Class of 2005 Abstract / Objectives: To perform a cross-sectional survey of health care professionals and lay people on the appropriate use of antimicrobial drugs using a case-based approach. Methods: This study used a case-based survey as a tool to assess for proper antibacterial use. The survey included nine case-based scenarios involving common infectious diseases seen in the outpatient setting. Survey participants needed to assess the problem and determine if antibacterial therapy was appropriate now, not appropriate, or if the patient should be observed for 2-3 days before acting. Demographic information was also requested from the participants. Results: Thirty-one lay people and 35 professionals (pediatricians or family practice physicians) returned a completed survey. The mean (sd) cumulative scores for these two groups were 13.4 (4.45) and 21.3 (3.40), respectively. The range of scores for the lay persons was 5 to 23 and the range for the professionals was 15 to 27. The mean score for physicians was significantly greater than the mean score for lay persons. Implications: The survey results indicated that the professionals had a better understanding of the appropriate use of antibiotics versus the lay people.

Ziel der Dissertation ist es, die Auswirkungen des Wandels in der Universität sowie die daraufhin einsetzenden Veränderungen der Organisations- und Entscheidungsstrukturen im Hinblick auf die Entstehung, die Entwicklung, die Integration und den Einsatz der New Professionals in der deutschen Universität zu untersuchen. Es wird gezeigt, wer die New Professionals sind, wie sie sich entwickeln, an welchen Stellen sie benötigt werden, welche Bedeutung sie haben und wie ihre gegenwärtige Entwicklung zu bewerten ist.

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Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar på att patientens andliga omvårdnadsbehov inte får tillräckligt utrymme inom vården i jämförelse med patientens fysiska omvårdnadsbehov. Tidigare forskning visar även att patienter har behov av att erhålla andlig omvårdnad då detta kan mildra patienters lidande. Andlig omvårdnad delas in i två perspektiv: icke religiös och religiös. Syfte: Att belysa vårdpersonalens erfarenhet av andlig omvårdnad ur ett icke religiöst perspektiv.  Metod: En allmän litteraturöversikt genomfördes för att belysa vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av andlig omvårdnad ur ett icke religiöst perspektiv. Resultatet baserar sig på tio vetenskapliga artiklar varav sju var kvalitativa, två kvantitativa samt en med blandad design, vilka analyserades enligt Fribergs (2012) metod för resultatanalys. Resultat: Fynden av denna studie resulterade i att fyra stycken teman upprättades; Vårdpersonalens upplevelse av andlig omvårdnad, vårdpersonalens strategier till att utöva andlig omvårdnad, vårdpersonalens upplevda hinder till att utöva andlig omvårdnad samt vårdpersonalens upplevelse av andlig omvårdnad relaterat till Holistisk vård. Slutsats: Andlig omvårdnad anses vara en del av Holistisk vård men vårdpersonal upplever svårigheter till att applicera det i praktiken utifrån diffus definition. Andlig omvårdnad ska relateras till patientens välbefinnande och inte medicinska diagnoser. Förslag på vidare forskning: Samtliga resultatartiklar som inkluderades i denna studie bedömer att det är av stor vikt att vidare forskning bör handla om definitionen av andlig omvårdnad ur ett icke religiöst perspektiv. Författarna anser att vidare forskning även behöver ta fram strategier till att utöva andlig omvårdnad ur ett icke religiöst perspektiv. / Background: Previous research shows that patient spiritual care needs may not be enough space in health care in comparison to the patient's physical care needs . Previous research also shows that patients need to receive spiritual care as this can alleviate patients' suffering. Spiritual care is divided into two perspectives : non-religious and religious. Aim; To highlight the health professionals experience of spiritual care from a non- religious perspective. Method: A general literature review was conducted to illustrate the health professionals experiences  of spiritual nursing from a non religious perspective . The result is based on ten scientific articles which seven were qualitative , two quantitative and one with a mixed design, which were analyzed according to Friberg (2012 ) method for analysis of results. Results : The findings of this study resulted in four themes were established ; Health professionals experience of spiritual care , health professionals strategies to pursue spiritual care , health professionals perceived obstacles to the exercise of spiritual care and health professionals experience of spiritual care related to holistic care . Conclusion: spiritual care considered be a  part of holistic care of health professionals but experience difficulties to apply in practice by the diffuse definition . Spiritual care should be related to the patient's well-being and not medical diagnoses. Suggestions for further research: All results-articels that were included in this study believes that it is essential that further research should focus on the definition of spiritual care from a non- religious perspective . The authors believe that further research also needs to develop strategies to exercise spiritual care from a non- religious perspective.

It is important for a selling company to have a motivated sales force. The motivation and what employees is motivated by have occupied the interest of human resource researchers for decades. There has been a large amount of research within motivational psychology, which has produced several theories regarding human needs and motivation factors. This study focused on sales professionals within business-to-business (B2B) with the purpose to explore and describe sales professionals’ perceptions regarding financial incentives and their motivation. The study also answers the questions of how sales professionals perceive that financial incentive affects their motivation and how the financial incentives relate to sales professional motivation. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, where the empirical data was gathered by six semi-structured interviews. By analyzing the findings, the researchers have concluded that financial incentive can both work as a motivator and a demotivator. Financial incentives can increase stress and pressure for the sales professional especially for individuals new to the profession. The study has found that this is something that the individual have to cope with since the organization is not providing support for this. If the sales professionals can cope with the stress, it will work as a motivator. Lastly, the study presents practical and managerial implications for sales organizations. They need to be aware of the business environment to ensure that financial incentive achieves the desired effect.

Class of 2010 Abstract / OBJECTIVES: To determine how an interprofessional education (IPE) activity impacts students' attitudes toward interacting with other health professionals. METHODS: Students who are enrolled as first-­‐year students at the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy in the Fall 2009 semester were eligible for this study. Questionnaires administered during regularly scheduled classes collected levels of agreement with statements relating to working with other health professionals and the importance of IPE. Data on gender, years of undergraduate study, current degrees, type of work experience, and years of work experience were also collected. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 93 students before the IPE activity and 66 students after the IPE activity. Overall, attitudes toward interprofessional learning and working with other healthcare professionals, reflected by student questionnaire ratings, were the same or worse after the IPE activity. CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes toward interprofessional learning and working with other healthcare professionals appeared to have no change or changed for the worse after the IPE activity that took place on September 3, 2009.

This study examines the impact of self-care on compassion fatigue and retention of Black social service professionals. The goal of this research was to identify the relationship between self-care and its impact on compassion fatigue and retention. The research explored personal and organizational factors that play a role in compassion fatigue and retention. There were thirty-five social service professionals that participated in the survey that was comprised of three scales. Relationships were found in regards to increasing self-care and decreasing compassion fatigue, and a relationship of increasing self-care and increasing retention. The research examined the theoretical framework of the Afrocentric perspective and how it can be utilized to promote self-care in Black social service professionals.

Thesis advisor: Judith A. Clair / Building from existing theory and research on gender and work and leader identity development, this dissertation informs our understanding of professional women's experiences with coming to see themselves as leaders as they move along the leadership path in organizations. Given limited work that considers variation among women at a similar point in their development, I introduce the construct of a gender-leadership frame to capture the various ways in which women construct their gender as relevant to their leadership. I consider how these constructions are both shaped by the organizational context and have implications for leader identity development. I conducted a qualitative, inductive field study of women developing as leaders (n=55) in a large, global bank to explore these ideas. I found that women hold different constructions of gender and leadership (gender-leadership frames) and that various elements of the organizational context prompt women to shift their frames, feel conflicted in their frames, or remain within one reinforcing frame. Further, I found that these different frame experiences orient women toward certain types of self-questioning and enactment of their leader identities. Together, these findings demonstrate that different ways of thinking about one's gender in relation to one's leadership may help explain women's different choices, aspirations, and development on the leadership path. Coming to see oneself as a leader does not happen in a vacuum, but rather is a complex process in which non-work identities (here, gender) play a role in one's understanding of who she is and can be as a leader. Not only does gender play a role in women's self-views as leaders, but scholars and organizations must appreciate women's different experiences and perspectives which have tangible implications for their motivations to pursue leadership opportunities and growth within their organizations. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Management and Organization.

This dissertation explores informal means of convening various foreign policy professionals in conflict resolution discussions, taking two quite different case studies: the Pugwash Conferences, a long-standing transnational non-governmental organization; and the Ottawa Dialogue, a more recent suite of projects. Although conventionally viewed through the rubric of ‘Track Two’, this thesis instead tackles the subject of unofficial diplomacy through a conceptual framework derived from critical and sociological work in International Relations theory. By taking a practice-based approach, the research reveals that what is actually done in the spaces of unofficial diplomacy not only has a diplomatic purpose at root but in fact can be seen to reproduce a diplomatic logic in how certain tasks are performed. The dissertation shows the intrinsic liminality of these informal, unofficial activities to the corridors of power and policymaking and, in this way, helps elaborate how the emergent landscape of diplomacy is impacted by various actors and changing practices. To understand why such processes appear around international conflict, the thesis calls attention to investigating how they are used by those who participate. The approach brings into focus the constitution of professional social networks that emerge in spaces left out of limelight, where various experts contest, debate, and refract policy knowledge. Through the eyes of these non-traditional actors, the thesis problematizes diplomacy as a solely state-based authority, insisting that we must look to the close imbrication of government representatives in putatively non-state activities to understand their contribution to global governance. Developed through an immersion and engagement of ten years with the very people who do the work, this project brings together several theoretical and methodological perspectives to make sense of a complex data-set and bridge a number of disciplinary gaps.

In this thesis I develop a new, wider and richer understanding of wellbeing, through developing a process of reflective practice, with healthcare professionals within their challenging work culture. As a healthcare chaplain, having witnessed poor staff morale, I conducted a critical examination of NHS wellbeing reports and strategies, which revealed an understanding of staff wellbeing that ironically follows simply a health model. Challenging this, I argue for a broader interpretation of wellbeing that, in addition to focusing on health, is more holistic, relational and contextual. I develop reflective practice to nurture this, the use of which extends in healthcare beyond education and professional development. In my action research, knowledge was generated through ethnographic participation and observation, over a year, reflecting as chaplain with eight teams of healthcare professionals. This used my simple and memorable HELP Wellbeing Reflection Cycle (building on Kolb's (1984) model of experiential learning) that combines reflection on work and personal development. My project also responds to Rolfe's call (2014) for greater use in healthcare of Schön's (1980) "reflection-in-action". Building on these works, I develop reflection for healthcare professionals to nurture their wellbeing. My encouragement of the participants to self-facilitate their own reflective groups, when familiar with this method of reflection, is also a contribution to reflective practice, healthcare and the chaplain's role. Thematic data analysis emerged from the reflexive field notes of our shared experience as co-reflective practitioners. The themes include healthcare professionals making the human connection between themselves and with their patients. They also value the space to reflect together, realising their desire for team support and a shared goal, as well as job satisfaction in this demanding culture. These themes, I argue, are consistent with the broader definitions of wellbeing, giving them the opportunity to be both a healthcare professional and human. Further data analysis also reveals consistency with wider wellbeing interpretations (including personal wellbeing measurements and data from the Office for National Statistics (2014, 2015)). I develop the role of chaplain as the healthcare professionals' co-reflector, sharing their reflective space as a pastoral encounter and a source for learning. This combines the images of "empty handed" (Swift, 2009) "welcoming guest" and "mutual hospitality" (Walton, M., 2012). I offer to national healthcare the wider understanding of wellbeing, and the value of creating provision for reflective space to nurture it, in the care of healthcare professionals. This research offers the potential for exciting further developments in a wider constituency both in and beyond healthcare.