lys49 PLA2-like enzymes. Heterologous expression of rBaltMIP should help obtaining such inhibitor in large-scale, and consequently, the performance of further studies on the mechanism of inhibition of PLA2s, which has not yet been fully clarified. In addition, new information regarding the mechanism of action of these inhibitors may be known, in an attempt to better understand the application of these proteins as new therapeutic models with antiophidian action in neutralizing different types of PLA2s, the supplementation of conventional serum therapy and also in the molecular interaction with PLA2s.

Mionecrose é uma importante complicação médica resultante de picadas de serpentes e, em casos graves, a mionecrose local pode levar a sequelas drásticas, como a perda de tecido permanente, incapacidade ou amputação do membro. As serpentes peçonhentas e não peçonhentas possuem na corrente sanguínea, proteínas inibidoras de fosfolipases A2 (PLA2s), denominadas PLIs. Uma hipótese que poderia explicar a presença desses PLIs no soro de serpentes peçonhentas seria a auto-proteção contra as enzimas da própria peçonha, que eventualmente, poderiam alcançar o sistema circulatório. No presente trabalho, uma proteína inibitória (denominada ?BaltMIP) que neutraliza as atividades enzimáticas e tóxicas de diversas PLA2s de peçonhas botrópicas foi isolada do plasma da serpente Bothrops alternatus por cromatografia de afinidade utilizando a miotoxina BthTX-I imobilizada em resina Sepharose CNBr ativada. Essa proteína apresentou massa molecular relativa de 24.000 em condições redutoras em SDS-PAGE e maior especificidade de inibição das atividades citotóxicas e miotóxicas das PLA2s símile Lys49 quando comparadas às atividades fosfolipásicas e anticoagulantes de PLA2s Asp49. Além disso, foi realizada a modelagem molecular, através de análises in silico, tanto da estrutura terciária, quanto da quaternária da ?BaltMIP. Ademais, um modelo de interação entre os alfas inibidores de miotoxinas e essas toxinas foi proposto, trazendo uma nova abordagem para o estudo com essas enzimas. Também foi realizada com sucesso a clonagem e expressão deste inibidor, denominado rBaltMIP em sua forma recombinante, sendo realizada em seguida sua caracterização bioquímica parcial. O sequenciamento N-terminal e HPLC de fase reversa mostraram que rBaltMIP foi purificado em um alto grau de pureza, apresentando 100% de identidade sequencial com o inibidor nativo. As propriedades inibitórias de rBaltMIP foram testadas frente às PLA2s e PLA2s-símiles. rBaltMIP foi capaz de inibir parcialmente a atividade fosfolipásica de diferentes enzimas, além de inibir a atividade miotóxica e citotóxica de diferentes PLA2 Lys49. A expressão heteróloga de rBaltMIP possibilitará a obtenção desse inibidor em grande escala, e consequentemente, a realização de trabalhos mais aprofundados no que diz respeito à possível elucidação do mecanismo de inibição das PLA2s de serpentes, o qual ainda não foi totalmente esclarecido. Além disso, novas informações em relação ao mecanismo de ação desses inibidores poderão ser conhecidas, na tentativa de melhor entender a aplicação destes, como novo modelo terapêutico com ação antiofídica na neutralização de diferentes tipos de PLA2s, na suplementação da soroterapia convencional e também na interação molecular com PLA2s. / Myonecrosis is an important medical complication resulting from snakebites and, in severe cases, local myonecrosis can lead to drastic consequences such as permanent tissue loss, disability or limb amputation. Venomous and non-venomous snakes possess proteins that inhibit phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) in their bloodstream, called PLIs. One hypothesis that could explain the presence of these PLIs in the serum of venomous snakes would be the self-protection against their own venom enzymes, which could eventually reach the circulatory system. In the present work, an inhibitory protein (called ?BaltMIP) that neutralizes the enzymatic and toxic activities of several bothropic PLA2s was isolated from Bothrops alternatus plasma by affinity chromatography using the myotoxin BthTX-I immobilized on a CNBr-activated Sepharose resin. This protein showed relative molecular mass of 24,000 under reducing conditions on SDS-PAGE and greater specificity of inhibition of the cytotoxic and myotoxic activities of Lys49 PLA2-like enzymes compared to the anticoagulant and phospholipase activities of Asp49 PLA2s. In addition, molecular modeling was performed by in silico analysis of both tertiary and quaternary structures of ?BaltMIP. Furthermore, a model of interaction between alpha inhibitors of myotoxins and these toxins was proposed, bringing a new approach to the study of these enzymes. Cloning and expression of the inhibitor (called rBaltMIP in its recombinant form) were also achieved successfully, followed by its partial biochemical characterization. Nterminal sequencing and reverse phase HPLC showed that rBaltMIP was purified in a high purity degree, with 100% sequence identity with the native inhibitor. The inhibitory properties of rBaltMIP were tested against PLA2s and PLA2-like enzymes. rBaltMIP was able to partially inhibit the phospholipase activity of different enzymes, also inhibiting the cytotoxic and myotoxic activity of different Lys49 PLA2-like enzymes. Heterologous expression of rBaltMIP should help obtaining such inhibitor in large-scale, and consequently, the performance of further studies on the mechanism of inhibition of PLA2s, which has not yet been fully clarified. In addition, new information regarding the mechanism of action of these inhibitors may be known, in an attempt to better understand the application of these proteins as new therapeutic models with antiophidian action in neutralizing different types of PLA2s, the supplementation of conventional serum therapy and also in the molecular interaction with PLA2s.

Cette étude de la pensée de Gilles Deleuze (1925-1975) trouve son origine dans la confrontation avec un texte et un concept qui nous semblent des objets féconds de réflexion. Le pli. Leibniz et le baroque (1988) est la dernière des grandes monographies que Deleuze consacre aux « intercesseurs » de sa pensée. Elle constitue une relecture compliquée et labyrinthique à la fois de l’œuvre de Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) et de la période baroque. Plus qu’une interprétation, elle est le théâtre où apparaît un nouveau concept destiné à jeter, comme dans un après-coup, une lumière inédite sur l’œuvre entière de Deleuze : le pli. Ce dernier, loin de représenter un escamotage interprétatif, traverse sa pensée dans toute sa durée, tout en émergeant seulement vers la fin des années 80, dans la phase finale de son itinéraire intellectuel, comme le fait une vague parcourant sous le niveau de l’eau tout l’océan pour s’élever juste en proximité du littoral. Le pli paraît dans Différence et répétition (1968) et réapparaît dans Foucault (1986) ; mais il est réellement thématisé et développé avec référence à Leibniz, le penseur qui a plus que quiconque déçu et exalté Deleuze. Notre but est de démontrer comment le pli est ce concept en mesure d’exprimer le projet philosophique deleuzien dans son intégralité. En d’autres termes, le pli est le concept de Deleuze. Dans sa formulation nous pouvons retrouver tous les problèmes majeurs de sa pensée : la relation entre différence et répétition, le statut du sujet et de l’objet, la construction du plan d’immanence, la définition de l’art, de la science et de la philosophie et leur interaction. / The subject of my thesis is the concept of “fold” in the work of Gilles Deleuze, as it emerges in the late 80’s. My purpose is to show that the concept of fold can summarise the entirety of Deleuze’s philosophical project. As a matter of fact, its formulation allows to address all of the most important questions of his thought, and to adopt a different approach on the discussion and the solution of some philosophical problems, such as the theme of the subject and Deleuze’s conception of philosophy as a “creation of concepts”. By doing that, I try to follow and underline the several implicit references and the hidden theoretical pattern which compose the text of The Fold. Leibniz and the Baroque (1988). My work is composed of five chapters. The first one has an introductive character and consists of a reflexion on Deleuze’s philosophical reading method, which we define as “anamorphic”. The second chapter focuses on the presence of Leibniz in Difference and repetition (1968) and on the relevance of his thought in the creation of Deleuzes’ philosophical terminology. The third one is titled “A thousand folds”, paraphrasing the name of another work of Deleuze and Guattari. There I try to reconstruct the several theoretical lines that compose the concept of fold; furthermore, I try to underline the philosophical multiplicity of this concept. The fourth chapter focuses on the Baroque, which plays a fundamental role in Deleuze’s argumentations. Here I retrace his ideas about infinity and folding during the Baroque era. Then, I try to confront his theory with Walter Benjamin and Jacques Lacan’s lectures of Baroque. The last chapter deals with the concept of neobaroque.

Nous sommes partis d'une analogie inédite entre la configuration de certaines feuilles dans le bourgeon et les ribambelles de papier. Quand on plie du papier et qu'on le coupe avec des ciseaux, à chaque pli va correspondre une pointe ou un creux de la ribambelle déployée. De nombreuses feuilles adoptent la même géométrie dans le bourgeon. Le bord de la feuille est replié sur un plan comme si il avait été découpé avec des ciseaux. Pour cette raison purement géométrique, les lobes et creux de la feuille déployée correspondront exactement aux plis initiaux. Nous avons nommé ces feuilles « kirigami », ce qui veut dire couper-papier en japonais. La première partie de cette thèse, purement géométrique, montre à quel point les géométries des feuilles sont contraintes par leur développement plié. Nous montrons aussi que la richesse des géométries que permet le kirigami se retrouve au sein des feuilles. La deuxième partie, plus biologique, propose à la fois un mécanisme pour le développement des plis et un candidat pour les mystérieux ciseaux. Nous concluons sur l'intérêt évolutif d'une telle organisation des feuilles dans le bourgeon.

La modélisation de bassin est un des objectifs majeurs de l'exploration pétrolière. Elle a pour but la compréhension de l'évolution du potentiel pétrolier dans le temps et l'espace. La résolution se fait en deux étapes : une étape inverse qui construit l'évolution de la géométrie dans le temps appelée étape de restauration ; une étape directe qui simule le transfert des fluides au cours des temps géologiques. Dans ce rapport, on résout le problème cinématique réversible par une approche qui consiste à intégrer le plus tôt possible (donc dès le dessin des structures plissées et faillées dans leur état actuel) des critères de compatibilité qui assureront au mieux d'abord (1) la restauration puis (2) la re-déformation de plusieurs blocs chevauchants. Nous utilisons pour cela des règles de trigonométrie et des lois de déplacement simplifiées. Les deux modes de déplacement considérés sont le cisaillement vertical et la flexion, ceux-ci peuvent être utilisés au choix en fonction du type de formation. Dans une première partie, l'idée a été d'améliorer la construction du modèle de faille en introduisant un critère de filetage, qui assure un glissement entre les blocs le long du plan de faille. Dans une seconde partie, le prototype a été validé sur de nombreux cas de complexité géologique croissante, en mode réversible. Ce travail a mis en évidence tout l'intérêt de s'appliquer à améliorer la construction du modèle dès que possible pour le restaurer et le déformer.

A proposta desta pesquisa tem como principal objetivo estudar a contribuição do Programa de Formação de Professores, da Universidade Paraense para o desempenho educacional do município de Paragominas (PA), considerando as propostas do Programa de Licenciaturas Integradas (PLI). Foram utilizados como referenciais as Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional e o Plano Nacional de Educação, as legislações complementares, além de teóricos que tratam das políticas desenvolvidas no Brasil e do perfil profissional em função das competências cognitivas e docentes. A temática contextualiza as políticas públicas educacionais no Brasil, a partir da década de 1990; as políticas públicas educacionais para o ensino superior; o programa das Licenciaturas Integradas da Universidade Paraense; o modelo de formação de professor proposto e implementado; as finalidades, os objetivos e a estrutura curricular do Programa. Foi utilizado o método descritivo de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa e para a coleta de dados procedeu-se à entrevista individual semiestruturada, aplicada a uma população de cento e sessenta (160) professores formados pela Universidade Paraense, no município de Paragominas (PA), no período de 2003 a 2008. A análise dos dados foi feita utilizando o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Os resultados permitiram conhecer o perfil dos entrevistados e comprovar que, com a promulgação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação 9.394/96, os profissionais da educação partiram em busca de uma formação continuada que garantisse a exigência da Lei. A LDB estabelecia um período de 10 anos para os professores que regiam classes de Educação Infantil e Ensino Fundamental apenas com o curso de Magistério e exigia o ingresso em curso de formação superior para que eles se qualificassem, visando à melhoria dos processos ensino e aprendizagem. A fim de modificar esse cenário educacional a Universidade Paraense se instalou no Estado do Pará, oferecendo o Programa de Formação Docente para atender esse público, contribuindo, dessa forma, para o desenvolvimento educacional do município de Paragominas (PA). / The way of this study has like the first objective learn the help to the Program of Teachers Formation, from Paraense University to Education of Paragominas City (PA), it was utilizated the way of bases from National Plan of Education, the law that are in Brasil and the, professional and the functions of competent and teacherly . The tems are the public politicos of Brasil, start in 1990, and public politico educations to the high learned, the program of Paraense University, the model of theacher formation wanted, the results, the objectives and the teacher program: it was utilizeted the method of quality to the dads before the interview the individual estrutured, for the 160 teachers formated of paraense university, from Paragominas (PA) from 2003 until 2008. The dads were done utilizing the program coletiv. The results be knowing the entrevistating and be sure with way and base from Education law 9394/96, the professions of education looked of one continuos formation that garanted the law. The LDB was from ten years period to the teachers that learned to kids Education and Fundamental Education for only to the school and wanted to the going in to the high formation to qualify, wanted the best way of learning. To modificate this educational scenarium, the paraense university at this moment is in Pará state offering the teachers formation program, to be able this public and by this way helping the educational progress in Paragominas city (PA).

The aim of this thesis is to analyze various kinds of co-simulation techniques and to design integration these techniques into Lissom simulation platform. The first section of this thesis shows capabilities of external interfaces of simulation platforms for HDL languages VHDL, Verilog and SystemVerilog and of tool Matlab. The second section deals with design of synchronization mechanism among Lissom simulation platform and others simulation platforms using mentioned external interfaces. In the last part the testing of implemented solutions and evaluation of results is described.

In the area of computer and network security, due to the insufficiency, high costs, and user-unfriendliness of existing defending methods against a number of cyber attacks, focus for developing new security improvement methods has shifted from the digital to analog domain. In the analog domain, devices are distinguished based on the present variations and characteristics in their physical signals. In fact, each device has unique features in its signal that can be used for identification and monitoring purposes. In this regard, the term physical layer identification (PLI) or device fingerprinting refers to the process of classifying different electronic devices based on their analog identities that are created by employment of signal processing and data analysis methods. Due to the fact that a device behavior undergoes changes due to variations in external and internal conditions, the available PLI techniques might not be able to identify the device reliably. Therefore, a tracking system that is capable of extracting and explaining the present variations in the electrical signals is required to be developed. In order to achieve the best possible tracking system, a number of prediction models are designed using certain statistical techniques. In order to evaluate the performance of these models, models are run on the acquired data from five different fabrications of the same device in four distinct experiments. The results of performance evaluation show that the surrounding temperature of a device is the best option for predicting its signal. The last part of this research project belongs to the security evaluation of a PLI system. The leveraged security examination technique exposes the PLI system to different types of attacks and evaluates its defending strength accordingly. Based on the mechanism of the employed attack in this work, the forged version of a device’s signal is generated using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) and is sent to the PLI system. The outcomes of this experiment indicate that the leveraged PLI technique is strong enough in defeating this attack.

Les modèles cinématiques de plissement permettent de prévoir l'architecture des anticlinaux en profondeur à partir de leurs géométries de surface. Bien que les modèles classiques de type « kink-band » soient faciles à utiliser, ils ne peuvent expliquer que des géométries de plis limitées. Le modèle trishear surmonte cet inconvénient, mais son application reste difficile à mettre en oeuvre notamment en raison de nombreux paramètres mal contraints tels que le rapport P/S et l'angle de trishear. Dans cette thèse, nous avons développé un modèle cinématique de plissement à angle d'inter-flancs variable qui permet de rendre compte de toutes les variétés géométriques de plis sur propagation de faille. Ce modèle est basé sur la géométrie « kink-band » et son application nécessite de connaître uniquement les paramètres de surface du pli (plongements des flancs, amplitude et longueur d'onde du pli). Le modèle permet de quantifier le rapport P/S du pli durant sa croissance, ainsi que son évolution tardive en pli de rupture. Le modèle a été appliqué à la chaîne plissée et faillée de l'Atlas tunisien pour estimer la profondeur du niveau de décollement des plis sur propagation de faille. Les résultats se corrèlent bien avec les données de subsurface, au contraire des autres modèles classiques et du modèle de trishear où il est difficile d’établir une relation entre la géométrie de surface des anticlinaux et leur architecture profonde. / Kinematic models of folding allow deducing the deep architecture of folds from their surface geometries. Classical models are easy to use because of their kink-band geometry but they are only able to explain some particular fold shapes. The trishear model overcomes this drawback, but its application remains limited because it necessitates the knowledge of several unconstrained parameters such as the P/S ratio and the trishear angle. In this work, we developed a kinematic model based on the variation of the inter-limb angle during the folding. The model allows accounting for all surface geometries of fault-propagation folds. Since this model is based on the kink-band geometry, its application only requires the knowledge of the fold surface parameters, i.e. the dip of both limbs and the fold amplitude and wavelength. The model is also able to quantify the P/S ratio during the fold growth, together with its latest evolutional stage as a breakthrough fold. We applied the model in the Tunisian Atlas fold-and-thrust belt to estimate the depth of the decollement level associated to fault-propagation anticlines. Results are in good agreement with subsurface data. In contrast, both the other classical and trishear models are unable to explain the relationship between the surface geometry of anticlines and their deep architecture.