Malgré les nombreux succès du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, plusieurs éléments montrent qu'il ne s'agit que d'une théorie effective à basse énergie. En effet, la masse des neutrinos et la matière noire ne sont pas expliqués dans ce modèle, qui ne prend pas en compte non plus la gravitation dont la version quantique n'a toujours pas été établie. De plus, les divergences quadratiques des corrections à la masse du boson de Higgs dans ce modèle pose un problème de naturalité. Tous ces problèmes indiquent la nécessité de trouver une nouvelle physique, qui doit être décrite par une extension du Modèle Standard. Une des possibilités est d'ajouter une nouvelle symétrie de l'espace-temps, la Supersymétrie, reliant les bosons et le fermions. Dans son extension miminale, la Supersymétrie permet déjà de résoudre le problème de la matière noire en proposant un candidat naturel, le neutralino, et de supprimer les dangereuses corrections quadratiques à la masse du boson de Higgs.Dans cette thèse, les travaux se sont concentrés sur une extension supersymétrique non minimale du Modèle Standard, le NMSSM. Afin de confronter la théorie aux expériences, il est nécessaire de calculer précisément les différentes observables. Ces calculs étant complexes, il est naturel de les automatiser, ce qui a été réalisé à l'aide du code SloopS. Avec ce code, nous avons pu dans un premier temps nous intéresser à la désintégration du boson de Higgs en un photon et un boson Z. Ce mode de désintégration a la particularité d'être généré directement à une boucle, ce qui le rend sensible à la présence de nouvelles particules. Il a commencé à être mesuré lors du Run 1 du LHC et les données vont continuer à s'accumuler avec le Run actuel (Run 2). La possibilité d'une déviation du signal mesuré avec celui prédit par le modèle Standard, requiert donc une analyse théorique préliminaire, que nous avons effectué dans le cadre du NMSSM. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressé aux corrections radiatives pour des processus plus généraux.Il a d'abord fallu réaliser et implémenter la renormalisation dans SloopS afin de réguler les divergences apparaissant dans ces calculs à une boucle. Puis nous avons pu utiliser le modèle renormalisé pour calculer les corrections radiatives aux masses et largeurs de désintégration des différentes particules supersymétriques et des bosons de Higgs, en comparant les résultats obtenus dans différents schémas de renormalisation. / Although the Standard Model has been very successful so far, it presents several limitations showing that it is only an effective low energy theory. For example, the neutrino masses or dark matter are not predicted in this model. Gravity is also not taken into account and we expect that it plays a quantum role at energies around the Planck mass. Moreover, radiative corrections to the Higgs boson mass suffer from quadratic divergences. All these problems underline the fact that new physics should appear, and this has to be described by an extension of the Standard Model. One well-motivated possibility is to add a new space-time symetry, called Supersymmetry, which link bosons and fermions. In its minimal extension, Supersymmetry can already solve the dark matter paradox with a natural candidate, the neutralino, and provide a cancellation of the dangerous quadratic corrections to the Higgs boson mass.In this thesis, we focussed on the Next-to-Minimal SuperSymmetric extension of the Standard Model, the NMSSM. To compare theoretical predictions with experiments, physical observables must be computed precisely. Since these calculations are long and complex, automatisation is desirable. This was done by developping SloopS, a program to compute one-loop decay width and cross-section at one-loop order in Supersymmetry. With this code, we first analysed the decay of the Higgs boson in a photon and a Z boson. This decay mode is induced at the quantum level and thus is an interesting probe of new physics. Its measurement has been started during Run 1 of the LHC and is continued now in Run 2. The possibility of deviation between the measured signal strength and the one predicted by the Standard Model motivates a careful theoretical analysis in beyond Standard Models which we realised within the NMSSM. Our goal was to compute radiative corrections for any process in this model. To cancel the ultraviolet divergences appearing in higher order computations, we had to carry out and implement the renormalisation of the NMSSM in SloopS. Finally, it was possible to use the renormalised model to compute radiatives corrections to masses and decay widths of Higgs bosons and supersymmetric particles in the NMSSM and to compare the results between different renormalisation schemes.

Viticulture in Rio Grande do Sul state occupies a prominent position in the national scenario, the sector accounts for about 60.2 % of the total cultivated area in the country. Vine cultivation has very important economic and social, as well as a production chain organized in the different producing regions. The aim of this study was to quantify the spatial variability of the chemical attributes of the grape must, chemical soil properties, vegetation indices and verify possible correlations between variables. The study area consisted of a vineyard with 3.09 ha of farming Bordô (Ives) grafted onto the rootstock Paulsen, located in the trough line, in the municipality of Sarandi - RS. In a mesh composed of 34 sampling points soil samples were collected in a depth range from 0 to 20 cm. Analyses were performed in the laboratory of soil analysis at the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), the chemical attributes analyzed were: clay; pH in H2O; SMP, P; K; organic matter; al; Here; mg; H + Al; CTC effective; CTC pH7; Base saturation; relationship between Ca and Mg; Zn; Cu; S and B. The analysis of grape must was held in the chemistry laboratory of the Federal Institute Farroupilha campus Panambi studied enological parameters were: total soluble solids; titratable acidity and pH in organic acid. The determination of vegetation indices was carried out in situ in the 34 sampling points with use of spectroradiometer. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and Geostatistics, using the computer program for such Geoestatistics for the Environmental Sciences (GS +), Pearson correlation coefficients were determined with the aid of Excel. Analysis of the spatial variability of the data was based on the experimental semivariogram and from adjusted models interpolation was performed by ordinary Kriging, Stochastic Simulation and map algebra. Only the figures for the amount of total soluble solids showed low values other chemical attributes must show proper values. The results of soil analysis identified low concentrations of B and organic matter and high for the other attributes. From the overall analysis of the statistical dependence between variables, there was no significant correlations between the chemical properties of grape must and the other variables, unlike the segmented analysis according to the different harvest dates. The spatial dependence index of most chemical properties of soil studied was considered strong, only the attributes, Cu, Effective CTC CTC in pH7 and Clay did not present spatial dependence structure. Vegetation indices, except TVI2 showed strong spatial dependency ratio. Chemical attributes of the grape must, the concentration of soluble solids did not present spatial dependence structure, while others showed strong spatial dependence. In the result of map algebra the middle class of titratable acidity in organic acid added to middle class NDVI was representing the highest. / A viticultura no estado do Rio Grande do Sul ocupa uma posição de destaque no cenário nacional, o setor responde por aproximadamente 60,2% do total da área cultivada no país. O cultivo da videira tem grande importância econômica e social, além de uma cadeia produtiva organizada nas diversas regiões produtoras. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a quantificação da variabilidade espacial dos atributos químicos do mosto da uva, dos atributos químicos do solo, dos índices de vegetação e verificar as possíveis correlações entre as variáveis estudadas. A área de estudo foi composta por um vinhedo com 3,09 ha da cultivar Bordô (Ives) enxertada sobre o porta enxerto Paulsen, situado na linha Cocho, no município de Sarandi - RS. Em uma malha constituída por 34 pontos amostrais foram coletadas amostras de solo numa faixa de profundidade de 0 a 20 cm. As análises foram realizadas no laboratório de análises de solo da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), os atributos químicos analisados foram: argila; pH em H2O; Índice SMP; P; K; matéria orgânica; Al; Ca; Mg; H+Al; CTC efetiva; CTC em pH7; Saturação por bases; relação entre Ca e Mg; Zn; Cu; S e B. A análise do mosto da uva foi realizado no laboratório de química do Instituto Federal Farroupilha campus Panambi, os parâmetros enológicos estudados foram: sólidos solúveis totais; acidez total titulável em ácido orgânico e pH. A determinação dos índices de vegetação foi realizada in situ nos 34 pontos amostrais com uso de espectrorradiômetro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e Geostatística, utilizando-se para tal o programa computacional Geoestatistics for the Environmental Sciences (GS+), os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson foram determinados com auxílio do programa Excel. A análise da variabilidade espacial dos dados foi realizada com base nos semivariogramas experimentais e a partir dos modelos ajustados foi realizada interpolação por Krigagem ordinária, Simulação Estocástica e álgebra de mapas. Apenas os valores referentes a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais apresentaram valores baixos os demais atributos químicos do mosto apresentaram valores adequados. Os resultados das análises de solo identificaram baixas concentrações para B e matéria orgânica e altas para os demais atributos. A partir da análise global da dependência estatística entre as variáveis estudadas, observou-se não haver correlações significativas entre os atributos químicos do mosto da uva e as demais variáveis, diferentemente da análise segmentada de acordo com as diferentes datas de colheita. O índice de dependência espacial da maioria dos atributos químicos de solo estudados foi considerado forte, apenas os atributos, Cu, CTC Efetiva, CTC em pH7 e Argila não apresentaram estrutura de dependência espacial. Os índices de vegetação, com exceção do TVI2, apresentaram índice de dependência espacial forte. Dos atributos químicos do mosto da uva, a concentração de sólidos solúveis totais não apresentou estrutura de dependência espacial, enquanto os demais apresentaram forte dependência espacial. No resultado da álgebra de mapas a classe média da acidez titulável em ácido orgânico, somada a classe média do NDVI foi a que representou o maior percentual da área.

Digital urban tree registers serve many porposes and facilitate the administration, care and management of urban trees within a city or municipality. Currently, mapping of urban tree stands is carried out manually with methods which are both laborious and time consuming. The aim of this study is to establish a way of operation based on the use of existing LiDAR data and othophotos to automatically detect individual trees. By using the extensions LIDAR Analyst and Feature Analyst for ArcMap a tree extraction was performed. This was carried out over the extent of the city district committee area of Östermalm in the city of Stockholm, Sweden. The results were compared to the city’s urban tree register and validated by calculating its Precision and Recall. This showed that FeatureAnalyst generated the result with the highest accuracy. The derived trees were represented by polygons which despite their high accuracy make the result unsuitable for detecting individual tree positions. Even though the use of LIDAR Analyst resulted in a less precise tree mapping result, individual tree positions were detected satisfactory. This especially in areas with more sparse, regular tree stands. The study concludes that the use of both tools complement each other and compensate the shortcomings of the other. FeatureAnalyst maps an acceptable tree coverage while LIDAR Analyst more accurately identifies individual tree positions. Thus, a combination of the two results could be used for individual tree mapping. / Digitala urbana trädregister tjänar många syften och underlättar för städer och kommuner att administrera, sköta och hantera sina park- och gatuträd. Dagens kartering av urbana trädbestånd sker ofta manuellt med metoder vilka är både arbetsintensiva och tidskrävande. Denna studie syftar till att utveckla ett arbetssätt för att med hjälp av befintliga LiDAR-data och ortofoton automatiskt kartera individuella träd. Med hjälp av tilläggen LIDAR Analyst och FeatureAnalyst för ArcMap utfördes en trädkartering över Östermalms stadsdelsnämndsområde i Stockholms stad. Efter kontroll mot stadens träddatabas och validering av resultatet genom beräknandet av Precision och Recall konstaterades att användningen av FeatureAnalyst resulterade i det bästa trädkarteringsresultatet. Dessa träd representeras av polygoner vilket medför att resultatet trots sin goda täckning inte lämpar sig för identifierandet av enskilda trädpositioner. Även om användningen av LIDAR Analyst resulterade i ett mindre precist karteringsresultat erhölls goda positionsbestämmelser för enskilda träd, främst i områden med jämna, glesa trädbestånd. Slutsatsen av detta är att användandet av de båda verktygen kompenserar varandras tillkortakommanden där FeatureAnalyst ger en godtagbar trädtäckning medan LIDAR Analyst bättre identifierar enskilda trädpositioner. En kombination av de båda resultaten skulle alltså kunna användas i trädkarteringssyfte.

Intelligenta Transportsystem (ITS) utgör idag en central del i arbetet att försöka höja kvaliteten i transportnätverken, genom att exempelvis ge stöd i arbetet att leda trafik i realtid och att ge trafikanter större möjlighet att ta informerade beslut gällandes sin körning. Kortsiktig prediktion av trafikdata, däribland trafikvolym, spelar en central roll för de tjänster ITS-systemen levererar. Den starka teknologiska utvecklingen de senaste decennierna har bidragit till en ökad möjlighet till att använda datadriven modellering för att utföra kortsiktiga prediktioner av trafikdata. Säsongsbaserad ARIMA (SARIMA) är en av de vanligaste datadrivna modellerna för modellering och predicering av trafikdata, vilken använder mönster i historisk data för att predicera framtida värden. Vid modellering med SARIMA behöver en mängd beslut tas gällandes de data som används till modelleringen. Exempel på sådana beslut är hur stor mängd träningsdata som ska användas, vilka dagar som ska ingå i träningsmängden och vilket aggregationsintervall som ska användas. Därtill utförs nästintill enbart enstegsprediktioner i tidigare studier av SARIMA-modellering av trafikdata, trots att modellen stödjer predicering av flera steg in i framtiden. Besluten gällandes de parametrar som nämnts saknar ofta teoretisk motivering i tidigare studier, samtidigt som det är högst troligt att dessa beslut påverkar träffsäkerheten i prediktionerna. Därför syftar den här studien till att utföra en känslighetsanalys av dessa parametrar, för att undersöka hur olika värden påverkar precisionen vid prediktion av trafikvolym. I studien utvecklades en modell, med vilken data kunde importeras, preprocesseras och sedan modelleras med hjälp av SARIMA. Studien använde trafikvolymdata som insamlats under januari och februari 2014, med hjälp av kameror placerade på riksväg 40 i utkanten av Göteborg. Efter differentiering av data används såväl autokorrelations- och partiell autokorrelationsgrafer som informationskriterier för att definiera lämpliga SARIMA-modeller, med vilka prediktioner kunde göras. Med definierade modeller genomfördes ett experiment, där åtta unika scenarion testades för att undersöka hur prediktionsprecisionen av trafikvolym påverkades av olika mängder träningsdata, vilka dagar som ingick i träningsdata, längden på aggregationsintervallen och hur många tidssteg in i framtiden som predicerades. För utvärdering av träffsäkerheten i prediktionerna användes MAPE, RMSE och MAE. Resultaten som experimentet visar är att definierade SARIMA-modeller klarar att predicera aktuell data med god precision oavsett vilka värden som sattes för de variabler som studerades. Resultaten visade dock indikationer på att en träningsvolym omfattande fem dagar kan generera en modell som ger mer träffsäkra prediktioner än när volymer om 15 eller 30 dagar används, något som kan ha stor praktisk betydelse vid realtidsanalys. Därtill indikerar resultaten att samtliga veckodagar bör ingå i träningsdatasetet när dygnsvis säsongslängd används, att SARIMA-modelleringen hanterar aggregationsintervall om 60 minuter bättre än 30 eller 15 minuter samt att enstegsprediktioner är mer träffsäkra än när horisonter om en eller två dagar används. Studien har enbart fokuserat på inverkan av de fyra parametrarna var för sig och inte om en kombinerad effekt finns att hitta. Det är något som föreslås för framtida studier, liksom att vidare utreda huruvida en mindre träningsvolym kan fortsätta att generera mer träffsäkra prediktioner även för andra perioder under året. / Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) today are a key part of the effort to try to improve the quality of transport networks, for example by supporting the real-time traffic management and giving road users greater opportunity to take informed decisions regarding their driving. Short-term prediction of traffic data, including traffic volume, plays a central role in the services delivered by ITS systems. The strong technological development has contributed to an increased opportunity to use data-driven modeling to perform short-term predictions of traffic data. Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) is one of the most common models for modeling and predicting traffic data, which uses patterns in historical data to predict future values. When modeling with SARIMA, a variety of decisions are required regarding he data used. Examples of such decisions are the amount of training data to be used, the days to be included in training data and the aggregation interval to be used. In addition, one-step predictions are performed most often in previous studies of SARIMA modeling of traffic data, although the model supports multi-step prediction into the future. Often, in previous studies, decisions are made concerning mentioned variables without theoretical motivation, while it is highly probable that these decisions affect the accuracy of the predictions. Therefore, this study aims at performing a sensitivity analysis of these parameters to investigate how different values affect the accuracy of traffic volume prediction. The study developed a model with which data could be imported, preprocessed and then modeled using a SARIMA model. Traffic volume data was used, which was collected during January and February 2014, using cameras located on highway 40 on the outskirts of Gothenburg. After differentiation of data, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation graphs as well as information criteria are used to define appropriate SARIMA models, with which predictions could be made. With defined models, an experiment was conducted in which eight unique scenarios were tested to investigate how the prediction accuracy of traffic volume was influenced by different amount of exercise data, what days was included in training data, length of aggregation intervals, and how many steps into the future were predicted. To evaluate the accuracy of the predictions, MAPE, RMSE and MAE were used. The results of the experiment show that developed SARIMA models are able to predict current data with good precision no matter what values were set for the variables studied. However, the results showed indications that a training volume of five days can generate a model that provides more accurate predictions than when using 15 or 30-day volumes, which can be of great practical importance in real-time analysis. In addition, the results indicate that all weekdays should be included in the training data set when daily seasonality is used, SARIMA modeling handles aggregation intervals of 60 minutes better than 30 or 15 minutes, and that one-step predictions are more accurate than when one or two days horizons are used. The study has focused only on the impact of the four parameters separately and not if a combined effect could be found. Further research is proposed for investigating if combined effects could be found, as well as further investigating whether a lesser training volume can continue to generate more accurate predictions even for other periods of the year.

Nowadays those who live or work in the countryside have increasingly access to technologies that favor the development of their daily activities. Smartphones and tablets with android operating systems, which are every day more accessible to the farmers, offer opportunities for the use of applications that support them in decisionmaking. These new tools are available to the rural man, rural extension and/or technical assistance professionals, and can be used to increase the competitiveness of their properties. This study aimed to assess the C7 Milk II application to find out its strengths and weaknesses, as well as to contribute to the provision of a free management system, which is efficient and easy for the farmers and technicians to use, positively influencing the management of dairy farming properties. Thus we tested the use of this application in two family farms: one in the city of Alto Alegre/RS and another in the city of Espumoso/RS. We accompanied the development of the activities related to the tool use, and recorded the farmers´ perceptions on it. We also used contacts and questionnaires to find out the perception of field technicians who work in the region in order to identify the potential and limitations of the use of the applications among the rural men. At the end of the study, we found out that the application has potential as a tool to give greater precision to the dairy management, since it has several strengths. However, it also has some weaknesses, which need to be improved to have greater acceptance by farmers and technicians. Among the limitations of the application use, there are some difficulties for the farmers to adopt a notes routine about the activity, as well as their lack of ability to work with new technologies. These aspects impair their use in a big scale as a complementary tool in the management of dairy farming. The agility and the mobility of the tool; the generating of information for decision-making with low cost access and application service; and the farmer´s thinking on his activity have being considered potential factors. / Atualmente quem mora ou trabalha na zona rural tem cada vez mais acesso a tecnologias que favorecem o desenvolvimento das atividades. Os aparelhos smartphones e tablets com sistema operacional android, cada dia mais acessíveis ao homem do campo, oferecem oportunidades para utilização de aplicativos que auxiliam o produtor (a) rural na tomada de decisões. Estas novas ferramentas disponíveis ao homem do campo, profissionais da extensão rural e/ou assistência técnica podem ser utilizadas para aumentar a competitividade dessas propriedades. Este trabalho buscou avaliar o aplicativo C7 Leite II, seus pontos fortes e a melhorar, com isso, contribuir para a disponibilização de um sistema gerencial gratuito, eficiente e de fácil utilização por parte de produtores e técnicos, influenciando positivamente no gerenciamento de propriedades rurais que trabalham na atividade leiteira. Para esta avaliação foi testado a utilização do aplicativo em duas propriedades rurais da agricultura familiar, uma no município de Alto Alegre/RS e outra em Espumoso/RS, sendo acompanhado o desenvolvimento das atividades de utilização da ferramenta e registro das percepções dos produtores. Também foi levantado através de contatos e aplicação de questionários, a percepção de técnicos de campo que atuam na região de estudo, tentando identificar os potenciais e os limitantes da utilização de aplicativos junto ao seu público assistido. Ao final verificou-se que o aplicativo tem potencial como ferramenta para dar maior precisão no gerenciamento leiteiro, por apresentar vários pontos fortes, mas também precisa melhorar em outros pontos para que tenha maior aceitação pelos produtores e técnicos. Entre os limitantes do uso do aplicativo, aparecem com maior força as dificuldades dos produtores adotarem uma rotina de anotações sobre a atividade, e a falta de habilidade em trabalhar com as novas tecnologias, aspectos que comprometem até certo ponto o uso em maior escala de aplicativos como ferramenta complementar no gerenciamento da atividade leiteira. Já como potenciais aparecem a agilidade e mobilidade da ferramenta, geração de informações para tomada de decisão com baixo custo de acesso e manutenção do aplicativo, e a reflexão gerada no produtor (a) sobre como vem conduzindo sua atividade.

During the last years, the application of Precision Agriculture (PA) has been a research object worldwide, and the understanding of the factors related to it becomes crucial for the development of strategies that can meet the needs of dissemination and use of such technologies. This work's objective was to identify the level of PA tools adoption in the south corner of Rondonia, a region that produces soy and corn, it the Brazilian Amazon, as well as the intention to contribute for the state of the art use of these technologies in Brazil. Data gathering was done through applying a questionnaire on 37 PA adopting farmers in this region. The statistical processing of the data was based in two methodologies, Descriptive Statistics, wich displayed percentual, average, and standard diversion. And Matching Analysis, for variable matchings. Intending to compare the indexes of PA adoption in Rondonia to the indexes of adoption in other Brazilian regions where it has been studied, 5% significance intervals of Confidence Intervals (CI) were raised, and hypothesis tests to correlate different populations were applied. The results pointed that PA in Rondonia finds itself at initial adoption phase, being the main restrictive factors to adoption the machinery high cost and the post sale technical assistance low service quality. The automatic pilot, the soil geo-referenced sampling, the fertility map confection and soil correlation at variable rate were the most used tools in the studied region, due to have displayed similar indexes compared to other Brazilian regions. The harvester with yield sensor was the most found PA machine on farms, being the harvest mapping through the productivity map pointed as the next service to be adopted in Rondonia. PA shows great use potential in the region, especially to most of the largely disseminated tools in Brazil, once they are already present in Rondonia's farming activities, added to the expected Rondonian farmers intention of intensifying its use. / Nos últimos anos, o fenômeno da adoção da Agricultura de Precisão (AP) tem sido objeto de pesquisa no mundo todo e o entendimento dos fatores a isso relacionados torna-se crucial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que possam vir ao encontro da necessidade de disseminação e uso dessas tecnologias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o nível de adoção das ferramentas de AP no Cone Sul de Rondônia, região produtora de soja e milho, localizada na Amazônia brasileira, bem como pretendeu contribuir com o esboço do estado da arte do uso dessas tecnologias no Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir da aplicação de questionário a 37 agricultores adotantes dessa região. O tratamento estatístico dos dados foi baseado em duas metodologias, a estatística descritiva, que apresentou percentual, média e desvio padrão e a Análise de Correspondência (AC), para associação de variáveis. Com o intuito de comparar os índices de adoção da AP em Rondônia com os índices de adoção de outras regiões do Brasil onde se estudou o fenômeno da adoção da AP, foram calculados Intervalos de Confiança (IC) ao nível de 5% de significância e realizados testes de hipóteses para correlacionar diferentes populações. Os resultados indicaram que a AP em Rondônia encontra-se em fase inicial de adoção, sendo que os principais fatores apontados como restritivos à adoção foram o alto custo das máquinas e a baixa qualidade do serviço de assistência técnica pós-venda. O piloto automático, a amostragem georreferenciada de solo, a confecção de mapa de fertilidade e a correção de solo em taxa variável foram as ferramentas mais adotadas na região de estudo, por apresentarem índices semelhantes aos de outras regiões do Brasil. A colhedora com sensor de rendimento foi a máquina de AP mais frequente nas propriedades rurais, sendo que o mapeamento da colheita através do mapa de produtividade foi apontado como o próximo serviço a ser adotado em Rondônia. A agricultura de precisão apresenta grande potencial de uso na região, sobretudo para a maioria das ferramentas amplamente difundidas no Brasil uma vez que já estão presentes nas lavouras de Rondônia e tendo em vista a intenção dos agricultores rondonienses em intensificar o seu uso.

Studier inom åldersbedömning har ofta gjorts med stillbilder av ansikten. Denna studiesyftade till att undersöka om åldersskattningar mellan helkroppsbilder av stillbilder ochrörliga bilder skiljer sig åt. Vidare undersöktes om män bedöms med bättre precision änkvinnor, om precisionen är bättre då bedömaren är av samma kön som den som blir bedömdsamt om åldern underskattas på personer över 40 år och överskattas på personer under 40 år.Datainsamlingen skedde via en webbaserad plattform för enkätundersökningar som för engrupp visade stillbilder och för en annan grupp visade rörliga bilder. Resultatet visade intenågra skillnader i precisionen för bedömning mellan stillbilder och rörliga bilder eller dåbedömningen gjordes inom samma kön (kvinna-kvinna och man-man). Däremot visade detsig att män bedöms med högre precision än kvinnor och att åldern på personer över 40 årunderskattas och att åldern på personer under 40 år överskattas. / Studies within age estimation have often used still pictures of faces. The purpose of this studywas to investigate if there is a difference in the precision of age estimation between still andmoving pictures of full bodies. It was also investigated if the precision is higher whenestimating males rather than females, if the precision is higher when the estimation is done bya individual with same sex as the one getting estimated, if the age of people over the age offorty is underestimated and if the age of people under the age of forty is overestimated. Thecollection of data was done through a web based platform for surveys, from which one groupwas showed still full body pictures and the other group was showed moving full bodypictures. The results showed no difference in estimation precision between still pictures andmoving pictures or when the estimation was done within the same gender (female-female andmale-male). However the results showed that males are estimated with higher precision thanfemales as well as that the age of people over the age of forty is underestimated and the age ofpeople under the age of forty is overestimated.

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Augmented Reality är ett brett fält med många olika användningsområden. Det hargjorts flera studier om hur AR kan hjälpa oss att lösa olika arbetsuppgifter på ett effektivare sätt samt att det ingjuter självsäkerhet hos användaren som utför en uppgiftmed hjälp av AR. AR har även letat sig in i tillverkningsindustrin som gör det möjligtför ingenjörer att följa en arbetsprocess med hjälp av AR.Kretskort som är en del av ett system som gör det möjligt för oss att exempelvis ha tillgång till datorer och mobiltelefoner och behöver ibland felsökas. Elektronikingenjörerbehöver ibland identifiera testpunkter och komponenter i den krets på kretskortet somska felsökas. Detta kan underlättas med AR. I denna studie kommer ett experimentatt genomförs för att se om kretskort kan lämpa sig väl som ett Marker-based target.Marker-based target är en bild som möjliggör objektspårning för exempelvis en Head-mounted display, i detta fall en HoloLens. Här efter kommer Marker-based target attbenämnas som mönsterbaserad bild.Experimentet kommer att genomföras med en testgrupp om 10 personer där samtliga kommer att få testa att använda en HoloLens i syftet att lokalisera komponentereller testpunkter på ett kretskort. Detta kommer sedan att jämföras med en traditionell metod genom att identifiera samma komponenter eller testpunkter med en PDF.Testpersonerna kommer även att få svara på en enkät som tittar på om denna metodlämpar sig för att identifiera komponenter med hjälp av AR. En applikation kommeratt skapas som möjliggör att implementera metoden och att testpersonerna kommerkunna använda ett gränssnitt i lokaliseringsprocessen. Resultatet visar att med HoloLensen i jämförelse med traditionella metoden är nästan likvärdig tidsmässigt för attlokalisera komponenter men att vanan av användandet av HoloLensen hade inflytandepå resultatet. / Augmented Reality is an broad field with many different areas of applications. Therehave been several studies on how AR can help us solve various tasks in a more efficientway and that it instills self-confidence in the user who performs a task with the help of AR. AR has also found its way into the manufacturing industry, which enables engineers to follow a work process with the help of AR. For example circuit boards that arepart of a system that makes it possible for us to have access to computers and mobilephones, does sometimes need to undergo troubleshooting process by engineers duringmanufacture.Electronics engineers sometimes need to identify test points and components on thecircuit board that needs troubleshooting. AR can help in this process. In this study, anexperiment will be conducted to see if circuit boards can be well suited as a marker-based target. Marker-based target is an image that enables object tracking for examplewith a Head-mounted display, in this case a HoloLens.The experiment will be conducted with a test group of 10 people where all will beallowed to test a HoloLens in order to locate components or test points on a circuitboard. This method will then be compared to a traditional method by identifying thesame components or test points with a PDF. The test persons will also have to answer aquestionnaire that looks at whether this method is suitable for identifying componentsusing AR. An application will be created that implements the method and that the testpersons will be able to use in the localization process. The results show that the traditional method in comparison with the HoloLens is equivalent for locating components,but the habit of using HoloLens had an influence on the result.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in different parts of society for providing decision support in various activities. The agricultural sector is anticipated to benefit from an increased usage of AI and smart devices, a concept called smart farming technologies. Since the agricultural sector faces several simultaneous challenges, such as shrinking marginals, complicated pan-European regulations, and demands to mitigate the environmental footprint, there are great expectations that smart farming will benefit both individual farmers and industry stakeholders. However, most previous research focuses only on a small set of characteristics for implementing and optimising specific smart farming technologies, without considering all possible aspects and effects. This thesis investigates both technical and non-technical opportunities and hurdles when implementing AI in Swedish agricultural businesses. Three sectors in agriculture are scrutinized: arable farming, milk production and beef production. As a foundation for the thesis, a literature review revises former research on smart farming. Thereafter, an interview study with 27 respondents both explores the susceptibility and maturity of smart farming technologies and provides examples of technical requirements of three chosen applications of AI in agriculture. Findings of the study include a diverse set of aspects that both enable and obstruct the transition. Main identified opportunities are the importance smart farming has on the strategic agendas of several industry stakeholders, the general trend towards software technology as a service through shared machinery, the vast amount of existing data, and the large interest from farmers towards new technology. Contrasting, the thesis identifies main hurdles as technical and legislative challenges to data ownership, potential cybersecurity threats, the need for a well-articulated business case, and the sometimes lacking technical knowledge within the sector. The thesis concludes that the macro trend points towards a smart farming transition but that the speed of the transformation will depend on the resolutions for the identified obstacles.