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The following work represents the research attempt of Dr. Frasier's group to develop a FMCW wind profiler for atmospheric boundary layer studies. The hardware development and integration are described in detail.

This thesis proposes research of novel hybrid photonic signal processing systems in the areas of optical communications, test and measurement, RF signal processing and extreme environment optical sensors. It will be shown that use of innovative hybrid techniques allows design of photonic signal processing systems with superior performance parameters and enhanced capabilities. These applications can be divided into domains of analog-digital hybrid signal processing applications and free-space--fiber-coupled hybrid optical sensors. The analog-digital hybrid signal processing applications include a high-performance analog-digital hybrid MEMS variable optical attenuator that can simultaneously provide high dynamic range as well as high resolution attenuation controls; an analog-digital hybrid MEMS beam profiler that allows high-power watt-level laser beam profiling and also provides both submicron-level high resolution and wide area profiling coverage; and all optical transversal RF filters that operate on the principle of broadband optical spectral control using MEMS and/or Acousto-Optic tunable Filters (AOTF) devices which can provide continuous, digital or hybrid signal time delay and weight selection. The hybrid optical sensors presented in the thesis are extreme environment pressure sensors and dual temperature-pressure sensors. The sensors employ hybrid free-space and fiber-coupled techniques for remotely monitoring a system under simultaneous extremely high temperatures and pressures.

The flow velocity in a river is three-dimensional (3D), turbulent, and varies in time and space. Capturing this variability in field measurements to support studies of river processes has proven particularly challenging. While originally developed to measure discharge, boat-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) are increasingly used in field studies to quantify flow features including mean velocity, boundary shear stress, and sediment motion. Two survey procedures are typically employed with an ADCP. Moving-vessel (MV) measurements provide spatially-rich velocity data while temporally-rich data are obtained with fixed-vessel (FV) procedures. Given the relative ease of MV measurements, recent work has focused on developing MV procedures that produce comparable results to FV measurements. At the present, results of this work are inconclusive. Additionally, there is a lack of reported data and procedures for FV measurements. This work seeks to develop techniques to present 3D velocity data obtained in natural rivers in a unified framework. This framework is based on a stream-fitted coordinate system defined by the flow direction at a cross section and allows for 3D velocity to be decomposed into streamwise, spanwise, and vertical components. Procedures are developed to assure that the velocity profiles measured at fixed locations are (1) not negatively impacted by the inevitable motion of the ADCP, (2) statistically stationary, and (3) of sufficient record length to determine the mean velocity. The coordinate system allows time-averaged velocity from FV procedures to be compared with spatially-averaged velocity from MV vessels. Significant differences are found between the two survey procedures, particularly for secondary velocity components. Ultimately, integrating results of the two survey procedures leads to an improved representation of the mean flow field. The techniques are applied to data obtained on a study reach on the lower Roanoke River, located in eastern North Carolina. / Ph. D.

Doppler radar wind profilers are already widely used to measure atmospheric winds throughout the free troposphere and stratosphere. Several methods have been developed to quantify atmospheric turbulence with such radars, but to date they have remained largely un-tested; this thesis presents the first comprehensive validation of one such method. Conventional in-situ measurements of turbulence have been concentrated in the surface layer, with some aircraft and balloon platforms measuring at higher altitudes on a case study basis. Radars offer the opportunity to measure turbulence near continuously, and at a range of altitudes, to provide the first long term observations of atmospheric turbulence above the surface layer. Two radars were used in this study, a Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar, at Capel Dewi, West Wales, and the Facility for Ground Based Atmospheric Measurements (FGAM) mobile boundary layer profiler. In-situ measurements were made using aircraft and tethered-balloon borne turbulence probes. The spectral width method was chosen for detailed testing, which uses the width of a radar's Doppler spectrum as a measure of atmospheric velocity variance. Broader Doppler spectra indicate stronger turbulence. To obtain Gaussian Doppler spectra (a requirement of the spectral width method), combination of between five and seven consecutive spectra was required. Individual MST spectra were particularly non-Gaussian, because of the sparse nature of turbulence at its observation altitudes. The width of Gaussian fits to the Doppler spectrum were compared to those from the `raw' spectrum, to ensure that non-atmospheric signals were not measured. Corrections for non-turbulent broadening, such as beam broadening, and signal processing, were investigated. Shear broadening was found to be small, and the errors in its calculation large, so no corrections for wind shear were applied. Beam broadening was found to be the dominant broadening contribution, and also contributed the largest uncertainty to spectral widths. Corrected spectral widths were found to correlate with aircraft measurements for both radars. Observing spectral widths over time periods of 40 and 60 minutes for the boundary layer profiler and MST radar respectively, gave the best measure of turbulence intensity and variability. Median spectral widths gave the best average over that period, with two-sigma limits (where sigma is the standard deviation of spectral widths) giving the best representation of the variability in turbulence. Turbulent kinetic energies were derived from spectral widths; typical boundary layer values were 0.13 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.04-0.25 m 2.s (-2), and peaked at 0.21 m 2.s (-2) with a two-sigma range of 0.08-0.61 m 2.s (-2). Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were also calculated from spectral widths, requiring radiosonde measurements of atmospheric stability. Dissipation rates compared well width aircraft measurements, reaching peaks of 1x10 (-3) m 2.s (-3) within 200 m of the ground, and decreasing to 1-2x10 (-5) m 2.s (-3) near the boundary layer capping inversion. Typical boundary layer values were between 1-3x10 (-4) m 2.s (-3). Those values are in close agreement with dissipation rates from previous studies.

Sapa är en av de största tillverkarna i världen av aluminiumprofiler. Sapa Building System AB är ett dotterbolag till Sapa group och är en av de största leverantörerna i Europa på byggsystem. Några av deras produkter är bakdörrarna RD 3010 och RD 3020 för lastbilar, släp och trailers som från början var ämnade som sidodörrar. Som bakdörrar är de överdimensionerade då sidodörrar hade högre hållfasthetskrav. I dagens läge väger och kostar de mer än nödvändigt där av önskar Sapa Building System AB en nyutveckling av bakdörrarna. Målet är att omkonstruera bakdörrarna RD 3010 och RD 3020 så att de blir lättare, smidigare och billigare genom att konstruera en ny kantskoning till Sapa Building System AB:s befintliga aluminiumlämprofiler. Arbetet har resulterat i att ritningsunderlag för nya profiler har tagits fram där man valt att limma ihop dörrarnas delar istället för att nita. Detta kan i sin tur leda till att kostnad, vikt och ledtid reduceras. / Sapa is one of the three largest manufactures of aluminum profiles in the world. Sapa Building System AB is a subsidiary to Sapa group and is one of the largest suppliers of building systems in Europe. Some of their products are the rear doors RD 3010 and RD 3020 for trucks and trailers which were from the beginning meant as side doors. As rear doors they are over dimensioned because side doors have higher requirements. As there are no requirements today they weigh and cost more than necessary. Sapa Building System AB wants a new development of the rear doors. The purpose with this work is to develop new aluminum profiles for the company’s rear doors so that cost, weight and assembly time is lowered. One of the reasons that Sapa Building System AB could offer this thesis was that they considered it may be profitable to have outsiders develop their products, someone that does not have the “sapa-way-thinking” in their mind. A person that has a different perspective and a different angle of approach of the problem and can provide innovative solutions. The goal is to reconstruct the rear doors RD 3010 and RD 3020 so that they will be lighter, easier to handle and cheaper by developing a new frame for the existing aluminum profiles that Sapa Building System AB has today. As a result drawings for new profiles has been made where the doors is assembled with glue instead of using rivets. This may lead to a reduction of price, weight and assembly time.

<p>Sapa är en av de största tillverkarna i världen av aluminiumprofiler. Sapa Building System AB är ett dotterbolag till Sapa group och är en av de största leverantörerna i Europa på byggsystem. Några av deras produkter är bakdörrarna RD 3010 och RD 3020 för lastbilar, släp och trailers som från början var ämnade som sidodörrar. Som bakdörrar är de överdimensionerade då sidodörrar hade högre hållfasthetskrav. I dagens läge väger och kostar de mer än nödvändigt där av önskar Sapa Building System AB en nyutveckling av bakdörrarna.</p><p>Målet är att omkonstruera bakdörrarna RD 3010 och RD 3020 så att de blir lättare, smidigare och billigare genom att konstruera en ny <em>kantskoning</em> till Sapa Building System AB:s befintliga <em>aluminiumlämprofiler</em>.</p><p>Arbetet har resulterat i att ritningsunderlag för nya profiler har tagits fram där man valt att limma ihop dörrarnas delar istället för att nita. Detta kan i sin tur leda till att kostnad, vikt och ledtid reduceras.</p> / <p>Sapa is one of the three largest manufactures of aluminum profiles in the world. Sapa Building System AB is a subsidiary to Sapa group and is one of the largest suppliers of building systems in Europe. Some of their products are the rear doors RD 3010 and RD 3020 for trucks and trailers which were from the beginning meant as side doors. As rear doors they are over dimensioned because side doors have higher requirements. As there are no requirements today they weigh and cost more than necessary. Sapa Building System AB wants a new development of the rear doors.</p><p>The purpose with this work is to develop new aluminum profiles for the company’s rear doors so that cost, weight and assembly time is lowered.</p><p>One of the reasons that Sapa Building System AB could offer this thesis was that they considered it may be profitable to have outsiders develop their products, someone that does not have the “sapa-way-thinking” in their mind. A person that has a different perspective and a different angle of approach of the problem and can provide innovative solutions.</p><p>The goal is to reconstruct the rear doors RD 3010 and RD 3020 so that they will be lighter, easier to handle and cheaper by developing a new frame for the existing aluminum profiles that Sapa Building System AB has today.</p><p>As a result drawings for new profiles has been made where the doors is assembled with glue instead of using rivets. This may lead to a reduction of price, weight and assembly time.</p>

Collecting load tickets is an example of an antiquated practice that puts inspectors in harm’s way either adjacent to traffic, in close proximity to moving or backing equipment, or at times requires climbing onto trucks to reach tickets. Technology exists to collect this information electronically allowing for safer, efficient inspection methods. Departments of Transportation are charged with inspecting an increasing work load with a diminishing number of inspection staff. Recently, doing more with less has led to the prioritization of inspection activities and resulted in less collection of data and visual inspection on projects. Technology advancements are available to improve data collection and provide for more efficient inspection. Using GPS and GIS technology tied into electronic scale report-out systems, a fleet tracking system traces haul routes, reports travel time and tonnage, and even assists contractors with equipment matching and balancing. Data from this system coupled with other technologies remote monitoring of temperature, intelligent compaction, and network enabled cameras provide an opportunity to enhance inspection and increase construction inspection productivity all the while enriching detail of project records. The contribution of this paper is to provide a framework in which to combine these technologies into a multi-faceted, enhanced inspection approach.

<p>Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa är en sjukdom som främst drabbar kvinnor mellan 15-24 år och det är cirka en % av världens befolkning som drabbas varje år. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder hos flickor med anorexia nervosa och att se vilka riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av denna sjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk analys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan kan spela en nyckelroll i omvårdnaden av flickor som drabbats av anorexia nervosa genom empati och förståelse. Detta kan resultera i att flickorna känner förtroende och tillit för sjuksköterskorna och det kan hjälpa dem att tillfriskna. Riskfaktorerna är allt från sociokulturella, familjära, biologiska och genetiska faktorer. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan kan genom att vara en sann medmänniska och genom att bidra med sin tid och sin kompetens vara en avgörande faktor för att dessa flickor tillfrisknar. Riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av anorexia nervosa är individuella och mångdimensionella.</p> / <p>Background: Anorexia Nervosa is a disease that mostly affects women that are 15-24 years old and approximately one percent of the world’s population are affected of it every year. Aim: To illustrate the nurses caring measures of girls with anorexia nervosa, and to see what kind of risk factors that are causing the disease to outburst. Method: The literature review was done as a common literature review with systematic analysis. Result: The nurse might have a key role in the care of girls affected with anorexia nervosa by providing empathy and understanding. The result of this could be that the nurses gain the girls trust and reliance which can help them while they fight to recover. The risk factors are many and vary from sociocultural factors to familiar, genetic and biological factors. Conclusion: The nurse might by being a true fellowman and by contributing with her time and knowledge facilitate to the girls recovery. The risk factors that are causing anorexia nervosa to outburst are individual and multidimensional.</p>