Nos últimos anos, a deterioração da qualidade do ar urbano devido ao material particulado atmosférico está recebendo atenção significativa e continuamente ameaça a qualidade de vida dos habitantes das áreas urbanas. A poluição do ar pelas partículas atmosféricas nas zonas urbanas é causada principalmente pelas emissões de fontes antropogênicas em sua maioria veiculares. Além disso, a poluição causada por partículas atmosféricas não está apenas relacionada com a sua concentração, mas também com a distribuição dos seus diferentes diâmetros. As partículas na fração estudada, < 1 μm, apresentam maior risco porque podem penetrar nos pulmões, afetam a função alveolar e ocasionam efeitos nocivos na saúde humana. Contudo, as partículas atmosféricas podem carregar diferentes compostos que são tóxicos e/ou cancerígenos, produzindo riscos para a saúde, como os Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos – HPAs. Os HPAs são um grupo de diversos compostos orgânicos complexos, constituídos por carbono e hidrogênio junto com dois ou mais anéis benzênicos condensados. Portanto, foi desenvolvido um procedimento científico apto para estudar material particulado atmosférico < 1 μm (MP1) com a finalidade de analisar quantitativa e qualitativamente os HPAs associados a esta fração, a concentração em número das partículas e a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre usando técnicas analíticas e de sensoriamento remoto. As amostras foram coletadas em filtros de PTFE nos municípios de Sapucaia do Sul e Canoas, pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, usando o amostrador sequencial automático PM162M da Environnement S.A. As amostras foram extraídas utilizando o método EPA TO-13A para analisar 16 HPAs, utilizando um cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM). A distribuição do tamanho de partícula nas frações PR1 (0.3-1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0-2.5 μm) e PR10 (2.5-10 μm) foi obtida utilizando o analisador de partículas CPM em Sapucaia do Sul. Os dados das concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos relacionados com MP10, óxidos de nitrogênio (NO, NOx, NO2) e ozônio (O3) foram obtidos utilizando os analisadores MP101M, AC32M e O342M da Environnement, respectivamente. Dados das variáveis meteorológicas como velocidade do vento, direção do vento, umidade relativa, radiação solar e temperatura ambiente foram medidos simultaneamente de modo concomitante. Os espectros de emissividade e transmitância, através da espectroscopia no infravermelho, foram obtidos utilizando espectrômetro FTIR D&P e o BOMEM MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectivamente. A determinação dos resultados usando cromatografia mostraram que no inverno as concentrações de HPAs foram significativamente maiores do que no verão, mostrando assim uma variação sazonal. A identificação das fontes de emissão, aplicando razões diagnóstico, confirmou que os HPAs na área de estudo são originários de fontes móveis, especialmente, das emissões de diesel e da gasolina. A análise por modelo receptor PMF também mostrou a contribuição dessas duas fontes principais, seguido pela combustão de carvão, combustão incompleta/petróleo não queimado e da combustão de madeira. Os fatores tóxicos equivalentes foram calculados para caracterizar o risco de câncer por exposição ao HPA em amostras de MP1, e benzo[a]pireno e dibenzo[ah] antraceno que dominaram os níveis de BaPeq. Com exceção do O3, a análise de tendência do NO, NO2 e NOx mostrou um aumento da concentração destes compostos no inverno. Também a correlação destes poluentes com os parâmetros meteorológicos permitiu evidenciar a influência das fontes móveis na área de estudo. Os resultados das assinaturas espectrais no infravermelho das amostras de MP1 comparando com os padrões e com outros trabalhos mostraram que o maior número de bandas de fortes intensidades ocorreu na região espectral de 680-900 cm-1, devido às deformações angulares CC fora do plano e deformações angulares CH fora do plano dos HPAs. Bandas de média intensidade na região de 2900-3050 cm-1, também foram observadas devido ao estiramento CH, característico de compostos aromáticos. A presente pesquisa foi o ponto de partida para obter um banco de dados das concentrações de HPAs associados à fração MP1 e dos poluentes NOx/NO2/NO/MP10/O3; caracterizar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas atmosféricas, que são de grande importância e preocupação atual; avaliar a sua variação sazonal e sua relação com as condições meteorológicas usando técnicas estatísticas; e aprofundar o conhecimento do comportamento espectral dos HPAs, poluentes cancerígenos e mutagênicos, presentes no material particulado atmosférico na fração fina e ultrafina. / In recent years, the urban air quality deterioration due to atmospheric particulate matter is receiving significant attention; also, it continually threatens the life quality of urban residents. Air pollution by atmospheric particles in urban areas is mainly caused by emissions from anthropogenic sources, mostly vehicular sources. Moreover, the pollution caused by atmospheric particles is not only related to its concentration, but also with the size distribution. The particles studied in the fraction <1μm have a greater risk because they can penetrate into the lungs, affect cellular function and cause adverse effects on human health. However, atmospheric particles can carry different compounds that are toxic and/or carcinogenic, producing health risks, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH. PAHs are a group of several complex organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen along with two or more fused benzene rings. Consequently, a scientific procedure was developed to study the atmospheric particulate matter < 1 μm (PM1) in order to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the PAHs associated with this fraction, also the particle number concentration and particle size distribution in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using remote sensing techniques. PM1 samples were collected in PTFE filters in Sapucaia South and Canoas sites, in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using the automatic sequential sampler PM162M of Environnement S.A. The samples were extracted using the EPA Method TO-13A and 16 PAHs were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The particle size distribution of fractions PR1 (0.3 - 1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0 - 2.5 μm) and PR10 (2.5 – 10 μm) was obtained using the particulate analyzer CPM. The data of related air pollutants concentrations such as PM10, nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx, NO2), ozone (O3) were obtained using the analyzers MP101M, AC32M, O342M of Environnement, respectively. Data from meteorological variables, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, solar radiation and ambient temperature were continuously measured and simultaneously. The emissivity and transmittance spectra through infrared spectroscopy were obtained using FTIR spectrometer D&P and the Bomem MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectively. The results showed that in winter, the concentrations of PAHs were significantly higher than in summer, thus showing their seasonal variation. The identification of emission sources, applying diagnostic ratios confirmed that PAHs in the study area originate from mobile sources, especially diesel and gasoline emissions. The analysis by PMF receptor model also showed the contribution of these two sources, followed by coal combustion, incomplete combustion/unburned petroleum and wood combustion. The toxic equivalent factors were calculated to characterize the risk of cancer from PAH exposure to PM1.0 samples, and benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[ah]pyrene dominated BaPeq levels. The trend analysis of O3, NO, NO2, NOx showed a trend of increased concentration at winter, except O3. Also the correlation of these pollutants with meteorological parameters has demonstrated the influence of mobile sources in the study area. The results of the IR spectral signatures of the PM1 samples compared to the standards and other studies showed that the greatest number of strong bands occurred in the spectral region of 680-900 cm- 1 due to the CC out-of-plane angular deformation and CH out-of-plane angular deformation of PAHs. Bands of medium intensity in the 2900-3050 cm-1 region were also observed due to the CH stretch, characteristic of aromatic compounds. This research was the starting point for a concentrations database of PAHs associated fraction PM1 and pollutants NOx/NO2/NO/PM10/O3, characterize the size distribution of atmospheric particles that are of great importance and current concern. Furthermore, to assess their seasonal variation and its relationship with meteorological conditions, using statistical techniques. Also to deepen the knowledge of the spectral behavior of PAHs that are carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutants present in atmospheric particulate matter in the fine and ultrafine fraction.

Nos últimos anos, a deterioração da qualidade do ar urbano devido ao material particulado atmosférico está recebendo atenção significativa e continuamente ameaça a qualidade de vida dos habitantes das áreas urbanas. A poluição do ar pelas partículas atmosféricas nas zonas urbanas é causada principalmente pelas emissões de fontes antropogênicas em sua maioria veiculares. Além disso, a poluição causada por partículas atmosféricas não está apenas relacionada com a sua concentração, mas também com a distribuição dos seus diferentes diâmetros. As partículas na fração estudada, < 1 μm, apresentam maior risco porque podem penetrar nos pulmões, afetam a função alveolar e ocasionam efeitos nocivos na saúde humana. Contudo, as partículas atmosféricas podem carregar diferentes compostos que são tóxicos e/ou cancerígenos, produzindo riscos para a saúde, como os Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos – HPAs. Os HPAs são um grupo de diversos compostos orgânicos complexos, constituídos por carbono e hidrogênio junto com dois ou mais anéis benzênicos condensados. Portanto, foi desenvolvido um procedimento científico apto para estudar material particulado atmosférico < 1 μm (MP1) com a finalidade de analisar quantitativa e qualitativamente os HPAs associados a esta fração, a concentração em número das partículas e a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre usando técnicas analíticas e de sensoriamento remoto. As amostras foram coletadas em filtros de PTFE nos municípios de Sapucaia do Sul e Canoas, pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, usando o amostrador sequencial automático PM162M da Environnement S.A. As amostras foram extraídas utilizando o método EPA TO-13A para analisar 16 HPAs, utilizando um cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM). A distribuição do tamanho de partícula nas frações PR1 (0.3-1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0-2.5 μm) e PR10 (2.5-10 μm) foi obtida utilizando o analisador de partículas CPM em Sapucaia do Sul. Os dados das concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos relacionados com MP10, óxidos de nitrogênio (NO, NOx, NO2) e ozônio (O3) foram obtidos utilizando os analisadores MP101M, AC32M e O342M da Environnement, respectivamente. Dados das variáveis meteorológicas como velocidade do vento, direção do vento, umidade relativa, radiação solar e temperatura ambiente foram medidos simultaneamente de modo concomitante. Os espectros de emissividade e transmitância, através da espectroscopia no infravermelho, foram obtidos utilizando espectrômetro FTIR D&P e o BOMEM MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectivamente. A determinação dos resultados usando cromatografia mostraram que no inverno as concentrações de HPAs foram significativamente maiores do que no verão, mostrando assim uma variação sazonal. A identificação das fontes de emissão, aplicando razões diagnóstico, confirmou que os HPAs na área de estudo são originários de fontes móveis, especialmente, das emissões de diesel e da gasolina. A análise por modelo receptor PMF também mostrou a contribuição dessas duas fontes principais, seguido pela combustão de carvão, combustão incompleta/petróleo não queimado e da combustão de madeira. Os fatores tóxicos equivalentes foram calculados para caracterizar o risco de câncer por exposição ao HPA em amostras de MP1, e benzo[a]pireno e dibenzo[ah] antraceno que dominaram os níveis de BaPeq. Com exceção do O3, a análise de tendência do NO, NO2 e NOx mostrou um aumento da concentração destes compostos no inverno. Também a correlação destes poluentes com os parâmetros meteorológicos permitiu evidenciar a influência das fontes móveis na área de estudo. Os resultados das assinaturas espectrais no infravermelho das amostras de MP1 comparando com os padrões e com outros trabalhos mostraram que o maior número de bandas de fortes intensidades ocorreu na região espectral de 680-900 cm-1, devido às deformações angulares CC fora do plano e deformações angulares CH fora do plano dos HPAs. Bandas de média intensidade na região de 2900-3050 cm-1, também foram observadas devido ao estiramento CH, característico de compostos aromáticos. A presente pesquisa foi o ponto de partida para obter um banco de dados das concentrações de HPAs associados à fração MP1 e dos poluentes NOx/NO2/NO/MP10/O3; caracterizar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas atmosféricas, que são de grande importância e preocupação atual; avaliar a sua variação sazonal e sua relação com as condições meteorológicas usando técnicas estatísticas; e aprofundar o conhecimento do comportamento espectral dos HPAs, poluentes cancerígenos e mutagênicos, presentes no material particulado atmosférico na fração fina e ultrafina. / In recent years, the urban air quality deterioration due to atmospheric particulate matter is receiving significant attention; also, it continually threatens the life quality of urban residents. Air pollution by atmospheric particles in urban areas is mainly caused by emissions from anthropogenic sources, mostly vehicular sources. Moreover, the pollution caused by atmospheric particles is not only related to its concentration, but also with the size distribution. The particles studied in the fraction <1μm have a greater risk because they can penetrate into the lungs, affect cellular function and cause adverse effects on human health. However, atmospheric particles can carry different compounds that are toxic and/or carcinogenic, producing health risks, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH. PAHs are a group of several complex organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen along with two or more fused benzene rings. Consequently, a scientific procedure was developed to study the atmospheric particulate matter < 1 μm (PM1) in order to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the PAHs associated with this fraction, also the particle number concentration and particle size distribution in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using remote sensing techniques. PM1 samples were collected in PTFE filters in Sapucaia South and Canoas sites, in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using the automatic sequential sampler PM162M of Environnement S.A. The samples were extracted using the EPA Method TO-13A and 16 PAHs were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The particle size distribution of fractions PR1 (0.3 - 1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0 - 2.5 μm) and PR10 (2.5 – 10 μm) was obtained using the particulate analyzer CPM. The data of related air pollutants concentrations such as PM10, nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx, NO2), ozone (O3) were obtained using the analyzers MP101M, AC32M, O342M of Environnement, respectively. Data from meteorological variables, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, solar radiation and ambient temperature were continuously measured and simultaneously. The emissivity and transmittance spectra through infrared spectroscopy were obtained using FTIR spectrometer D&P and the Bomem MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectively. The results showed that in winter, the concentrations of PAHs were significantly higher than in summer, thus showing their seasonal variation. The identification of emission sources, applying diagnostic ratios confirmed that PAHs in the study area originate from mobile sources, especially diesel and gasoline emissions. The analysis by PMF receptor model also showed the contribution of these two sources, followed by coal combustion, incomplete combustion/unburned petroleum and wood combustion. The toxic equivalent factors were calculated to characterize the risk of cancer from PAH exposure to PM1.0 samples, and benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[ah]pyrene dominated BaPeq levels. The trend analysis of O3, NO, NO2, NOx showed a trend of increased concentration at winter, except O3. Also the correlation of these pollutants with meteorological parameters has demonstrated the influence of mobile sources in the study area. The results of the IR spectral signatures of the PM1 samples compared to the standards and other studies showed that the greatest number of strong bands occurred in the spectral region of 680-900 cm- 1 due to the CC out-of-plane angular deformation and CH out-of-plane angular deformation of PAHs. Bands of medium intensity in the 2900-3050 cm-1 region were also observed due to the CH stretch, characteristic of aromatic compounds. This research was the starting point for a concentrations database of PAHs associated fraction PM1 and pollutants NOx/NO2/NO/PM10/O3, characterize the size distribution of atmospheric particles that are of great importance and current concern. Furthermore, to assess their seasonal variation and its relationship with meteorological conditions, using statistical techniques. Also to deepen the knowledge of the spectral behavior of PAHs that are carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutants present in atmospheric particulate matter in the fine and ultrafine fraction.

Nos últimos anos, a deterioração da qualidade do ar urbano devido ao material particulado atmosférico está recebendo atenção significativa e continuamente ameaça a qualidade de vida dos habitantes das áreas urbanas. A poluição do ar pelas partículas atmosféricas nas zonas urbanas é causada principalmente pelas emissões de fontes antropogênicas em sua maioria veiculares. Além disso, a poluição causada por partículas atmosféricas não está apenas relacionada com a sua concentração, mas também com a distribuição dos seus diferentes diâmetros. As partículas na fração estudada, < 1 μm, apresentam maior risco porque podem penetrar nos pulmões, afetam a função alveolar e ocasionam efeitos nocivos na saúde humana. Contudo, as partículas atmosféricas podem carregar diferentes compostos que são tóxicos e/ou cancerígenos, produzindo riscos para a saúde, como os Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos – HPAs. Os HPAs são um grupo de diversos compostos orgânicos complexos, constituídos por carbono e hidrogênio junto com dois ou mais anéis benzênicos condensados. Portanto, foi desenvolvido um procedimento científico apto para estudar material particulado atmosférico < 1 μm (MP1) com a finalidade de analisar quantitativa e qualitativamente os HPAs associados a esta fração, a concentração em número das partículas e a distribuição de tamanho de partículas na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre usando técnicas analíticas e de sensoriamento remoto. As amostras foram coletadas em filtros de PTFE nos municípios de Sapucaia do Sul e Canoas, pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, usando o amostrador sequencial automático PM162M da Environnement S.A. As amostras foram extraídas utilizando o método EPA TO-13A para analisar 16 HPAs, utilizando um cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a um espectrômetro de massa (CG-EM). A distribuição do tamanho de partícula nas frações PR1 (0.3-1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0-2.5 μm) e PR10 (2.5-10 μm) foi obtida utilizando o analisador de partículas CPM em Sapucaia do Sul. Os dados das concentrações de poluentes atmosféricos relacionados com MP10, óxidos de nitrogênio (NO, NOx, NO2) e ozônio (O3) foram obtidos utilizando os analisadores MP101M, AC32M e O342M da Environnement, respectivamente. Dados das variáveis meteorológicas como velocidade do vento, direção do vento, umidade relativa, radiação solar e temperatura ambiente foram medidos simultaneamente de modo concomitante. Os espectros de emissividade e transmitância, através da espectroscopia no infravermelho, foram obtidos utilizando espectrômetro FTIR D&P e o BOMEM MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectivamente. A determinação dos resultados usando cromatografia mostraram que no inverno as concentrações de HPAs foram significativamente maiores do que no verão, mostrando assim uma variação sazonal. A identificação das fontes de emissão, aplicando razões diagnóstico, confirmou que os HPAs na área de estudo são originários de fontes móveis, especialmente, das emissões de diesel e da gasolina. A análise por modelo receptor PMF também mostrou a contribuição dessas duas fontes principais, seguido pela combustão de carvão, combustão incompleta/petróleo não queimado e da combustão de madeira. Os fatores tóxicos equivalentes foram calculados para caracterizar o risco de câncer por exposição ao HPA em amostras de MP1, e benzo[a]pireno e dibenzo[ah] antraceno que dominaram os níveis de BaPeq. Com exceção do O3, a análise de tendência do NO, NO2 e NOx mostrou um aumento da concentração destes compostos no inverno. Também a correlação destes poluentes com os parâmetros meteorológicos permitiu evidenciar a influência das fontes móveis na área de estudo. Os resultados das assinaturas espectrais no infravermelho das amostras de MP1 comparando com os padrões e com outros trabalhos mostraram que o maior número de bandas de fortes intensidades ocorreu na região espectral de 680-900 cm-1, devido às deformações angulares CC fora do plano e deformações angulares CH fora do plano dos HPAs. Bandas de média intensidade na região de 2900-3050 cm-1, também foram observadas devido ao estiramento CH, característico de compostos aromáticos. A presente pesquisa foi o ponto de partida para obter um banco de dados das concentrações de HPAs associados à fração MP1 e dos poluentes NOx/NO2/NO/MP10/O3; caracterizar a distribuição de tamanho de partículas atmosféricas, que são de grande importância e preocupação atual; avaliar a sua variação sazonal e sua relação com as condições meteorológicas usando técnicas estatísticas; e aprofundar o conhecimento do comportamento espectral dos HPAs, poluentes cancerígenos e mutagênicos, presentes no material particulado atmosférico na fração fina e ultrafina. / In recent years, the urban air quality deterioration due to atmospheric particulate matter is receiving significant attention; also, it continually threatens the life quality of urban residents. Air pollution by atmospheric particles in urban areas is mainly caused by emissions from anthropogenic sources, mostly vehicular sources. Moreover, the pollution caused by atmospheric particles is not only related to its concentration, but also with the size distribution. The particles studied in the fraction <1μm have a greater risk because they can penetrate into the lungs, affect cellular function and cause adverse effects on human health. However, atmospheric particles can carry different compounds that are toxic and/or carcinogenic, producing health risks, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - PAH. PAHs are a group of several complex organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen along with two or more fused benzene rings. Consequently, a scientific procedure was developed to study the atmospheric particulate matter < 1 μm (PM1) in order to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the PAHs associated with this fraction, also the particle number concentration and particle size distribution in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using remote sensing techniques. PM1 samples were collected in PTFE filters in Sapucaia South and Canoas sites, in the Metropolitan Region of Porto Alegre using the automatic sequential sampler PM162M of Environnement S.A. The samples were extracted using the EPA Method TO-13A and 16 PAHs were analyzed using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The particle size distribution of fractions PR1 (0.3 - 1.0 μm), PR2.5 (1.0 - 2.5 μm) and PR10 (2.5 – 10 μm) was obtained using the particulate analyzer CPM. The data of related air pollutants concentrations such as PM10, nitrogen oxides (NO, NOx, NO2), ozone (O3) were obtained using the analyzers MP101M, AC32M, O342M of Environnement, respectively. Data from meteorological variables, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, solar radiation and ambient temperature were continuously measured and simultaneously. The emissivity and transmittance spectra through infrared spectroscopy were obtained using FTIR spectrometer D&P and the Bomem MB-series FTIR-Hartmann & Braun Michelson, respectively. The results showed that in winter, the concentrations of PAHs were significantly higher than in summer, thus showing their seasonal variation. The identification of emission sources, applying diagnostic ratios confirmed that PAHs in the study area originate from mobile sources, especially diesel and gasoline emissions. The analysis by PMF receptor model also showed the contribution of these two sources, followed by coal combustion, incomplete combustion/unburned petroleum and wood combustion. The toxic equivalent factors were calculated to characterize the risk of cancer from PAH exposure to PM1.0 samples, and benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[ah]pyrene dominated BaPeq levels. The trend analysis of O3, NO, NO2, NOx showed a trend of increased concentration at winter, except O3. Also the correlation of these pollutants with meteorological parameters has demonstrated the influence of mobile sources in the study area. The results of the IR spectral signatures of the PM1 samples compared to the standards and other studies showed that the greatest number of strong bands occurred in the spectral region of 680-900 cm- 1 due to the CC out-of-plane angular deformation and CH out-of-plane angular deformation of PAHs. Bands of medium intensity in the 2900-3050 cm-1 region were also observed due to the CH stretch, characteristic of aromatic compounds. This research was the starting point for a concentrations database of PAHs associated fraction PM1 and pollutants NOx/NO2/NO/PM10/O3, characterize the size distribution of atmospheric particles that are of great importance and current concern. Furthermore, to assess their seasonal variation and its relationship with meteorological conditions, using statistical techniques. Also to deepen the knowledge of the spectral behavior of PAHs that are carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutants present in atmospheric particulate matter in the fine and ultrafine fraction.

Atmospheric aerosols have adverse effects on human health, air quality, and visibility and frequently result in severe pollution events, particularly in urban areas. However, the sources of aerosols and the processes governing their behaviour in the atmosphere, including those which lead to high concentrations, are not well understood thus limit our ability to accurately assess and forecast air quality. Presented here are the first long-term chemical composition measurements from an urban environment using an Aerodyne compact Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (cToF-AMS). Organic aerosols (OA) were observed to account for a significant fraction (44%) of the total non-refractory submicron mass during 2012 at the urban background site in North Kensington, London, followed by nitrate (28%), sulphate (14%), ammonium (13%), and chloride (1%). The sources and components of OA were determined using Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF) and attributed as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), solid fuel OA (SFOA), type 1 oxygenated OA (OOA1), and type 2 oxygenated OA (OOA2), where HOA, COA, and SFOA were observed to be of equal importance across the year. The concentration of secondary OA increased during the summer yet the extent of oxidation, as defined by the oxygen content, showed no variability during the year. The main factors governing the diurnal, monthly, and seasonal trends observed in all organic and inorganic species were meteorological conditions, specific nature of the sources, and availability of precursors. Regional and transboundary pollution influenced total aerosol concentrations and high concentration events were observed to be governed by different factors depending on season. High-Resolution ToF-AMS measurements were used to further probe OA behaviour, where two SFOA factors were derived from PMF analysis in winter, which likely represent differences in burn conditions. In the summer an OA factor was identified, likely of primary origin, which was observed to be strongly associated with organic nitrates and anthropogenic emissions. This work uses instruments and techniques that have not previously been used in this way in an urban environment, where the results further the understanding of the chemical components of urban aerosols. Aerosol sources are likely to change in the future with increases in solid fuel burning as vehicular emissions decrease, with significant implications on air quality and health. Thus it is important to understand aerosol sources and behaviour in order to develop effective pollution abatement strategies.

Ma thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du programme POLCA (Pollution des Capitales Africaines). Elle a pour principal objectif de caractériser la pollution particulaire sur des sites " trafic " de deux capitales africaines Dakar (Sénégal) et Bamako (Mali) et d'étudier son impact toxicologique sur l'appareil respiratoire. La pollution particulaire urbaine, bien supérieure aux normes imposées par l'organisation mondiale de la santé, est mise en exergue en lien avec un trafic automobile anarchique et d'intenses combustions domestiques. Dans ce contexte, les questionnements scientifiques suivants ont pu être abordés : - Quelle est la spéciation chimique par classes de tailles des aérosols de combustion (carbone suie, carbone organique, inorganiques, métaux traces...) pour les sites " trafic " de Dakar et Bamako ? - Quelles sont les sources prédominantes agissant sur la composition chimique en aérosols ? Quelle est la toxicité de ces aérosols et le niveau de stress oxydant ? - Quels sont les liens entre composition des aérosols différenciés en tailles et marqueurs d'inflammation pour chaque type de source ? - Quels sont les liens entre expositions aux aérosols et doses dans l'appareil respiratoire ? - Pour traiter ces questions, je me suis attaché à l'étude des résultats des campagnes intensives de 2009 à Dakar et à Bamako auxquelles j'ai participé, principalement à l'analyse chimique complète des aérosols par classes de tailles, à la caractérisation physico-chimique complète de l'aérosol pour chaque site mais également à la détermination de ses différentes sources par des modèles multivariés (ACP et PMF). Ces études ont été associées à des mesures toxicologiques in vitro effectuées sur les aérosols prélevés sur ces mêmes sites. Ce croisement mesures physcico-chimique/mesure santé a permis d'approfondir les liens sources d'émissions/chimie de l'aérosol/granulométrie et impacts biologiques associés. Enfin, en parallèle aux mesures expérimentales développées dans POLCA, la thèse a permis la mise en œuvre du modèle DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) afin de convertir spéciation de l'aérosol par classe de taille ou EXPOSITIONS en concentrations d'espèces par classe de taille ou DOSES dans les divers compartiments de l'appareil respiratoire (trachée, bronches, bronchioles, alvéoles). C'est la conjonction des trois thèmes, caractérisation de la pollution urbaine particulaire en Afrique de l'Ouest et ses sources, son impact toxicologique et la modélisation des doses dans l'appareil respiratoire, qui constitue le caractère pluridisciplinaire innovant de la thèse.

Att utöva turism- och fritidsaktiviteter är en väsentlig del i många människors liv, men för personer med funktionsnedsättningar (PmF) är genomförandet av sådana aktiviteter långt från lika självklara. Frågan om aktivt deltagande och inkludering av PmF i samhällets alla delar lyfts allt mer och kraven på tillgänglighet ökar. Därav syftar denna studie till att undersöka på vilka sätt turism- och aktivitetsföretag i Jämtlands län arbetar med att anpassa sina aktiviteter för att kunna inkludera individer med fysisk funktionsnedsättning. För att uppnå syftet var en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer studiens huvudsakliga metodologiska verktyg för insamling av empiriska data. Resultatet tyder på att majoriteten av verksamheterna inte erbjuder aktiviteter som är specifikt anpassade för PmF men att en del av utbudet går att kan anpassa om efterfrågan skulle uppstå. Marknadens efterfrågan styr verksamhetens utbud av aktiviteter och en bristande efterfrågan från PmF på tillgängliga aktiviteter har identifierats. Studiens slutsats beskriver att den bristande efterfrågan från PmF ligger till grund för det bristande utbudet av tillgängliga aktiviteter samt att verksamheterna anger resurser såsom kunskap och ekonomiska faktorer som utmanade vid utvecklingen av tillgänglighetsanpassade aktiviteter. / Tourism and leisure activities are an essential part of many people's lives, but for people with disabilities (PwD), their involvement can be highly conditional. The issue of active participation and the inclusion of PwD in all parts of society is increasingly being raised and the need for accessibility is growing. This study aims to investigate how tourism and activity companies in Jämtland County works to adapt and customize their activities to include individuals with physical disabilities. The study had a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews as the key focus for collecting empirical data. The result indicates that the majority of businesses do not currently offer activities that are specifically tailored to PwD, but for most of the companies these activities can be adjusted if there is a demand for it. Market demand controls the companies’ range of activities and a lack of demand from PwD for accessible activities has been identified. The conclusion describes that the absence of demand from PwD is the reason for the lack of accessible activities  and that the companies specify resources such as knowledge and financial factors as challenging for the development of accessible activities. / <p>2020-06-08</p>

In this Dissertation, systematic work has been carried out to study the road-deposited sediment and its adsorbed pollutants from a stormwater pollution perspective. Solid-phase concentration, surface load, source apportionment, risk assessment, and desorption dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and/or heavy metals in road-deposited sediments (RDS) were investigated. In order to provide data to assist potential strategies of stormwater pollution mitigation and integrated catchment management to minimise the adverse impacts of RDS adsorbed pollutants on stormwawter quality, the following specific topics were addressed. ⑴ The influences of traffic load and antecedent dry-weather period on pollution level and ecological risk of heavy metals in RDS were analyzed. ⑵ The build-up dynamics and chemical fractionation of metals were determined. ⑶ The potential source contributions and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-fractionated RDS were firstly determined by a Principal component analysis - Multiple linear regression receptor model. ⑷ The qualitative and quantitative source apportionments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were subsequently investigated through a combined qualitative Molecular Diagnostic Ratio and quantitative Positive Matrix Factorization source apportionment with an extended data set. ⑸ The exposure risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were evaluated and calculated by incremental lifetime cancer risk models. ⑹ Then, a novel ecological risk assessment approach to the RDS adsorbed toxic substances was developed, which was explored exclusively for the study of RDS for a water pollution aspect. ⑺ Finally, the effects of rainwater, major wastewater constituents of dissolved organic matter and surfactant on the leaching of heavy metals from RDS were carried out.

Solubility prediction usually refers to prediction of the intrinsic aqueous solubility, which is the concentration of an unionised molecule in a saturated aqueous solution at thermodynamic equilibrium at a given temperature. Solubility is determined by structural and energetic components emanating from solid-phase structure and packing interactions, solute–solvent interactions, and structural reorganisation in solution. An overview of the most commonly used methods for solubility prediction is given in Chapter 1. In this thesis, we investigate various approaches to solubility prediction and solvation model development, based on informatics and incorporation of empirical and experimental data. These are of a knowledge-based nature, and specifically incorporate information from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). A common problem for solubility prediction is the computational cost associated with accurate models. This issue is usually addressed by use of machine learning and regression models, such as the General Solubility Equation (GSE). These types of models are investigated and discussed in Chapter 3, where we evaluate the reliability of the GSE for a set of structures covering a large area of chemical space. We find that molecular descriptors relating to specific atom or functional group counts in the solute molecule almost always appear in improved regression models. In accordance with the findings of Chapter 3, in Chapter 4 we investigate whether radial distribution functions (RDFs) calculated for atoms (defined according to their immediate chemical environment) with water from organic hydrate crystal structures may give a good indication of interactions applicable to the solution phase, and justify this by comparison of our own RDFs to neutron diffraction data for water and ice. We then apply our RDFs to the theory of the Reference Interaction Site Model (RISM) in Chapter 5, and produce novel models for the calculation of Hydration Free Energies (HFEs).

In the studies underlying this thesis, various source tracing techniques were applied to environmental samples from the Baltic region. Comprehensive sampling and analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in surface sediments in Swedish coastal and offshore areas resulted in a unique data set for this region. Nearly 150 samples of surface sediments were analyzed for all tetra- to octa-chlorinated PCDD/Fs. The levels showed large spatial variability with hotspots in several coastal regions. Neither Sweden nor the EU has introduced guideline values for PCDD/Fs in sediment, but comparisons to available guidelines and quality standards from other countries indicate that large areas of primarily coastal sediments may constitute a risk to marine organisms. Multivariate pattern analysis techniques and receptor models, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), were used to trace sources. These analyses suggested that three to six source types can explain most of the observed pattern variations found in the sediment samples. Atmospheric deposition was suggested as the most important source to offshore areas, thus confirming earlier estimates. However, spatial differences indicated a larger fraction of local/regional atmospheric sources, characterized by PCDFs, in the south. This was indicated by the identification of several patterns of atmospheric origin. In coastal areas, the influence of direct emission sources was larger, and among these, chlorophenol used for wood preservation and emissions from pulp/paper production and other wood related industry appeared to be most important. The historic emissions connected to processes involving chemical reactions with chlorine (e.g. pulp bleaching) were found to be of less importance except at some coastal sites. The analysis of PCDD/Fs in Baltic herring also revealed spatial variations in the levels and pollution patterns along the coast. The geographical match against areas with elevated sediment levels indicated that transfer from sediments via water to organisms was one possible explanation. Fugacity, a concept used to predict the net transport direction between environmental matrices, was used to explore the gas exchange of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between air and water. These estimates suggested that, in the Kattegat Sea, the gaseous exchange of HCHs primarily resulted in net deposition while PCBs were net volatilized under certain environmental conditions. The study also indicated that, while the air concentrations of both PCBs and γ-HCH are mostly dependent upon the origin of the air mass, the fluctuations in α-HCH were primarily influenced by seasonal changes.

El càncer de pàncrees és altament agressiu i representa la cinquena causa de mort al mon occidental. Anteriorment, en el nostre laboratori, vam identificar que el receptor tissular del plasminogen (tPA) hi està sobre-expressat i juga un paper important el la progressió tumoral. En la present tesi hem profunditzat en l'estudi del mecanisme molecular de tPA i seus receptors en aquest càncer. En primer lloc hem caracteritzat en detall la interacció de tPA amb Annexina A2 (principal receptor de tPA en endoteli i altament expressada en pàncrees) demostrant que les dades publicades sobre la seqüència responsable de la interacció no eren correctes. A més a més hem caracteritzat les proteïnes de lisats cel·lulars pancreàtics que interaccionen amb tPA mitjançant un assaig pull down i posterior anàlisi proteòmic. de tot identificant un conjunt de possibles lligands de tPA. D'entre aquests hem seleccionat galectina 1, una lectina que mai s'ha descrit que interaccioni amb tPA, per realitzar la caracterització bioquímica i funcional del seu paper com a nou lligand de tPA en càncer de pàncrees. / Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive disease and represents the fifth cause of death in occidental world. Our laboratory has previously reported tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) over expression in this cancer and its role in tumoral progression. During the present thesis we have studied tPA and its molecular mechanism through its receptors in this tumor.We have first characterized tPA interaction with annexin A2 (its main receptor in endothelium and highly expressed in pancreas). Our results showed that published data about the sequence responsible of this interaction was not correct. We have also identified a set of new putative tPA receptors in pancreatic cell lisates using a pull down assay and proteomic analysis. One of the proteins identified was galectin 1, a lectin with not know relation with tPA. We performed a biochemical and functional characterization of the interaction between these two proteins in pancreatic cancer.