Not available / text

With increasing teenage pregnancy rates among Blacks in the United States and the negative impact on families, it is important that practitioners and communities acknowledge the changes in society. According to the research, the influence of the media, entertainment industry and technology weigh heavily on the behavior and interactions of teens. Building on Erikson’s Theory of Identity Development, sexual scripts which are drawn from hip-hop culture are utilized as points of entrance and tools for reeducating Black adolescents and preventing teenage pregnancy. Finally, intervention and prevention strategies that educate teenage girls around sexual scripts and utilize personal narratives are essential to reducing teen pregnancy are presented. / text

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

published_or_final_version / Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Σκοπός: Επειδή η μεγαλύτερη συχνότητα της αναπτυξιακής δυσπλασίας του ισχίου στα θήλεα νεογνά μπορεί να οφείλεται σε ενδοκρινικούς παράγοντες και επίσης έχει βρεθεί ότι το κάπνισμα στη διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης προκαλεί ενδοκρινικές διαταραχές, αποφασίσαμε να μελετήσουμε την ανατομία του ισχίου σε νεογνά των οποίων οι μητέρες κάπνιζαν ή δεν κάπνιζαν στην διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης. Μεθοδολογία-σχεδιασμός μελέτης: Εξετάσθηκαν κλινικά και υπερηχογραφικά 2066 ισχία, εκ των οποίων 521 αρένων και 512 θηλέων νεογνών. Εξ’ αυτών 48 ήταν άρρενα και 53 θήλεα νεογνά, των οποίων οι μητέρες κάπνιζαν κατά την διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης. 93 Αποτελέσματα : Η μέση τιμή ±ΣΑ της γωνίας α στα άρρενα νεογνά των μητέρων οι οποίες δεν κάπνιζαν ήταν 62,3ο ± 5,1ο και των μητέρων οι οποίες κάπνιζαν κατά την εγκυμοσύνη ήταν 62,1ο ± 4,9ο (η διαφορά δεν είναι στατιστικά σημαντική). Στα θήλεα νεογνά των μη καπνιστριών και καπνιστριών μητέρων η α γωνία ήταν 60,7ο ± 5,3ο και 61,9ο ± 4,9ο αντίστοιχα (η διαφορά είναι σημαντική, p= 0,02). Η διαφορά μεταξύ αρρένων και θηλέων νεογνών, τα οποία γεννήθηκαν από μη καπνίστριες μητέρες είναι σημαντική (p<0,000001), ενώ δεν υπήρχε στατιστικώς σημαντική διαφορά μεταξύ αρρένων και θηλέων νεογνών που γεννήθηκαν από καπνίστριες μητέρες. Μεταξύ των θηλέων νεογνών, των οποίων οι μητέρες δεν ήταν καπνίστριες, ο αριθμός των νεογνών με ισχίο τύπου ΙΙα ή χειρότερου ήταν σημαντικά μεγαλύτερος από ότι μεταξύ εκείνων των θηλέων νεογνών, των οποίων οι μητέρες κάπνιζαν. Τα ευρήματα της κλινικής εξέτασης ήταν προς την ίδια κατεύθυνση με εκείνη των υπερηχογραφικών ευρημάτων, γεγονός το οποίο δείχνει ότι το μητρικό κάπνισμα κατά την εγκυμοσύνη προστατεύει το ισχίο στα θήλεα νεογνά. Συμπεράσματα: Το κάπνισμα της μητέρας κατά την διάρκεια της εγκυμοσύνης μειώνει την συχνότητα της υπερηχογραφικής και πιθανότατα της κλινικά διαπιστούμενης αναπτυξιακής δυσπλασίας του ισχίου στα θήλεα, αλλά όχι στα άρρενα νεογνά. Η προστασία του ισχίου η οποία προκαλείται από τον καπνό του τσιγάρου, μπορεί να έχει ενδοκρινική βάση. / Objective: Because the greater frequency of developmental dyplasia of the hip (DDH) in the female could have an endrocrine etiology and maternal smoking in pregnancy causes fetal endocrine disequilibrium, we investigated the anatomy of the hip in neonates of smoking (SM) and nonsmoking mothers (NSM). Study design: Clinical – sonographic examination was performed on 2066 hips of 521 male and 512 female neonates. In 48 male and 53 female neonates the mothers smoked during pregnancy. Results : The mean + SD a angle in the male neonates of the NSM was 62.3ο ± 5.1ο and of the SM 62.1ο ±4.9ο (NS). In the female neonates 95 of the NSM and the SM it was 60.7ο ±5.3ο and 61.9ο ±4.8ο, respectively (p=0.02). The difference between the male and the female neonates of the NSM is significant (p<0.000001), but there is no significant difference between the female neonates of the SM and the male neonates. Among the female neonates whose mothers were nonsmokers the number of those with hip Type IIa or worse was significantly greater that among those whose mothers were smokers. The clinical findings were in the same direction as those of the sonographic findings suggesting hip protection by maternal smoking in the female. Conclusions: Maternal smoking during pregnancy reduces the frequency of sonographic and possibly clinically detected DDH in female but not in male neonates. The tobacco – induced hip protection may have an endocrine basis.

No description available.

ABSTRACT Overweight and obesity is an increasing problem worldwide although high-income countries take a leed. High BMI during pregnancy and delivery constitute to many risks for both the mother and her outcome. Intervention programmes with the purpose to get the pregnant women to eat healthier and to excercise more are now working out in many different shapes. The effect of these activities varies. The aim of this study was to investigate if interventions during pregnancy, with women who’s BMI are 25 or more, affects health of the mother and her expected child, delivery outcome and self estimated health. The design of this study was quantitative. A total of 163 women participated in this study who took place i two cities in Sweden. All of the women gave birth at the same hospital. 96 of the women participated in the intervention group and 69 in the comparison group. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The results shows that most of the women (60 percent), choose not to participate in water aerobics. The results of the women who used a stepcounter showed that the women were more active during early pregnancy than later on. Results showed that there was a significantly increased risk for complications during delivery if the women had gained more than seven kilograms during pregnancy. Overweight women who had a weight gain of more than seven kilograms also had an increased risk for delivering large babies (more than 4000 gram), compared with those who gained less. There were no difference in self estimated health between the groups. The results of the study shows that a weight gain less than eight kilograms is positively associated with less complications during pregnancy. Women should be helped to get motivated to live a healthy and active life during pregnancy. What motivates pregnant women towards healthier living needs to be examined further.