Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 28, 2006). Marc Weissburg, Committee Chair ; Mark Hay, Committee Member ; Lin Jiang, Committee Member ; David Dusenbery, Committee Member ; Don Webster, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-122).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-62). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Predation by northern pike is believed to have initiated a divergence in whitefish into several different morphs, differing in size, habitat use and growth rate.  The development of a small pelagic zooplankton feeding morph is expected to have large impacts on the zooplankton community. In this study the effect of a changing predation regime on Bosmina, before and after introduction of pike in Valsjön, was investigated.  By looking at the change in carapace length (and indication of the level of predation pressure from fish) and mucro index (an indication of the level of invertebrate predation) of Bosmina remains in lake sediment the changing predation pressure from invertebrates and fish could be investigated. These features proved to be good proxys for the level of defense against fish and invertebrate predation.  However, other species than whitefish, and unknown interactions seems to have affected the zooplankton community. This makes it hard to tell which effect is due to diversification in whitefish and which is not. Also it is not clear that it is pike that has induced the divergence in the whitefish population. Other species like brown trout might also have been involved.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os nudibrânquios gastrópodes são carnívoros e muitas espécies têm dietas especializadas, consumindo uma única ou poucas espécies de esponjas marinhas. No Brasil não existe, até o momento, nenhum estudo específico sobre a ecologia das espécies de nudibrânquios abordando qualquer interação com outros grupos de animais marinhos. Também não existem estudos sobre ensaios biológicos que avaliem o comportamento alimentar e a mediação química existente entre os nudibrânquios e suas presas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a) registrar in situ a predação de nudibrânquios doridáceos sobre esponjas marinhas no litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, identificar as espécies envolvidas, e comparar com os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e b) avaliar o comportamento de quimiotaxia positiva de nudibrânquios em relação às suas presas. Observações sobre a dieta dos nudibrânquios foram realizadas através de mergulhos livres ou autônomos e o comportamento destes em relação às esponjas foi registrado. Um total de 139 observações foram realizadas em 15 espécies de nudibrânquios doridáceos: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii e Tayuva hummelincki. A predação foi confirmada em 89 (64%) das 139 observações e em 12 (80%) das 15 espécies de nudibrânquios. A principal interação ecológica existente entre os nudibrânquios e as esponjas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro é a de consumo (predação). Em laboratório, o comportamento alimentar das espécies Cadlina rumia e Tyrinna evelinae foi avaliado em ensaios de preferência com dupla escolha oferecendo esponjas frescas. Experimentos de oferta de esponjas vivas, pó de esponjas liofilizadas e extratos brutos orgânicos das esponjas foram utilizados para investigar se a percepção dos moluscos às suas presas é modulada por sinais químicos. O nudibrânquio Cadlina rumia não consumiu nenhuma das esponjas oferecidas, mas detectou o sinal químico das esponjas vivas, e não detectou o sinal químico da esponja Dysidea etheria, liofilizada em pó, incorporada em alimentos artificiais. Tyrinna evelinae detectou o sinal químico da esponja D. etheria oferecida de duas maneiras diferentes: viva e liofilizada em pó. Foi confirmada em laboratório, a predação in situ da esponja D. etheria pelo nudibrânquio T. evelinae, constituindo o primeiro registro de predação observado in situ e in vitro para o gênero Tyrinna. De uma maneira geral, os resultados das observações de campo corroboram os padrões de alimentação observados em outras regiões do mundo e as esponjas da Classe Demospongiae são recursos fundamentais para a dieta dos nudibrânquios doridáceos no Rio de Janeiro. A sinalização química e a taxia positiva foi evidente para o nudibrânquio que possui dieta mais especializada, Tyrinna evelinae, e não para aquele que se alimenta de várias esponjas, Cadlina rumia. / Nudibranch gastropods are carnivores and many species have very specialized diets, preying on a single or a few species of marine sponges. Up to date, there is no specific study on the ecology of Brazilian nudibranch species addressing any interaction with other groups of marine animals. There are also no studies on biological assays to evaluate the feeding behavior and chemical mediation between nudibranchs and their preys. The objectives of this research were: a) to record in situ predation of dorid nudibranchs in Rio de Janeiro State, through identification of the species involved and compare to patterns of predation observed in other regions, and b) to evaluate the behavior of chemical attraction of nudibranchs in relation to their preys. Observations on the diet of dorid nudibranchs were made by free or SCUBA diving and their behavior in relation to the sponges were record. A total of 139 observations were made on 15 dorid nudibranchs species: Felimida binza; Felimida paulomarcioi; Felimare lajensis; Tyrinna evelinae; Cadlina rumia; Diaulula greeleyi; Discodoris evelinae; Geitodoris pusae; Jorunna spazzola; Jorunna spongiosa; Rostanga byga; Taringa telopia; Doris kyolis; Dendrodoris krebsii and Tayuva hummelincki. The predation was confirmed for 89 (64%) out of 139 observations and 12 (80%) out of 15 dorid nudibranch species. Predation is the main ecological interaction between dorids and sponges in Rio de Janeiro. In laboratory conditions, the feeding behavior of Cadlina rumia and Tyrinna evelinae were evaluated in double choice preference assay being offered fresh sponges. Assays of fresh sponges, powder of lyophilized sponges and crude extract of sponges were made to investigate whether the nudibranch perception to their preys is modulated by chemical signs. Cadlina rumia has not consumed any offered sponges, although detected the chemical signals of fresh sponges. Cadlina rumia has not detected the chemical signal from lyophilized sponges incorporated into artificial foods. Tyrinna evelinae detected the chemical signal from the sponge Dysidea etheria offered in two different ways: fresh and lyophilized. The in situ predation of T. evelinae on D. etheria was confirmed through laboratory assays. Our results are the first direct observations of in situ and in vitro feeding activity by any species of Tyrinna. In general, the results of field observations corroborated the feeding patterns observed in other regions. Demosponges are a very important source of food for Brazilian dorid nudibranchs. Chemical signaling and the positive taxis was evident for the nudibranch that has more specialized diet, Tyrinna evelinae, and not for one who feeds on various sponges, Cadlina rumia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4000.pdf: 1405688 bytes, checksum: 20351183bd8a8281e307e66398831dbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-08 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The riparian forest deforestation by pasture activities allows greater solar incidence on the streams bed. The high input of light favours the development of aquatic macrophytes, which also contributing with the high primary production rate and are important substrate for aquatic organisms. This substrate generates stability subunities and complex microhabitats which are used as refugee, places and feeding source and interfere in the trophic relations in the streams. Benthic macroinvertebrates can be affected in several ways by fish (predators) through direct effects (feeding) or indirect effects (predation risk, bio-perturbation, trophic links). However, the complexity offered by the macrophytes can influence the trophic interactions between fish and the macroinvertebrates, decreasing the predation pressure and allowing the coexistence among these organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the macrophyte influence on the aquatic communities. With the purpose of facilitate the understanding, the study was divided in two chapters: (1) It compared the macroinvertebrate assemblages present in sites with or without macrophytes in three different streams; (2) It evaluated the aquatic macrophyte effects on the colonization of macroinvertebrate communities and on the predation interaction between macroinvertebrates and fish, using an experiment with exclusion cages in two streams. The results allow a better understanding of the functional processes in the structure of the streams, providing knowledge about the human interaction effects on the functioning of these systems. / O desmatamento das matas ciliares realizado por atividades de pastagens possibilita maior incidência solar sobre o leito dos córregos. A alta entrada de luz favorece o desenvolvimento de bancos de macrófitas, que além de contribuírem com alta taxa de produção primária são importante substrato para os organismos aquáticos. Esse substrato gera subunidades de estabilidade e microhabitats complexos que são utilizados como refúgio, local e fonte de alimentação e interferem nas relações tróficas dentro dos riachos. Macroinvertebrados bentônicos podem ser afetados de diversas formas pela presença de peixes (predadores), seja através de efeitos tróficos diretos (alimentação) ou de efeitos indiretos (ameaça de predação, bioperturbação, ligações tróficas). No entanto, a complexidade fornecida pelas macrófitas pode influenciar as interações tróficas entre peixes e macroinvertebrados, diminuindo a pressão de predação e permitindo a coexistência entre esses organismos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência das macrófitas aquáticas nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados aquáticos. Na intenção de facilitar a compreensão, o estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos: (1) Comparou as comunidades de macroinvertebrados presentes em locais com e sem macrófitas em três diferentes riachos; (2) Avaliou o efeito das macrófitas aquáticas na colonização da assembléia de macroinvertebrados e na interação de predação entre macroinvertebrados e peixes, usando um experimento com gaiolas de exclusão em dois riachos. Os resultados permitem um melhor entendimento dos processos funcionais e estruturais de riachos, fornecendo conhecimento dos efeitos de alterações humanas no funcionamento desses sistemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1509338 bytes, checksum: e0a2529155ec99b45b55b847965af181 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cyclopoid copepods have been used as biological agents in successful programs to control mosquito larvae, but the impacts of this predation on adult mosquito populations are still poorly understood. The present study compared the sex ratios and body sizes (measure as wing length) of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes emerging from recipients containing the copepod predator Mesocyclops ogunnus with control situations without this predator. We found that copepod predation significantly biased mosquito sex ratios towards females, and that both the males and females emerging from copepod-containing recipients were significantly larger than control insects. The ecological and epidemiological consequences of the changes induced by copepod predation on mosquito populations are discussed. / Copépodos ciclopóides têm sido utilizados como agentes de controle biológicos em programas de controle de larvas de mosquito, mas os impactos dessa predação sobre as populações de mosquitos adultos ainda são pouco compreendidos. O presente estudo comparou as razões sexuais e o tamanho do corpo de mosquitos Aedes albopictus (com base no comprimento da asa) que emergiram de recipientes contendo o copépodo predador Mesocyclops ogunnus com aqueles que emergiram de recipientes controles. Com base nos resultados obtidos constatou-se que a predação de copépodos alterou significativamente a razão sexual de mosquitos favorecendo fêmeas. Machos e fêmeas que emergiram de recipientes contendo copépodo foram significativamente maiores em comparação aqueles que emergiram do controle. As alterações induzidas pela predação de copépodos em populações de mosquitos apresentam importâncias ecológicas e epidemiológicas, visto serem as fêmeas de mosquitos do gênero Aedes os principais vetores do dengue .

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / Raymond A. Cloyd / Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests in greenhouse production systems due to direct and indirect plant damage resulting in substantial economic losses. In addition, western flower thrips has developed resistance to many insecticides. Therefore, alternative plant protection strategies are warranted, such as augmentative biological control. This research was designed to evaluate 1) the effect of different absolute numbers of predator (rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria) and prey (western flower thrips) on predation efficacy of rove beetle under laboratory conditions; 2) the effect of western flower thrips pupal stage, predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area on predation efficacy of rove beetle in the laboratory; and 3) the effectiveness and cost of integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and the rove beetle, D. coriaria, in suppressing western flower thrips populations under greenhouse conditions. Three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess predation efficacy of rove beetle adults on three western flower thrips pupal stages [prepupa, pupa, and prepupa-pupa combination (50%:50%)]. In each experiment, there were six numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of rove beetle adults and four initial numbers (15, 20, 25, and 30) of one western flower thrips pupal stage. This treatment configuration allowed for assessing the effect of predator-prey ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), accounting for different initial prey numbers, on predation efficacy of the rove beetle. Overall, for each pupal stage, the estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards decreased as the number of rove beetle adults released increased from 1 to 3, although the effect of additional rove beetle adult releases was not apparent. Furthermore, across the pupal stages considered in this study, in general, there was no evidence of any differences due to predator-prey ratios or initial prey numbers within each predator-prey ratio. Two laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of western flower thrips pupal stage, predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area on predation efficacy of rove beetle adults. In experiment 1, there were two western flower thrips pupal stages (prepupa and pupa), three predator-prey ratios (rove beetle:western flower thrips—1:5, 1:10, and 1:15), and three predator-prey numbers (2, 3, and 4 times). Experiment 2 evaluated the latter two factors in combination with searchable area defined by container sizes [15.2 cm (1,834.82 cm3) and 11.5 cm (701.79 cm3)]. The estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly higher for the 1:5 predator-prey ratio [61.1% (48.5-72.4%)] than 1:10 [39% (28.1-51.2%)] and 1:15 predator-prey ratio [34.7% (24.7-46.3%)]. The estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards for 2 times the predator-prey number [57% (44.3-68.8%)] was significantly higher than 3 [37.2% (26.6-49.3%)] and 4 [40.6% (30-52.3%)] times the predator-prey number. In addition, a significantly higher estimated mean probability of western flower thrips adults was captured on the yellow sticky cards in the 15.2 cm than 11.5 cm containers. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted that evaluated five treatments: combination of insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), B. bassiana, D. coriaria, B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and a water control. Overall, the estimated mean number of western flower thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0, 46) than for the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (mean range: 0.3, 105.1) over eight weeks. There were no significant differences in final foliage quality of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x grandiflorum, plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. However, in experiment 2, the chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to substantial feeding damage by western flower thrips. The cost of the insecticide treatment was nearly twice that of the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination ($963.50 vs. $495.67) and was over twice that of the B. bassiana only treatment ($963.50 vs. $417.04). The D. coriaria only treatment was the least expensive at $78.63. The results of the research provide insight into the predatory behavior of D. coriaria on western flower thrips pupal stages, which may have practical implications for greenhouse production systems. However, predation efficacy of rove beetle adults on western flower thrips is influenced by predator-prey ratio, predator-prey number, and searchable area. Finally, greenhouse producers must initiate insecticide applications or release rove beetle adults early in the production cycle when western flower thrips populations are low to minimize plant damage.

The impact of fish predation on zooplankton assemblage was studied in the mesocosm experiment. Presented thesis focuses on the effect of size selective fish predation on species diversity, biomass and body sizes of zooplankton and the impact of fish occurrence on zooplankton behaviour with regard to diel horizontal migration. I also studied a change in some life history traits of zooplankton caused by fish with a special focus on keystone species of freshwater ecosystems Daphnia spp.

In this master thesis i was tested the effectiveness of the myrmecomorphy.The animals which ones were tested are Phrurolithus festivus the myrmecomorphic spider and the predator, great tit(Parus major). I want to know the adventages and disadventages of myrmecomorph mimicry compared whit other common invertebrates in natural habitat of great tits.

A estrutura de comunidades em poças tem sido explicada por competição de recursos, predação e permanência da água. No presente estudo, eu avaliei o efeito do gradiente predação-hidroperíodo sobre a riqueza de espécies e composição de guildas de girinos em poças, e também a co-ocorrência das espécies, testando a existência de padrões segregados que podem ser atribuídos as interações competitivas. O estudo foi realizado no município de Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil. Eu amostrei girinos e predadores invertebrados em 38 poças, com diferentes tamanhos e graus de permanência. As coletas foram realizadas em duas estações: na primavera de 2007 (novembro) e no verão de 2008 (janeiro). Eu medi a área e a profundidade das poças em cada evento de coleta e registrei a riqueza da vegetação aquática e das margens, assim como a abundância e riqueza de predadores. Eu classifiquei as espécies em guildas baseadas em oito características eco-morfológicas. As espécies foram agrupadas através de ligação completa, usando o coeficiente de Gower. Eu analisei a relação da riqueza de girinos com as variáveis ambientais através de regressão múltipla, e usei Análise de Correspondência Canônica para relacionar a composição das guildas com os descritores ambientais. A co-ocorrência dos girinos foi analisada através de três algoritmos de modelo nulo: linhas e colunas fixas, linhas fixas e colunas proporcionais descartando-se matrizes degeneradas, linhas fixas e colunas proporcionais incluindo matrizes degeneradas. Nove matrizes de presença ausência foram testadas: ocorrências totais (primavera e verão) do conjunto total de espécies, e distinguindo as espécies em duas guildas (bentônicos e nectônicos), e ocorrências de primavera e verão para o conjunto total e as duas guildas. Das 38 poças com água na primavera, somente 22 permaneceram com água na amostragem de verão. Ao todo 10852 indivíduos de 21 espécies foram coletados. As espécies foram classificadas em sete guildas: suspensor-raspador (Sr), nectônicos (N), suspensor-filtrador (Sf), bentônicos com ninho de espuma, com e sem agregação (BI e BII), e bentônicos sem ninho de espuma com olhos dorsais ou laterais (BIII e BIV). A riqueza de espécies cresceu com a abundância de predadores, que foi a única variável explanatória relacionada a mesma. A composição das guildas foi explicada pela abundância de predadores e a profundidade média registrada na primavera. A co-ocorrência dos girinos mostrou padrões segregados para 14 dos 25 modelos testados. A maioria dos modelos com matrizes degeneradas rejeitou a hipótese nula. Os modelos com linhas e colunas fixas, e com as linhas fixas, colunas proporcionais e sem matrizes degeneradas mostraram muitos resultados similares. A segregação também foi influenciada pela combinação de espécies e estação consideradas. Em geral, para o conjunto total de espécies a coocorrência foi aleatória, para os bentônicos foi segregada para as ocorrências totais e de primavera, para os nectônicos apenas no verão. Os resultados das análises de gradiente e co-ocorrência sugerem que girinos são regulados pelos predadores que filtram a composição das guildas e podem reduzir a competição. Para girinos bentônicos, que ocupam poças com baixa abundância de predadores, competição pode ser um fator de estruturação importante. / The community structure of pond systems has been shown to be affected by resource competition, predation and permanency. Here, I evaluated the effect of the permanency-predation gradient in ponds on species richness and guild composition of tadpoles, and accessed the co-occurrence, searching segregated patterns that could be attributed to competitive interactions. The study was carried out Caçapava do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. I sampled tadpoles and invertebrate predators in 38 ponds, with distinct sizes and permanency degrees. The collections were carried out twice: in spring 2007 (November) and summer, 2008 (January). I measured area and depth at each pond in each collection event, and recorded richness of aquatic and bank vegetation, and abundance and richness of predators. I conducted a guild classification of the species pool based on eight variables related to morphological and ecological features. Species were grouped through complete linkage agglomerative clustering method, using Gower coefficient. I evaluated the relation of tadpole richness with environmental variables using multiple regression, and Canonical Correspondence Analysis for guild composition. The tadpole co-occurrence was analyzed through three null models algorithm: fixed rows and columns; fixed rows, proportional columns, discharging degenerate matrices; and fixed rows, proportional columns, including degenerate matrices. Nine presence/absence matrices were tested: total occurrences (spring and summer) of the complete species pool, and distinguishing species of two tadpole guild (benthonic and nektonic), and spring and summer occurrence of total species pool and two guilds. Of the 38 ponds with water in the spring sampling, only 22 remained with water in the following summer sampling. A total of 10,852 individuals and 21 species of tadpoles were collected in the two sampling events. The species were classified into seven guilds: suspension-rasper (Sr), nektonics (N), suspension-feeder (Sf), benthonics with foam nests with and without school behavior (BI and BII), and benthonics without foam nests with lateral and dorsal eyes (BIII and BIV). Species richness increased with abundance of predators, which was the only explanatory variable related to it. Guild composition was explained by abundance of predators and mean depth recorded in spring, which was correlated with maximal depth. The tadpole co-occurrence showed a segregated pattern for 14 of the 25 tested models. Most models with degenerate matrices rejected the null hypothesis. The models with row and columns fixed, and row fixed, column proportional without degenerate matrices showed more similar results. Segregation was also influenced by the combination of species dataset and the season considered. In general, for the total species pool the co-occurrence was random, for benthonic species was segregated for the total and spring occurrences, and for nektonic in summer. The results of gradient and co-occurrence analysis suggest that tadpoles are regulated by predators that filter guild composition and could reduce competition. For benthonic species, which inhabit ponds with lower abundance of predators, competition can be a major structuring constraint.