Projektformen är vanlig inom kulturområdet där man t.ex. kan räkna varje enskild teater-/operaproduktion eller konsert som projekt. Det finns olika typer av ledarroller som leder dem. Två av dessa roller är projektledare och producent. Skillnaden mellan de här två rollerna är inte alltid tydlig och syftet med den här studien är dels att försöka utröna om det finns någon tydlig generell definition av rollerna inom det studerade området och dels hur personer som arbetar i dessa två yrkesroller upplever sitt arbete. Studien innefattar två olika institutioner inom konstmusik samt en operainstitution och den har genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer med projektledare och producenter som arbetar på dessa platser Resultatet visar på att det inte finns någon generell definition av rollerna och att de ser olika ut på olika platser beroende på en rad olika faktorer. Det visar även på att både projektledare och producenter i den här miljön upplever sitt arbete positivt med många bollar i luften och många mänskliga kontakter men också med inslag av stress, frustration och svårigheter att vara ledig. Det är även ett arbete där man gemensamt arbetar mot en fix deadline på gott och ont och där balansgången mellan konst och ekonomi ständigt är närvarande. / In the field of performing arts the work is often done in the form of a project. Every single theatre and opera production or concert can be regarded as a project. There are many different roles leading the work in a culture project. Producer and project manager are two of these leading roles. The difference between these two roles is not always clear. The purpose of this study is partly to try to find out whether there is any clear general definition of the two different roles within the field studied and partly to see how both producers and project managers experience their work in this context. One opera and two different music art institutions are having been studied. The study is performed by means of qualitative interviews with project managers and producers working in these institutions. The result shows there is no general definition of the leader roles and that they vary between different institutions depending on several factors. It also shows that both project managers and producers in these institutions have a positive view in the intensity of the work and the many personal contacts. At the same time, they experience stress, frustration and difficulties to relax from work. In these cultural projects you also work towards a mutual fixed dead-line. This can have a positive or negative effect. You always have the balance between art and economy constantly present.

Este trabalho é sobre gerenciamento de projetos no contexto da área de sistemas de informação, onde há características específicas e relacionamentos entre elementos tais como : tecnologia, processos de negócio, gerenciamento de mudança, comportamento humano e especificação subjetiva do produto . A taxa de fracassos em projetos de sistemas de informação permanece alta em comparação com outros projetos de tecnologia. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é contribuir para o conhecimento na área de gerenciamento de projetos de sistemas de informação, focando na investigação dos fatores de risco que podem influenciar no sucesso percebido de um projeto. Um dos desafios deste trabalho foi definir conceitos e medidas objetivas para avaliar os eventos associados com gerenciamento do risco e com o sucesso de projetos. Apoiado na revisão da literatura sobre o tema e em outras pesquisas similares, foi construído um instrumento com o qual diversas dimensões de risco e sucesso foram avaliadas em uma amostra de 180 projetos de sistemas de informação. Cada dimensão foi dividida em classes e cada classe foi detalhada em variáveis métricas em sua maioria. Depois da coleta e validação dos dados da amostra, foram aplicadas algumas técnicas estatísticas para analisar o comportamento das dependências entre fatores de risco e fatores de sucesso. A análise da direção e intensidade de influência de cada fator de risco para cada fator de sucesso reproduziu grande parte do conhecimento obtido da revisão da literatura, mas o nível de detalhe proporcionado pelo uso das técnicas estatísticas permitiu desvendar alguns aspectos que não eram facilmente perceptíveis. As conclusões apresentadas neste trabalho podem ser consideradas por gerentes de projeto que trabalham com produtos de tecnologia de informação, mais especificamente aqueles envolvidos com implantação e/ou desenvolvimento e sistemas de informação. Além disso, os resultados obtidos podem ajudar na elaboração de procedimentos práticos para metodologias de gerenciamento de risco, pois a lista de influências e dependências entre risco e sucesso é agora melhor conhecida, permitindo melhorias em políticas de gerenciamento de risco. / This research is about project management, especially in the context of information systems area, where there are specific characteristics and relationships among elements like : technology , business processes, change management, human behavior and subjective product specification. The rate of information system project failure remains high in comparison with other high-tech projects. The main objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge in the area of project management, focusing in the investigation of risk factors that can influence on the perceived success of the project. One of the challenges was to define concepts and to conceive objective measures to assess the events associated with risk management and project success. Sustained in the literature and other similar researches, it was built a instrument with which several dimensions of risk and success were assessed in a sample of 180 information system projects. Each dimension was divided into classes and each class was detailed by variables composed by metric indicators in its majority. After the gathering and validation of the data sample, some statistical techniques were applied to talk over the behavior of dependencies between risk and success factors. The analysis of direction and intensity of the influence of each risk factor over each success factor has reproduced some knowledge from the literature and other researches, but the level of details that was able to get by the statistical techniques shed some light over some aspects that were unrevealed. The conclusions presented in this research can be considered by project managers who work with information technology products, more specifically those who work with systems information development or deployment . Besides, the analysis achieved in this work can help to create practical procedures for risk management methodologies, since the list of influences and dependencies of risk factor over success factors are better known, allowing improvements in a active risk management policy.

There are three lines of poverty in South Africa, the first line is that of people living at less than R271 per month and constitute one third of the population (about 33 percent), second being those people living at less than R422 per month (50 percent of the population) and the last group being people living at less than R1 230 per month, constituting 79.1 percent of the population (Oosthuizen. 2008: 7 – 9). The poorest provinces are Eastern Cape and Limpopo with a poverty rate of 68.3 percent and 60.7 percent respectively, Western Cape and Gauteng the poverty rates are 20 percent and 28.8 percent respectively (United Nations Development Programme. 2003) To respond to the poverty challenges the government has come up with poverty alleviation strategies which were later translated into anti-poverty programmes. The Anti-poverty programmes undertaken by Government since 1994 can be grouped into various categories of public expenditure such as (Friedman and Bhengu, 2008:14), Social assistance and grants, Employment generating programmes, enterprise development and income support, Basic household security, Social services, Disaster relief and Employment related social insurance. This study assessed Mogabane Community Project to find out reasons why the project did not reach its objective of poverty reduction in the community. Qualitative Research methodology was used to arrive at the findings.

M.A. / The success of participation in research for development depends upon its ability to change power relations in the development setting. The central problem adressed by this study is the question whether participatory methodologies are able to change power relations. A case study is made of the Tshikonelo irrigation scheme of the Agricultural Corporation of Venda, now called the Agricultural and Rural Development Corporation (Pty) Ltd. This case study identifies obstacles relevant to developmental interventions which cast a critical light upon the claims of participatory methodologies. The following methodologies are discussed: Action Research, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), and the Actor-oriented perspective on rural development. The origin of the methodologies that use participation in research is located in the use of social scientific knowledge for development. Consequently, the use of social scientific knowledge is fundamental to the realisation of Participatory Development. This relationship problematises the role of social scientific knowledge for the development process, as social scientific knowledge for development cannot be limited to the context of the development project, and its ability to critique development efforts should be primary. Action Research is relevant to intervention if collaboration with other similar projects is possible. The focal point of this methodology is the degree to which Apartheid and the accompanying strategy of "Separate Development" continues to affect the lives and activities of the farmers involved in the Tshikonelo project. In this respect, it can be used to disseminate alternative agricultural techniques. This approach is important as it can bring about changes in the agricultural establishment. PRA is a positive contribution to the field by virtue of the innovative way in which it approaches development problems. The efficacy of PRA, however, depends upon factors that are external to the project context, such as the receptivity of the agricultural and development establishment to the participation of small farmers in the research process. Problems with PRA are highlighted which run parallel to the problematics of the use of social scientific knowledge for the development process. The strength of the Actor-oriented perspective lies mainly in the possibility of exposing the hidden power relations and dynamics of the irrigation project. As such, it has a unique and important role to play vis-à-vis the other methodologies, with regard to intervention in this project. A debate is constructed between the methodologies in question, covering the following: The degree of homogeneity of target groups; the "vision" of what participatory development should be like; and the identity of the community that has to validate the knowledge under discussion. "Participation" as paradigm for development should be refined in terms of these issues if it is to address deeper methodological problems. It can be seen as a methodological innovation as the community that is responsible for the final validation of knowledge is strange compared to the scientific community. The strategy of participation in development promotes the interests of the participants in two ways. Within the arrangement of how research is done, it promotes the interests of the participants before those of the individual scientist, and it is capable of promoting the interests of marginalised groups in terms of the present political economy. Participatory development is strongly influenced by those participating in the development process and is by no means an easy solution providing a more justifiable establishment.

The local sphere of government in the Republic of South Africa is demarcated into three distinct municipal categories. These three categories represent metropolitan, district and local municipalities as, delineated in the Constitution, 1996 (RSA, 1996). A prominent intent of local government in South Africa is to achieve developmental goals and to deliver effective, effiecient and economic services to citizens. This means delivering services through programmes in a manner that encourages the sustained development of local communities. The Maquassi Hills Local Municipality (MHLM), located in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality of the North-West Province, has a responsibility to implement and achieve local government’s developmental agenda through good governance, public participation, as well as transformation of internal, organisational systems and processes. The ultimate aim is to provide basic services to local communities and to stimulate economic development within their area of responsibility. Contrary to this scenario of efficient, effective and economic service delivery in a democratic developmental local government, South Africa, thus far, typified low levels of service delivery to such an extent that many communities were driven to service delivery protests. The locus of this study, indicated as the MHLM, subsequently also experienced protests within the community, as a result of a low standard, or a lack of service delivery. As possible corrective measures to help achieve the developmental goals of the MHLM, through enhanced service delivery the study introduced a basis theory as “management by projects”. This theory or design is viewed as a vehicle for service delivery improvements. The study investigates these features at strategic, tactical and operational levels within the MHLM as organisation, and compares the implementation of these features to information gained from scholarly efforts. The application of the mentioned features at these three levels within the MHLM is, furthermore, analysed to discern possible disparities, in order to recommend corrective measures that may provide service delivery improvements by the MHLM in its area of operation. / MA (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The fundamental objective of this study was to determine the impact of PLAS Land Reform Projects on the livelihood (financial, human, physical, natural and social capitals) of beneficiaries. The population of the study included all beneficiaries (97) of PLAS projects within Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. Fifty four beneficiaries were randomly selected from all 36 projects and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data collected was sorted, coded and analysed using version 21 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Frequency count and percentage were used to summarize the data. The identified major constraints affecting PLAS projects were found to be: lack of resources (77.9%), lack of finance (77.8%), lack of water (77.8%), lack of incentives (66.7%), lack/poor infrastructure (64.8%) and high inputs cost (59.3%). The respondents indicated that lack of finance was caused by both lack of government support and inability to access credit from financial institutions, Jack of assets and land ownership which could be used as security to secure loans. Binary Logit Regression Model was used to determine factors influencing the impact of PLAS projects on the livelihood of beneficiaries. Five explanatory variables found to be statistically significant were: size of projects (Z=1-.905: P<0.05), purchase price of projects (Z=-2.258: P>0.01), sufficient funding (Z=1.657: P<0.01), established market (Z=2.552: P<0.01) and age of farmers' (Z=-2.697: P>0.05). Wilcoxon Sign-rank Sum Test was used to determine the "before" and "after" impact of PLAS Land Redistribution projects on the livelihood (financial, human, physical, natural and social capitals) of beneficiaries. The findings showed that significant difference existed on the livelihood (social, financial, physical, natural and human capital) before and after participating in PLAS projects. The result indicated an inverse relationship in terms of the impact of PLAS projects on the livelihood of beneficiaries implying that discontinuation or no participation in PLAS projects could reduce livelihood capitals or negatively affect beneficiaries' livelihood. / Thesis (M.Sc.(Agric Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

The local sphere of government in the Republic of South Africa is demarcated into three distinct municipal categories. These three categories represent metropolitan, district and local municipalities as, delineated in the Constitution, 1996 (RSA, 1996). A prominent intent of local government in South Africa is to achieve developmental goals and to deliver effective, effiecient and economic services to citizens. This means delivering services through programmes in a manner that encourages the sustained development of local communities. The Maquassi Hills Local Municipality (MHLM), located in the Dr. Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality of the North-West Province, has a responsibility to implement and achieve local government’s developmental agenda through good governance, public participation, as well as transformation of internal, organisational systems and processes. The ultimate aim is to provide basic services to local communities and to stimulate economic development within their area of responsibility. Contrary to this scenario of efficient, effective and economic service delivery in a democratic developmental local government, South Africa, thus far, typified low levels of service delivery to such an extent that many communities were driven to service delivery protests. The locus of this study, indicated as the MHLM, subsequently also experienced protests within the community, as a result of a low standard, or a lack of service delivery. As possible corrective measures to help achieve the developmental goals of the MHLM, through enhanced service delivery the study introduced a basis theory as “management by projects”. This theory or design is viewed as a vehicle for service delivery improvements. The study investigates these features at strategic, tactical and operational levels within the MHLM as organisation, and compares the implementation of these features to information gained from scholarly efforts. The application of the mentioned features at these three levels within the MHLM is, furthermore, analysed to discern possible disparities, in order to recommend corrective measures that may provide service delivery improvements by the MHLM in its area of operation. / MA (Development and Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

IT projects continue to fail at an alarming rate. The majority of IT initiatives have a significant impact within organisations due to the integrative nature of IT systems and as a result the cost of this failure is high. The purpose of this research report is to investigate the prevalence of „accidental project managers‟ in the ICT industry (employees that have demonstrated technical expertise and been promoted to project management positions without any regard for project manager training and competencies) and examine what effect these untrained project managers have on project performance. A descriptive, quantitative research methodology was employed, and the sample that supported this research was taken from members of the Internet Service Provider‟s Association and the Project Management Institute of South Africa. The results indicated a positive association between project manager training level and projects being completed within budget, on time, and resulting in an operational system. The results also supported a correlative relationship between project manager training level and overall project outcome. These findings highlight the importance to organisations of investing in project manager training and developing effective recruitment criteria in order to boost IT project success rates.

Affärssystemsprojekt är en väsentlig företeelse i organisationer. Allt ifrån små till större nationella och internationella företag har ett affärssystem som stöd för sina affärsprocesser. Införande och byte av affärssystem betraktas inom affärsvärlden som en av de mest krävande och riskfyllda förändringarna ett företag kan genomföra. Att studera affärssystemsprojekt är av intresse ur ett organisationsperspektiv eftersom resultatet får långvariga konsekvenser för organisationen. Interorganisatoriska affärssystemsprojekt består dessutom av parter från två organisationer, vilka har skilda typer av kompetenser och roller. I ett affärssystemsprojekt är begrepp som projektmål, tidsdimension, och interorganisatoriska team av vikt att diskutera. Kommunikation, funktionen som översättare mellan parterna och ledarnas delaktighet för att integrera informationsstrategier och affärsstrategier är, enligt tidigare forskning inom både informationssystems och projektforskning, av vikt att diskutera. Det finns olika synsätt på förändring och sambanden som råder vid genomförandet av affärssystemprojekt. Det ena är att projektdeltagarna bör vara slutna för förändring och det andra är att de bör vara öppna för förändring av projektmål, tid och team beroende på den kunskap som utvecklas. Studier som fokuserar på konsekvenser för organisationer av det ena eller andra synsättet är däremot begränsade. Studiens övergripande problem är att studera vilka konsekvenser det kan få för leverantörs respektive beställarorganisationerna om parterna är slutna respektive öppna för förändring. Avhandlingen avser att bidra till både näringsliv och affärssystemsforskningen genom att beskriva konsekvenser för leverantörs och beställarorganisationer av om parterna är slutna eller öppna för förändringar inom affärssystemsprojekt. Multipla och longitudinella fallstudier har genomförts för att uppmärksamma organisatoriska konsekvenser över tid. Studien har genomförts indelad i tre faser (1) en retrospektiv fas, (2) en observationsfas och (3) en longitudinell fas. Datainsamlingsmetoder som använts är intervjuer, observationer och dokumentgranskning för att beskriva konsekvenser för både leverantörs och beställarorganisationer som genomför affärssystemsprojekt. Resultaten visar att en öppenhet och en slutenhet för förändringar av projektmål, tid och team fick konsekvenser för de båda organisationerna. När båda parter var slutna för förändring blev det svårt att använda kunskap inom projekten. Leverantören identifierade strategiska lärandeprojekt innan de beslutade sig för att vara öppna för förändring. När beställarna var öppna för förändring och leverantören sluten för förändring genomförde beställarna lärande och förändringsprojekt utanför projekten och de gemensamma projekten sekventiellt. När båda parter var öppna för förändringar blev konsekvenserna varken system eller organisationsutveckling, vilket hade kunnat förväntas. Istället ledde det till kommunikationsbarriärer. I denna sammanläggningsavhandling sammanställs och beskrivs resultaten från studien av affärsystemsprojekt via fyra publicerade artiklar. / ERP-Projects are important activities within organizations. Most organizations use ERP-systems from small to large national and international companies. Actually, Business considers ERP projects as one of the most demanding and risky changes an organization can perform. An Investigation into ERP-projects is of interest from an organizational point of view because the result affects the organization in a long-term perspective. In addition, Interorganizational ERP-projects consists of team members from two different areas of business, who have different competencies and roles. Communication in-between the parties, the functionality for intermediary’s and the managers’ participation are important within information systems and project research. However, In ERP-projects are concepts such as project goal, timeframes and Interorganizational teams important to discuss. There are divergent approaches on change and associations that prevail in realization of the ERP-projects. One approach is that the project participants ought to be closed and the other is that they ought to be open for changes in project goals, time and team depending on the knowledge that is developed. The investigations comprehensive problem is to study organizational consequences within the supplier and the customers´ organizations if they are open or closed for change.   The aim of the dissertation is to contribute to both business and ERP research through a description of consequences for supplier and customer organizations if the parties are closed or open for change within ERP-projects.  Multiple and longitudinal case studies have been used to discover organizational consequences from a long-term perspective. The investigation is conducted in three phases (1) a retrospective phase (2) an observational phase and (3) a longitudinal phase. Data collection methods used is interviews, observations and document investigations to be able to describe consequences for both supplier and customers’ organizations that are performing ERP-projects. In the results, an openness and closeness to change of project goals, time frames and team resources within the projects were associated with consequences for both of the organizations. When both parties were closed to change it was difficult to utilize knowledge developed within the projects. The supplier identified strategical learning projects before they decided to be open for change. When the customers were open for change and the supplier closed for change the customers performed learning and change outside the common projects and the Interorganizational project sequential. When both parties were open for change the expected system and organizational development did not appear. Instead, when both parties had an openness for change there were plenty of communication barriers.  In this dissertation, the results from the investigation of ERP projects is compiled and described through four published articles.

Through the years, the concept of Value has been widely discussed covering diverse fields of knowledge, such as marketing, business management, strategy, engineering, design, and the like. Within the construction industry field, highly praised management approaches have been used to deliver Value such as Value Engineering, Value Management and Lean Thinking. As a result of the complex nature of this concept, different definitions, equations and models have been proposed to mainly deliver Value from a customer focused perspective. Therefore, the potential of the construction industry has been usually limited by the fulfilment of individual requirements. Thus, environmental and social issues have been generally managed from a bill payer perspective. During the course of this research, Chilean experience in Social Housing Projects was investigated. Initial author observation, analysis of governmental policies and data collected from three case studies allowed to evidence an emergent phenomenon in developing countries such as Chile and in the construction sector experience in general. This phenomenon considers Value as an oscillating concept, which means Value delivered by a particular construction project continuously impacts society in a wide sense, and provides a legacy for future generations. In the same way, Value delivered for particular projects affects in turn those judgments concerning future projects and contribute with the permanent improvement of the construction sector s performance (learning from experience). Consequently, the construction industry contributes to the development of society through the alleviation of environmental & society issues such as drug consumption, social risk, public safety and so forth. Along the time, the decisions and activities of the construction industry have influenced more than a reduced set of customers. Therefore, there is no reasoning against the fact that the human species depends on many sorts of building and infrastructure projects to perform their activities and that the more developed a society or country is, the more such structures are needed. This is an absolute matter of fact. Consequently, building projects as the outcome of build environment could be considered as the physical reflection of our current decisions. They represent major investments in the future delivery, where several human, natural, monetary and technological resources are devoted. Those projects provide a legacy to future generations based on what we have valued today, and how much we care about tomorrow and the stability of our ecosystem. Therefore, the concept of Value in the construction management field should be visualised from a wider perspective towards the consideration of universal environmental & social issues. The consideration of this phenomenon is even more important in developing countries, where opportunities still exist to create a well-balanced built environment that supports society. In an attempt to conceptualise a wider view of Value in the construction industry, different approached to manage Value were investigated. As a result, Lean Thinking arose as a potential philosophy to expand common customer focused Value perspectives. Additionally, different features and multidimensional attributes of the concept of Value were identified. To aid the visualisation of Value in the construction industry, a conceptual model was developed and named the First and Last Value Model F&LVM. According to this model, the delivery of Value spans across two different contexts: First context, which refers to Value delivery to the society (First Value: Environmental & Social issues), and Last context, which deals with Value delivery at project level (Last Value: Production process). This model also considers the interaction between three Value domains: Production & Delivery capacity; Stakeholders perspective; and Social perspective. From this interaction, four central perspectives are included towards a wider visualisation of Value: Technological, economic, environmental and political. Moreover, this model considers Value as an objective, subjective, dynamic, context dependent, relative, and oscillating concept. Finally, the F&LVM was evaluated under the criteria of both researchers and practitioners from Lean Construction, whose potential contributes to a sustainable development. Evaluator s feedback demonstrated that this model contributes to a wider conceptualisation of Value in the construction industry.