Background: Postnatal depression (PND) follows 10-15% of deliveries. Postnatal blues occur in the first postpartum week and are thought to have little significance. Studies report links between them, PND and premenstrual symptomatology but are methodologically flawed. Hypotheses: Women with severe blues are more likely to become depressed in the 6 months after delivery and more likely to experience premenstrual symptomatology when menstruation resumes. Subjects: First-time mothers who were literate, English speaking, had a singleton pregnancy, no current severe mental illness and whose fetus was healthy. Method: Written informed consent was obtained in late pregnancy. Baseline data include the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), sociodemographic and obstetric details. The Blues Questionnaire was completed on postpartum days 3 & 5. Obstetric data were recorded. Subjects (scores >/75^th centile on the Blues Questionnaire) and controls (\<25^th centile) were matched for age, marital status and social class. All participants completed monthly postal EPDS. When menstruation returned, daily Menstrual Distress Questionnaires and visual analogue scales for premenstrual symptoms were completed for 2 cycles. At 6 months all women with EPDS scores >/9 at any time postpartum were interviewed using the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (Lifetime version). Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses were made for current or past psychiatric disorder. 1 in 5 women with EPDS scores <9 were interviewed to exclude false negatives. Results: Women with severe blues were 3.8 times more likely to become depressed and to have a major rather than minor illness. Their depressions began sooner after delivery and lasted longer than those with no blues. They were more likely to experience premenstrual symptoms. Discussion: Results support the idea that these conditions are variants of affective disorder, severe blues acting as a marker of affective vulnerability. Clinical applications of the results and areas for further research are explored.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, τόσο σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο αλλά κυρίως σε Ευρωπαϊκό, παρατηρείται μια προσπάθεια για θέσπιση διαρκώς αυστηρότερων νόμων και διατάξεων που αφορούν την πολιτική περιβάλλοντος, αντικατοπτρίζοντας την αυξημένη οικολογική συνείδηση του συνόλου των πολιτών. Παράλληλα, αναζητούνται μέθοδοι και τεχνικές προκειμένου σε όλους τους τομείς δραστηριότητας των ανθρώπων να επιτυγχάνεται περιορισμός της ρύπανσης. Μέσα σε αυτό το γενικότερο πλαίσιο διαχείρισης, ιδιαίτερη σημασία έχουν τα έργα αποχέτευσης και επεξεργασίας αποβλήτων, που ως σκοπό έχουν την όσο το δυνατόν γρηγορότερη και οικονομικότερη απομάκρυνση των ακάθαρτων και βλαβερών για το περιβάλλον νερών (απόβλητα), καθώς και την κατάλληλη επεξεργασία (καθαρισμό τους), ώστε να διατεθούν ακίνδυνα στο περιβάλλον (Αραβώσης et al, 2003). Σκοποί της διαδικασίας επεξεργασίας λυμάτων είναι η απομάκρυνση των αιωρούμενων σωματίων, της οργανικής ύλης, των μικροβιακών οργανισμών και της τροφικής τους αλυσίδας, αφήνοντας τα υγρά που απομένουν κατάλληλα για απορρόφηση από το έδαφος ή τη διάθεσή τους σε ποτάμια ή στη θάλασσα. Οι τρεις βασικές στάθμες της διαδικασίας επεξεργασίας λυμάτων χαρακτηρίζονται ως πρωτοβάθμια, δευτεροβάθμια και τριτοβάθμια. Κατά την πρωτοβάθμια επεξεργασία πρέπει να απομακρύνονται περίπου τα δυο τρίτα των αιωρούμενων σωματίων και το ένα τρίτο της οργανικής ύλης. Στη δευτεροβάθμια επεξεργασία σε δοχεία ή επιφάνειες αερισμού γίνεται αποδόμηση των μικροοργανισμών που μεταλλάσσονται σε οργανική ύλη. Στο πέρας της χρησιμοποιείται πολλές φορές χλώριο ή ενώσεις του για την απομάκρυνση των επιβλαβών μικροβίων. Αυτή είναι η τριτοβάθμια επεξεργασία, που απαιτείται μόνο όταν πρέπει τα επεξεργασμένα λύματα να χυθούν σε περιβαλλοντολογικά ευαίσθητη υγρή όδευση, οπότε απομακρύνονται οι θρεπτικές ουσίες, όπως αζωτούχες και φωσφορούχες ενώσεις που διευκολύνουν την ανάπτυξη βακτηρίων, μικροβιακών ή άλλων οργανισμών. Πρέπει να τονιστεί ότι οι τρεις αυτές διαδικασίες δεν είναι ποτέ πλήρως διαχωρισμένες και γενικά εξαρτώνται από το σύστημα επεξεργασίας λυμάτων και τις απαιτήσεις αποδόμησής τους. Οι υποχρεώσεις των μηχανικών, των ιδιοκτητών και των ενοίκων που ισχύουν για τις κεντρικές αποχετεύσεις κτιρίων ή οικισμών περιλαμβάνονται σε σχετική Υγειονομική Διάταξη (Aπ. E1β/221 της 22.1/ 24.2.1965 ΦEK 138B) ή αναφέρονται στο Γ.O.K., στον Kτιριοδομικό Kανονισμό και στην T.O.T.E.E. 2412/ 86. Προϋπόθεση για την κατασκευή ιδιωτικού συστήματος συλλογής, επεξεργασίας και διάθεσης των υγρών αποβλήτων είναι η έκδοση άδειας από την αρμόδια αρχή. H προστασία του περιβάλλοντος, του υπόγειου υδροφόρου ορίζοντα και των θαλασσών επιβάλλει την αποφυγή διάθεσης λυμάτων κατά τρόπο που να προξενεί μόλυνση στο υδατικό απόθεμα της γης. Είναι έτσι αναγκαίο σε κάθε περίπτωση που δεν έχει εξασφαλιστεί κεντρικό δίκτυο αποχέτευσης να λαμβάνονται μέτρα διάθεσης των λυμάτων με κατασκευές που γίνονται με δαπάνη των κατασκευαστών των κτιρίων ή των οικισμών ώστε να εξασφαλίζεται διάθεση των λυμάτων κατά τρόπο που να μην επηρεάζεται δυσμενώς το περιβάλλον. Η νομοθεσία η σχετική με τη διάθεση των λυμάτων κτιρίων σε περιοχές χωρίς κεντρικό δίκτυο αποχέτευσης επιβάλλει την υποβολή μελέτης επεξεργασίας και διάθεσής τους (Τσίγκας, 2003) Τα τελευταία χρόνια, προκειμένου να ελεγχθεί η ρύπανση και να αποφευχθεί η περαιτέρω υποβάθμιση των υδατικών πόρων του πλανήτη, έχουν θεσπιστεί ειδικές νομοθετικές διατάξεις, που αφορούν στη βιολογική διεργασία των υγρών αποβλήτων πριν αυτά διατεθούν στους υδάτινους αποδέκτες. Έτσι η βιολογική απομάκρυνση τόσο του οργανικού φορτίου όσο και των θρεπτικών συστατικών (κυρίως αζώτου και φωσφόρου) έχει καταστεί πλέον επιτακτική. Οι διεργασίες βιολογικής απομάκρυνσης του αζώτου μέσω της νιτροποίησης και της απονιτροποίησης βρίσκουν σήμερα ευρεία εφαρμογή στην επεξεργασία τόσο των αστικών και των βιομηχανικών υγρών αποβλήτων όσο και στην προεπεξεργασία του πόσιμου νερού. Η νιτροποίηση (βιολογική οξείδωση της αμμωνίας) υλοποιείται από δύο διαφορετικές κατηγορίες αυτότροφων βακτηριών. Η πρώτη ομάδα (νιτρωδοποιητές) μετατρέπει την αμμωνία (NH+4 ) σε νιτρώδη(NO−2 ) και στη συνέχεια η δεύτερη ομάδα, οι νιτρικοποιητές, οξειδώνει περαιτέρω το ενδιάμεσο προϊόν (νιτρώδη) σε νιτρικά (NO − 3 ). Η απονιτροποίηση είναι η βιολογική διεργασία, η οποία ευθύνεται για την απομάκρυνση του αζώτου με τη μορφή τωννιτρικών και/ή νιτρωδών από τα απόβλητα μέσω της μετατροπής τους σε αέριο άζωτο. Τα τελευταία χρόνια, γίνεται σημαντική ερευνητική προσπάθεια για να παρακαμφθεί το στάδιο της νιτρικοποίησης. Είναι επιθυμητό η αμμωνία να οξειδώνεται σε νιτρώδη και μετά απευθείας να λαμβάνει χώρα η απονιτροποίηση, παρά να γίνεται πρώτα η μετατροπή σε νιτρικά στα συστήματα απομάκρυνσης αζώτου. Θεωρητικά εξοικονομείται περίπου 25% σε δέκτη ηλεκτρονίων (οξυγόνο) και 40% σε δότη ηλεκτρονίων, ενώ επίσης ο ρυθμός απονιτροποίησης αυξάνεται κατά 63% με μικρότερη παραγωγή βιομάζας, οφέλη ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά από οικονομικής πλευράς, καθώς μειώνεται αρκετά το κόστος λειτουργίας της μονάδας επεξεργασίας αποβλήτων. Η παράκαμψη αυτή συνήθως επιτυγχάνεται ρυθμίζοντας κατάλληλα τη συγκέντρωση του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου, το pH και τη θερμοκρασία. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η εύρεση του βέλτιστου τρόπου λειτουργίας αντιδραστήρα SBR μέσω σχεδιαστικών και λειτουργικών διαφοροποιήσεων με σκοπό την απομάκρυνση του αζώτου από τα λύματα με παράκαμψη της παραγωγής των νιτρικών. Έγινε χρήση των κατάλληλων ρυθμίσεων του πλήθους και της διάρκειας των αερόβιων και ανοξικών φάσεων λειτουργίας του αντιδραστήρα σύμφωνα με την προηγούμενη γνώση που είχαμε αποκτήσει από την εμπειρία του εργαστηρίου πάνω σε αυτή την τεχνολογία και την πατέντα που έχει εξελίχθη στο εργαστήριο μας. Έτσι έγινε περαιτέρω εξέλιξη της πιλοτικής μονάδας που είχε εγκατασταθεί στο χώρο του Βιολογικού Καθαρισμού της πόλεως της Πάτρα σε μεγαλύτερη κλίμακα και σε πραγματικές συνθήκες μεταβολής οργανικής φόρτισης. Κατά την διάρκεια της παρούσας εργασίας έγινε σχεδιασμός και κατασκευή τριών διαφορετικών μονάδων επεξεργασίας λυμάτων τύπου SBR. / In recent years, both at the global level but mainly European, there is an attempt to introduce successively more stringent laws and provisions relating to environmental policy, reflecting the increased environmental awareness of all citizens. At the same time, methods and techniques in order sought in all areas activity of people to achieve the reduction of pollution. within this overall management framework, particular importance are the works sewage and waste treatment, which are designed as long as possible faster and economical removal of dirty and harmful for the water environment (wastes) and the appropriate treatment (purification them) so disposed harmless to the environment (Aravossis et al, 2003). Causes of wastewater treatment process is to remove suspended particles, organic matter, microbial organisms and the food chain, leaving the remaining liquids suitable for absorption from the soil or disposal in rivers or the sea. the three basic levels of wastewater treatment process characterized as primary, secondary and tertiary. In primary treatment must be removed about two thirds of suspended particles and a third organic matter. In secondary processing in containers or Ventilation surfaces becomes degradation of the microorganisms mutated in organic matter. At the end of the used several times or chlorine compounds for the removal of harmful microbes.

Postnatal depression (PND) is a serious and debilitating condition that disrupts women's lives at a time when they are already under stress, adapting to the substantial demands having a baby creates. PND is linked with adverse effects on the development of the child and the family system, including poor marital adjustment and elevated levels of depression in male partners. Implications, not only for men's health, but also for the amount and quality of support men can provide for their partners and children are far-reaching. Preventative programmes for the treatment of PND have been widely advocated, but are rare in the literature. Even fewer, are treatment programmes that include male partners. This study compared the efficacy of a structured Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) programme for the treatment of PND, delivered in 3 different ways, within an Australian semi-rurallcoastal community. Thirty-nine women, diagnosed with PND, completed 10 weeks of either 'individual' (n=9), 'group women only' (n=16) or 'group partners involved' (n=14) intervention and were compared with a control support group (n=7). Pre-intervention, women in the study reported the presence of a number of psychosocial risk factors for PND and almost 20% of the men in this sample were also depressed according to the BDI-II. Partners of the women in the 'group partners involved' treatment completed a 6-week CBT group programme especially designed for men (n=13). Partners of the women involved in the other interventions acted as a control group (n=16). Depression, anxiety, parenting stress, relationship adjustment and social support measures were taken using standardized instruments at pre-intervention, post-test and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Qualitative information about the experiences of PND and the intervention programme was obtained through focus group interviews. The intervention programme was evaluated by questionnaire by both participants and their general practitioners or allied health professionals who had referred them to the programme. Results indicated that, overall, the 10-week, structured CBT programme was far more effective in treating PND than attending a support group. Over time, group therapy outperformed individual therapy for depression and anxiety. Including partners in intervention meant significantly improved outcomes at 6-month follow-up for depression, anxiety and relationship adjustment for women. When male partners were included, women's social support levels were significantly higher at 3-month follow-up. Post-intervention men who participated in the men's group were significantly less depressed and stressed, and showed higher levels of social support than controls. The intervention programme was rated highly by both participants and referrers for effectiveness and acceptability, with the psychoeducational information and CBT strategies rated as the most useful components. Participants viewed the inclusion of male partners in PND treatment as fundamental and strongly recommended increased community and professional awareness of PND and its consequences. The important implications for clinical practice and resource allocation raised by this study are addressed.

Health literacy represents the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health, according to WHO. Common health literacy level may be sufficient in the case of smooth pregnancy and natural childbirth. However, if there are some health problems, it is necessary to support an increase in health literacy level of mothers. Main objective of this thesis is to describe the objective health literacy level of mothers with premature baby and to identify areas that are for these mothers most problematic. The theoretical part deals with demographic data related to premature births, the basic definition of prematurity, an essential characteristic of neonatology and organization of care, premature baby, the most common medical complications and prognosis. Defines and operationalizes health literacy of mothers with premature baby. Research used a qualitative methodology. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Respondents for interview were physicians who care for preterm infants. The selection of respondents was conducted using the snowball sampling to facilitate data analysis, were interviews transcribed and then analyzed using the cluster analysis. Results were...

Este trabalho analisa a discussão sobre a distribuição de renda no período da ditadura militar e os impactos dessa questão na crise do regime. Considerando que os primeiros estudos foram realizados a partir de 1972, com a divulgação dos dados do Censo e da publicação do livro de Carlos Langoni (1973) sobre o tema, a pesquisa discorre sobre o debate acadêmico e sua repercussão na imprensa, analisando os impactos da concentração de renda sobre a economia. Foram selecionadas matérias publicadas nos jornais O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo, no período entre 1974 e 1979, anos que representam o auge e o declínio do governo militar, marcados pelo fim do milagre econômico e início da luta pela redemocratização, respectivamente. Por fim, o trabalho analisa o papel dos movimentos sociais e sindicais no enfraquecimento do regime, considerando a retomada das greves a partir de 1978, que resultaram na perda de apoio de várias classes representativas ao governo (trabalhadores, mídia, empresariado, entre outros) e, posteriormente, na retomada da democracia no país, em 1985. / This paper analyzes the discussion on the distribution of income in the period of the military dictatorship and the impacts of this issue on the crisis of the regime. Considering that the first studies were carried out after 1972, with the dissemination of the Census data and the publication of Carlos Langoni\'s book (1973) on the subject, the research discusses the academic debate and its repercussions in press, analysing the impacts of the concentration of income on the economy. There were selected articles published by O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo newspapers during the period between 1974 and 1979, which represent the peak and decline of the military government, marked by the end of the \"economic miracle\" and beginning of struggle for redemocratization, respectively. Finally, the paper analyzes the role of social and union movements for the weakening of the regime, considering the resumption of strikes from 1978, which resulted the loss of the support of several representative classes to government (workers, media, businessmen and the like) and, after, the resumptiom of democracy in the country, in 1985.

Este trabalho analisa a discussão sobre a distribuição de renda no período da ditadura militar e os impactos dessa questão na crise do regime. Considerando que os primeiros estudos foram realizados a partir de 1972, com a divulgação dos dados do Censo e da publicação do livro de Carlos Langoni (1973) sobre o tema, a pesquisa discorre sobre o debate acadêmico e sua repercussão na imprensa, analisando os impactos da concentração de renda sobre a economia. Foram selecionadas matérias publicadas nos jornais O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo, no período entre 1974 e 1979, anos que representam o auge e o declínio do governo militar, marcados pelo fim do milagre econômico e início da luta pela redemocratização, respectivamente. Por fim, o trabalho analisa o papel dos movimentos sociais e sindicais no enfraquecimento do regime, considerando a retomada das greves a partir de 1978, que resultaram na perda de apoio de várias classes representativas ao governo (trabalhadores, mídia, empresariado, entre outros) e, posteriormente, na retomada da democracia no país, em 1985. / This paper analyzes the discussion on the distribution of income in the period of the military dictatorship and the impacts of this issue on the crisis of the regime. Considering that the first studies were carried out after 1972, with the dissemination of the Census data and the publication of Carlos Langoni\'s book (1973) on the subject, the research discusses the academic debate and its repercussions in press, analysing the impacts of the concentration of income on the economy. There were selected articles published by O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo newspapers during the period between 1974 and 1979, which represent the peak and decline of the military government, marked by the end of the \"economic miracle\" and beginning of struggle for redemocratization, respectively. Finally, the paper analyzes the role of social and union movements for the weakening of the regime, considering the resumption of strikes from 1978, which resulted the loss of the support of several representative classes to government (workers, media, businessmen and the like) and, after, the resumptiom of democracy in the country, in 1985.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gervasio_Cezar_Junior.pdf: 1741756 bytes, checksum: ee379aeffeccf4274e1ec28699aabc0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-15 / This paper has analysed the supporting action from the extinct Visão magazine, as well as the participation of its main intelectual and owner Henry Maksoud, during the years from 1974 to 1979. The respected period is part of the civil-military dictatorship process estabilished in Brazil from the 1964 coup, more precisely, the 1970s were characterised by a radical change regarding the way of leading the economy, most of all by the advent of the II PND ( II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento). In order to understand the role played by Visão in the society, we have based ourselves on the frame produced by the revolucionary Italian philosopher Antonio Gramsci, to be more specific on his considerations around the conception of the private apparatus of hegemony. The first chapter of this dissertation has in itself the base of the theorical discussion used in all the paper. And more, he relies on the the last topic where we discussed the historical trajectory of the building of the neoliberal project. Through the chapter two, we have showed in which instances the relationship between Visão and ABDIB was given, sustained and shaken, mainly, by the creation of the II PND. The third chapter has as its main goal to expose the intimate relationship between Visão and the Anti Natonalize Campaign, showing how Visão supported itself on the Anti Natonalize Campaign in order to begin the dissemination of the neoliberalism in Brazil. On the chapter four we have showed which classical intelectuals from neoliberalism, as well as their main thesis, are used by Visão to help on the improvement and organization of the Brazilian neoliberal program. Thus we have identified that Visão acts while an organizing agent from the neoliberal Project for Brazil, already in the 1970 decade, mainly supported on Frederick August von Hayek premises, principally mediated by Henry Maksoud, owner and editor chief of the magazine. / Este trabalho analisou a ação partidária da extinta revista Visão, bem como a participação de seu principal intelectual e proprietário Henry Maksoud, durante os anos de 1974 a 1979. O período compreendido é parte do processo de ditadura civil-militar instituído no Brasil a partir do golpe de 1964, mais precisamente, os anos 1970 foram marcados por uma virada na forma de conduzir a economia, sobretudo pelo advento do II PND (II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento). Para compreendermos o papel desempenhado por Visão na sociedade, nos pautamos no referencial produzido pelo filósofo revolucionário italiano Antonio Gramsci, para ser mais específico em suas considerações acerca do conceito de aparelho privado de hegemonia. O primeiro capítulo desta dissertação tem em si a base da discussão teórica utilizada em toda a dissertação. E mais, ele conta ainda com um último ponto onde discutimos a trajetória histórica de construção do projeto neoliberal. Ao longo do capítulo dois, nós mostramos em quais instâncias se deva a relação Visão e ABDIB, sustentada e abalada, sobretudo, pela criação do II PND. O terceiro capítulo tem como objetivo principal expor a relação íntima entre Visão e a Campanha Antiestatizante, mostrar como Visão apoiou-se na Campanha Antiestatizante para iniciar a difusão do neoliberalismo no Brasil. No capítulo quatro nos mostramos quais os intelectuais clássicos do neoliberalismo, bem como suas principais teses, são utilizados por Visão para ajudar no aperfeiçoamento e organização do programa neoliberal brasileiro. Com isto identificamos que Visão age enquanto um agente organizador do projeto neoliberal para o Brasil, já na década de 1970, apoiado principalmente nas premissas de Frederick August von Hayek, sobretudo mediadas por Henry Maksoud, proprietário e editor-chefe da revista.

Background: The present study considers some of the underlying mechanisms that may be acting in postnatal depression (PND). It has been suggested that rumination predicts problem solving ability and that child temperament and maternal attributions predict mother-infant bonding. This study aims to investigate the role that brooding and reflective rumination may play in predicting and mediating these relationships in postnatal women. Methods: Postnatal women were recruited to complete an online survey.190 women responded and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Maternal Attribution Scale (MAS), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), Parental Problem Solving Task (PPST), Rumination Response Scale (RRS), Infant Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ) and a confidence in problem solving using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: Analyses showed that reflective rumination mediated the relationship between low infant soothability and high negative attributions, on maternal problem solving. Reflective and Brooding Rumination also predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding. Analyses showed that infant temperament (soothability and distress) and maternal attributions (positive and negative) predicted confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding Limitations: This study employed a correlational design and therefore all inferences regarding possible causal pathways are tentative. Limitations include the use of self report measures to assess mother-infant bonding and infant temperament. Additionally the PPST is a new measure which needs further validation. Conclusions: Reflective rumination may act as an adaptive strategy for women in the postnatal period when faced with difficult child temperaments, and for those employing negative attributions, when faced with parent specific problem solving tasks. In addition, Brooding and Reflective Rumination may be important in predicting difficulties in mother-infant bonding. Difficult Infant temperaments and less positive or more negative maternal attributions, may affect problem solving, confidence in problem solving and mother-infant bonding in the postnatal period. Future research should look to replicate these findings and explicate possible causal relationships within a postnatal population.

Background: Postnatal depression (PND) is a global problem and an important public health issue. It is estimated that approximately 15% of women experience depression during the first postnatal year but there are problems in recognition because its clinical assessment can be complex. The incidence of postnatal depression continues to rise resulting in serious consequences for the mother, her child and the extended family and a risk of suicide (the leading cause of maternal death in England and Wales) and infanticide in some severely depressed mothers. Treatment programmes vary considerably but many studies are suggesting that psychological interventions can be as equally, if not more, clinically effective in the management of depression as routine care from a general practitioner or anti-depressants in the short term – and may be more cost effective. Method: The aim of this exploratory pilot study is to identify whether the support, on a one to one basis, from a Peer Support Worker (PSW) would assist in the reduction of PND in new mothers. Eight PSW’s were recruited. Each PSW had previously suffered from mild to moderate postnatal depression but had recovered and were not currently receiving any form of psychological support or taking any medication. They were employed, on a six month contract, by the local NHS Trust. References and enhanced criminal records clearance were obtained. A confidentiality statement was also signed by the PSW. Thirty mothers were recruited by their own Health Visitor. This was carried out using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scoring documentation (EPDS) alongside a clinical assessment. The cut off score, as agreed by both the lead researcher and the Health Visitors involved in the study, was 11. Fully informed consent was obtained and participant information sheets given. The mothers were allocated into either a Control group or an Intervention group using number alternating. The PSW’s received formal training about child protection procedures/safeguarding children in addition to the relevance and importance of confidentiality. However, apart from this, a structured training programme was not adhered to. The PSW’s strongly felt, as a combined group, that they wanted to provide the intervention simply as a ‘fellow mum who had survived the rollercoaster journey of PND’. Each PSW wanted to identify the nature of the problem, find a possible solution, and design their own proposed ‘support package’ – from the outset of the study. The PSW visited the mother in their home environment, or a location of their choice, for a period of six weeks on a once weekly basis (intervention group). This was then compared to a number of mothers who received support from their family Health Visitor (HV) alone (control group). Data collected was both qualitative and quantitative. The PSW's and the mothers from both the control group and the intervention group were asked to maintain a log book reflecting upon their feelings and thoughts after each visit (either from their PSW or their HV). Individual and group supervisory sessions were also offered by the lead researcher to both the mothers within the intervention group, and the control group, in addition to the PSW’s. A number of the participants were interviewed on a one to one basis when their infant was six months old. Data from the interviews was subsequently transcribed, coded and categorised, and key themes identified. Quantitative data was collated in the form of an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Score (EPDS) – an assessment tool which is routinely used to identify mothers at risk or suffering from postnatal depression. The EPDS score was recorded prior to the support commencing by either a PSW or the Health Visitor, after completion of all six visits, and when the infant was six months old. Analysis: The EPDS scores recorded at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and again when the infant was six months old, were analysed and summarised using graphs and charts. Non parametric analysis using Friedman’s Anova and the Wilcoxon paired test was carried out. A Mann Whitney test, Kolmogorov-Smirrov test and a Shapiro-Wilk test were also performed. A constant comparative method was used as a means of analysing the qualitative data collected from both log books and interview transcript (Denscombe 2008). The lead researcher consistently read and re-read text data, compared new codes and categories as they emerged and repeatedly compared them against existing versions. This process enabled the researcher to refine and improve the explanatory power of the concepts and theories generated from the data. Similarities and differences were highlighted and categories and codes were identified. On completion of this analysis, all participants were contacted to ensure validity of the findings and that each participant agreed with the researchers interpretation of the data collected. Results: Qualitative and quantitative findings from this study suggest that the input from a PSW does assist in the reduction of PND in new mothers. This is demonstrated in both the analysis of the quantitative data and the qualitative. The EPDS scores demonstrated little difference between the participants at 6 weeks but the statistics started to diverge at 12 weeks – the mean at 12 weeks for the control group is recorded at 12.46 and the intervention group is 10.33 – a difference of 2.13. The EPDS at six months demonstrates a difference between the two scores as 2.67 (the control group mean recording is 11.60 compared with the intervention mean which is 8.93). The key themes identified were the immeasurable value of ‘social support’ and ‘shared experiences’. The resounding factor that appears repeatedly throughout the analysis of data is the fact that the mothers could ‘truly relate to their Worker.’ Their PSW gave them ‘hope’, made them feel as if they were ‘not a failure’ and gave them an overwhelming ‘sense of normality’. This, in turn, increased their self-esteem, their positivity towards their parenting role, and their ability to therefore be ‘a good mother.’ A major strength of the work was the involvement of the PSW’s in both the planning and the implementing of the intervention. It was their design, their creation, and their feelings about what may really help their mother. A number of other themes were also identified that were, interestingly, commonalities across the entire data set (participants and PSW’s). These included recognition of their own changing perspective – a realisation that there simply is no ‘quick fix’ solution, that both time and support are required. The PSW’s described feelings of ‘personal benefit’, ‘self-awareness’ and the ‘provision of closure’ for themselves. The intervention group also talked, at length, about their ‘personal benefit’ from the PSW, and their own self-awareness about how they truly felt, their emotions and, in some instances, why they felt this way. The control group recognised the huge advantage from talking to other mothers and, although they did not have the formal support sessions from a PSW, they embraced the opportunity of sharing their thoughts and feelings with ‘fellow mums’. Each participant, and PSW, discussed the sharing of experiences, empathy, the feeling of ‘release’ and, particularly on the mothers’ part, the importance of knowing that, actually, they are not ‘alone’. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to provide early intervention to mothers who were classed as ‘at risk’ of suffering from PND, and, indeed, the support from the PSW’s did appear to have a positive impact upon the mothers’ mental health and wellbeing. However, this was a small scale, pilot study over a relatively short period of time. Larger, more longitudinal studies are certainly required. The importance of the pilot study presented here lies in its usefulness in shaping research to investigate and explore further whether there are indeed beneficial factors to post-natally depressed mothers who receive one to one support from a PSW. The positive results from this study can, potentially, have a huge impact within practice and, most importantly, upon the lives of those affected by postnatal depression.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-01T19:18:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 davidmilitaocamposdeoliveira.pdf: 1511677 bytes, checksum: d497652504fb17d6e65c2db3d09e56d8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-02T15:57:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 davidmilitaocamposdeoliveira.pdf: 1511677 bytes, checksum: d497652504fb17d6e65c2db3d09e56d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T15:57:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 davidmilitaocamposdeoliveira.pdf: 1511677 bytes, checksum: d497652504fb17d6e65c2db3d09e56d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Neste trabalho analisamos o posicionamento político dos empresários industriais mineiros, filiados à Federação das Indústrias do Estado de Minas Gerais,em relação às diretrizes do II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento. Destaca-se que o empresariado mineiro filiado a FIEMG não contestou politicamente os militares, concentrando seu discurso na reivindicação de cumprimento das diretrizes econômicas criadas com o II PND, em especial a perspectiva de desconcentração da economia brasileira. Assim, ao contrário da FIESP, que em boa medida aderiu, a partir do II PND, à campanha pela desestatização e aproximou-se de um posicionamento crítico em relação ao regime militar, a FIEMG manteve-se à distância de tal perspectiva e acolheu positivamente o II PND. Assinala-se que a posição da FIEMG deriva da percepção da oportunidade de enfrentar os problemas do desenvolvimento mineiro através do apelo ao Estado, presente em diferentes momentos da trajetória do desenvolvimento brasileiro, mas especialmente marcante em Minas Gerais, sendo recorrente na prática do empresário do estado. / This study analyzes the political position of the industrial entrepreneurs from Minas Gerais, affiliated to the Federation Industries of State of Minas Gerais, in relation to the directives of the Second National Development Plan. It is noteworthy that the industrial entrepreneurs affiliated with FIEMG not politically challenged the military, focusing their speech on the claim of compliance with the economic guidelines created with the II PND, in particular, the prospect of decentralization of the Brazilian economy. Thus, unlike the FIESP, which largely adhered, because the II PND, the campaign for privatization and approached a critical position in relation to the military regime, FIEMG remained at a distance from such perspective and welcomed positively II PND. It is noted that the position of FIEMG derives from the perception of opportunity to tackle the development problems of Minas Gerais by appealing to the State, present at different times of the trajectory of Brazilian development, but especially striking in Minas Gerais, with a significant trace in class practice of the entrepreneur in the state.