Os portos são elementos-chave para a competitividade dos setores exportadores e importadores que deles se utilizam e para o desenvolvimento das regiões em que estão inseridos. Para a adequada gestão portuária, é necessária a compreensão do porto em um sentido mais amplo, considerando o conjunto de atores que participam da cadeia logísticoportuária e as atividades por eles desenvolvidas. Nos últimos anos, vêm se aprofundando os estudos dos portos como aglomerados empresariais e dos mecanismos de coordenação ou governança dos diferentes atores da cadeia logístico-portuária. Nesse contexto, uma questão emergente diz respeito à análise dos modelos de governança e sua relação com a performance portuária. A governança de cadeias logístico-portuárias é um fator-chave para a competitividade dos portos, podendo ser definida como os mecanismos utilizados para coordenar as relações existentes entre os atores da cadeia logístico-portuária, buscando aumentar a eficiência e a eficácia dos fluxos logísticos relacionados e, consequentemente, melhorando a inserção competitiva do porto. Dado esse contexto, esta tese tem como objetivo propor um modelo de governança aplicado a cadeias logístico-portuárias. Para tanto, inicialmente são estudadas as diferentes classificações de portos, sendo considerados os elementos que as compõem e sua relação com a governança; são analisados os processos logístico-portuários, identificando-se possíveis oportunidades de melhoria e sua relação com a governança portuária; e é analisada a evolução dos estudos sobre governança portuária nos últimos anos, identificando-se os modelos de governança existentes e sua relação com a performance portuária. A partir desses elementos, é desenvolvido um modelo conceitual para apoiar a análise da governança em cadeias logístico-portuárias e, tendo como base o modelo proposto, é feita uma análise comparativa da governança das cadeias logístico-portuárias dos portos de Valência e de Santos. Os resultados evidenciam a existência de um modelo de governança mais eficiente e maduro no porto de Valência e revelam oportunidades de melhoria na governança dos dois portos. / Ports are key to the competitiveness of exporting and importing sectors that make use of them and for the development of the regions in which they are inserted. And, for the proper port management, is necessary to understand the port in a broader sense, considering the set of actors included in the port logistics chain and the activities developed by these actors. In recent years, studies have been developed focusing ports as business clusters and addressing the coordination mechanisms or governance of the different actors in the port logistics chain. In this context, an emerging issue concerns the analysis port governance models and its relation to port performance. Governance in port logistics chains is a key factor for the competitiveness of ports and represents the mechanisms used to coordinate relations between the actors of the port community and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of logistics flows related, thus improving the port competitive insertion. Given this context, this thesis aims to propose a governance model applied to port logistics chain. For this, initially are studied the different classifications of seaports, being considered the elements that compose them and their relation to governance; port logistics processes are analyzed, identifying possible opportunities for improvement and its relationship to port governance; and is analyzed the evolution of port governance studies in recent years, identifying the existing governance models and their relation to port performance. From these elements, a conceptual model is developed to support the analysis of governance in port logistics chains and based on the proposed model, is made a comparative analysis of governance in the ports of Santos and Valencia. The results show the existence of a more efficient and mature governance model in the port of Valencia and reveal opportunities for improvement in the governance of the two ports.

[pt] A partir do aumento da movimentação de cargas conteinerizadas no mercado sul americano, observa-se um crescimento no tráfego de navios na região costeira do continente e a busca por parte dos armadores e embarcadores por menores custos que viabilizem seus negócios. Este trabalho tem por objetivo propor uma análise qualitativa das vantagens operacionais e financeiras para o estado brasileiro da adoção de um modelo portuário alternativo, baseado em um hub port regional localizado no sudeste brasileiro, região concentradora da maioria da carga que transita no país e na América Latina. A escolha se justifica devido a menor necessidade de investimentos ao se adotar tal estratégia, utilização de condições geográficas facilitadoras, além do melhor aproveitamento da proximidade com boa parte do setor industrial brasileiro e acesso aos mercados internos, tanto por rodovias como por ferrovias, como também de sua posição centralizada quando avaliadas as rotas norte e sul no continente. Adicionalmente, o estudo questiona a tendência de utilização de terminais dedicados a armadores específicos no Brasil frente ao modelo proposto, visto que, com o compartilhamento do hub entre armadores, os riscos associados ao negócio serão menores. A conclusão demonstra que o modelo de hub port não só contribui para promover o desenvolvimento do país, já que estimula a navegação de cabotagem, como também possibilita ao governo e à iniciativa privada direcionarem recursos para outros projetos de infra-estrutura, já que, os investimentos para adequação necessária do terminal portuário escolhido de forma a torná-lo apto ao recebimento de navios de grande porte, são menores se comparados aos necessários para adequação e/ou implantação de diversos outros terminais que poderiam manter sua estrutura atual. / [en] With the growth of containerized cargo handling in the South American market, both an increase in vessel traffic in its coastal region was observed as well as the need by shipping companies and shippers to lower their costs that would enable their businesses to grow. The focus of this paper is to propose a qualitative analysis of the operational and financial advantages for the Brazilian state to implement an alternative port model based on a regional hub port located in southeastern Brazil, region which concentrates most of the cargo that transits the country and in Latin America. The choice is justified by the less need for investments by adopting such a strategy, geographical advantages such as proximity to the main Brazilian industrial region, access to domestic markets which utilize both highway and railway networks, and also its central position from north and south routes on the continent. Moreover, the study questions the current tendency of Brazils shipping companies to use of dedicated terminals as opposed to the model proposed in this paper in which shipping companies would share a hub thus reducing an organizations risks associated with its business. This analysis will conclude by demonstrating that the hub port model not only helps to promote the country´s development by stimulating coastal shipping, but also allows the government and the private sector to direct capital resources to other infrastructure projects. Moreover, the necessary investments required for the chosen port terminal to receive larger ships are lower than those needed for the adjustment and/or implementation of other terminals.

Ports are the backbone of the economy of countries endowed with shorelines and they spearhead foreign trade through the importation and exportation of goods to and from their domestic markets. The newly constructed Port of Ngqura will be the outlet for exports of semi-finished and finished goods produced in the Coega IDZ and will also receive raw material to be processed. Its position at the center of the world’s main trade routes, equidistant from American, European and the Pacific Rim regions makes the Coega IDZ the ideal location for any manufacturer adding value to raw materials, components and producing goods bound for the world markets. Traditionally the ports have been developed and operated by the government enterprises. Recently all these are changing in many countries all over the world, with more private participation in the development and operations of the ports. This evolution has entrusted Port Authorities in taking control over port planning, broad regulation of shipping and port operations, applying conventions, laws and rules. South Africa is no exception to these winds of change, hence the adoption of the new port bill in managing all ports in the country. The Port of Ngqura will then serve as a benchmark for all other ports, with a new management structure which will help the port to be efficient. The study addresses the model for the efficient strategic management of the Port of Ngqura. The model looks into placing the Port of Ngqura ahead of its competitors through efficiency in port management and operations. Efficient ports are catalysts, facilitators and attractors of international sea borne trade. Competitive efficiency is achieved by employing the best suited port equipments, facilities and technology to cater for customer’s needs and requirements. A successful port must be able to constantly adopt new roles in order to cope with the ever changing market environment.

With a number of international and intranational conflicts still unresolved and new ones arising, refugees will continue to be in need of protection. South Africa, known for its tolerant constitution, is likely to receive more asylum seekers in the future. This research seeks to investigate the experiences of refugees in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, as reported by practitioners assisting refugees in the area. The explorative study aims at examining the issues refugees commonly find challenging, describing positive and negative developments in the experience of refugees and discussing how their experience can be improved. An analysis of basic human needs theory serves as a framework for the study. The researcher conducted face-to-face interviews with the participants. The analysis of the data gathered emphasised the challenges refugees face in seeking to satisfy their needs. The main themes that were identified from the data include: a lack of knowledge and awareness about refugee issues and a misconceptions regarding different groups of migrants; current socioeconomic challenges in South Africa; xenophobia; refugees as a heterogeneous group; and refugee access to services. The challenges faced by refugees in Port Elizabeth were identified as access to justice and correct documentation, access to healthcare, housing and education, as well as xenophobia, police protection and crime. Recommendations were made regarding the improvement of the refugees’ experience, including educating public sector employees and government officials about refugee rights, sensitising communities about refugee issues, offering refugees language courses and providing them with an induction into their rights and employing translators in health clinics to improve access to healthcare.

The study strives to highlight the factors contributing to unemployment in South Africa, specifically economic factors. The primary focus of the study is to analyse the impact of unemployment within the economy. The core the underlying causes of unemployment within the economy are low standard of education, low standard of living, and ineffective macroeconomic policies such as Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR). The assumption of the study is that unemployment is a socioeconomic issue which the government is struggling to address adequately. The study outlines the challenges faced by the government in tackling unemployment. It also uses the Kuyga Township as a case study, analysing the impact of unemployment and poverty within the community. The government has made efforts to address the aforementioned issue. It established specific macroeconomic policies to remedy the situation. However, these policies fell short and were ineffective. The apartheid system created an environment that continues to perpetuate both unemployment and poverty especially within poor communities. Kuyga Township has a high rate of unemployment which contributes to poverty. The study’s aim was to investigate the impact of unemployment in Nelson Mandela Bay area, determine the rate of unemployment, and compare strategies, projects and or programmes creating job opportunities in the area. It evaluated the success and failure of policies and strategies formulated to combat unemployment and alleviate poverty. The study also strived to determine the number of individuals affected by unemployment in Kuyga Township and the Nelson Mandela Bay area. The study makes recommendation and proposes plausible measures which the government could implement in order to manage and curtail the prevalence of unemployment and poverty within the Kuyga Township. It also highlights the role thatbusinesses can play in creating employment opportunities within the community.

Os portos são elementos-chave para a competitividade dos setores exportadores e importadores que deles se utilizam e para o desenvolvimento das regiões em que estão inseridos. Para a adequada gestão portuária, é necessária a compreensão do porto em um sentido mais amplo, considerando o conjunto de atores que participam da cadeia logísticoportuária e as atividades por eles desenvolvidas. Nos últimos anos, vêm se aprofundando os estudos dos portos como aglomerados empresariais e dos mecanismos de coordenação ou governança dos diferentes atores da cadeia logístico-portuária. Nesse contexto, uma questão emergente diz respeito à análise dos modelos de governança e sua relação com a performance portuária. A governança de cadeias logístico-portuárias é um fator-chave para a competitividade dos portos, podendo ser definida como os mecanismos utilizados para coordenar as relações existentes entre os atores da cadeia logístico-portuária, buscando aumentar a eficiência e a eficácia dos fluxos logísticos relacionados e, consequentemente, melhorando a inserção competitiva do porto. Dado esse contexto, esta tese tem como objetivo propor um modelo de governança aplicado a cadeias logístico-portuárias. Para tanto, inicialmente são estudadas as diferentes classificações de portos, sendo considerados os elementos que as compõem e sua relação com a governança; são analisados os processos logístico-portuários, identificando-se possíveis oportunidades de melhoria e sua relação com a governança portuária; e é analisada a evolução dos estudos sobre governança portuária nos últimos anos, identificando-se os modelos de governança existentes e sua relação com a performance portuária. A partir desses elementos, é desenvolvido um modelo conceitual para apoiar a análise da governança em cadeias logístico-portuárias e, tendo como base o modelo proposto, é feita uma análise comparativa da governança das cadeias logístico-portuárias dos portos de Valência e de Santos. Os resultados evidenciam a existência de um modelo de governança mais eficiente e maduro no porto de Valência e revelam oportunidades de melhoria na governança dos dois portos. / Ports are key to the competitiveness of exporting and importing sectors that make use of them and for the development of the regions in which they are inserted. And, for the proper port management, is necessary to understand the port in a broader sense, considering the set of actors included in the port logistics chain and the activities developed by these actors. In recent years, studies have been developed focusing ports as business clusters and addressing the coordination mechanisms or governance of the different actors in the port logistics chain. In this context, an emerging issue concerns the analysis port governance models and its relation to port performance. Governance in port logistics chains is a key factor for the competitiveness of ports and represents the mechanisms used to coordinate relations between the actors of the port community and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of logistics flows related, thus improving the port competitive insertion. Given this context, this thesis aims to propose a governance model applied to port logistics chain. For this, initially are studied the different classifications of seaports, being considered the elements that compose them and their relation to governance; port logistics processes are analyzed, identifying possible opportunities for improvement and its relationship to port governance; and is analyzed the evolution of port governance studies in recent years, identifying the existing governance models and their relation to port performance. From these elements, a conceptual model is developed to support the analysis of governance in port logistics chains and based on the proposed model, is made a comparative analysis of governance in the ports of Santos and Valencia. The results show the existence of a more efficient and mature governance model in the port of Valencia and reveal opportunities for improvement in the governance of the two ports.

The aim of this investigation was threefold : to determine origins and perceptions of the street child problem nationally and internationally ; to explore the way in which children experience life in the streets ; and to devise strategies to enable these children to develop optimally. Literature indicates that the street child phenomenon is a global issue that presents many challenges. It is a socio-educational problem precipitated by multi-factorial events in the home, community and by children's personality attributes. Street children experience rejection, suffering, shame and anxiety. Deprivation of an environment conducive to positive development leads to maladjustment, anti-social behaviour and marginalisation. The empirical research was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews conducted among fourteen children of the Khayalethu shelter and by administering questionnaires in the community of Port Shepstone. The findings culminate in recommendations for suitable assistance programmes and strategies to handle the problem in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Socio-Education)

As the global economy and market demands evolve to be more transparent, time-sensitive and competitive, privatisation in organisations has become a phenomenon renowned for the advantages it delivers of increased productivity and profitability. Port privatisation is no exception. Aimed at achieving improved operational efficiencies and the reduction of port costs, port privatisation has evolved and yielded varying results. Depending on prevailing social, economic and political circumstances, these effects differ amongst countries. This dissertation analyses this phenomenon, focusing on whether a port and its related services are public or private goods; why governments choose to produce and provide port services; what various international port privatisation models can positive lessons be drawn from; and what the impacts of port privatisation are. South Africa has recently avoided the arguments around port privatisation, due to pressing socio-political issues, and the analysis of economic gains and losses associated with privatisation may offer insights into why such government decisions would have been made. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

Many disadvantaged schools in South Africa are characterised by poor performance, which is often linked to the legacy of the apartheid regime. Yet, some disadvantaged schools are surviving and even producing excellent results. Many successful businessmen, politicians and academics can attest to the success of these schools, being a product of such schools. Leadership, which has received a lot of attention in recent years, are often the cause of schools failing to produce the expected results. Previous studies have shown that leadership is the key to academic excellence and that to lead disadvantaged schools to success requires strong leaders with moral purpose, who possess qualities of transformational leaders, but also leaders who can focus on instructional leadership practices. This study focuses on the role of leadership in maintaining academic standards at a school in the northern areas of Port Elizabeth. The school has a proud tradition of good academic performances and has even been labelled as a 'model C school in the northern areas'. It has been found that teachers are committed and hardworking and the principal is perceived as having expecting high expectations for the children of the area. He believes as an educator one should never give up on the children. The study found that the principal is a strong leader who shows characteristics of a transformational leader and has the drive of an instructional leader to lead the school and to maintain academic standards. He is a well-respected leader who leads with moral purpose and who has the desire to uplift the community. The study has the potential to provide guidance and encouragement to school principals, and to inform the Department of Education's leadership training programmes.

The aim of this investigation was threefold : to determine origins and perceptions of the street child problem nationally and internationally ; to explore the way in which children experience life in the streets ; and to devise strategies to enable these children to develop optimally. Literature indicates that the street child phenomenon is a global issue that presents many challenges. It is a socio-educational problem precipitated by multi-factorial events in the home, community and by children's personality attributes. Street children experience rejection, suffering, shame and anxiety. Deprivation of an environment conducive to positive development leads to maladjustment, anti-social behaviour and marginalisation. The empirical research was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews conducted among fourteen children of the Khayalethu shelter and by administering questionnaires in the community of Port Shepstone. The findings culminate in recommendations for suitable assistance programmes and strategies to handle the problem in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Socio-Education)