The present research project entitled the method and its effect on learning of general statistics course for undergraduates César Vallejo University-Lima Subsidiaria, 2010-II, the aim of determining the effect of the project-based method in learning general statistics course for undergraduate students. Research regarding its methodology is descriptive-explanatory method and ex post facto correlational design. For data collection a questionnaire applies to students who collects feedback on the study variables. In relation to the sample, this is a statistically representative sample consisted of 100 students of vocational schools Environmental Engineering, Accounting and Psychology. For data processing software was used SPSS version 19. Among the most important conclusions we can say that the implementation of the project-based method has positive effect on learning of descriptive statistics, probability and statistical inference, thereby accepting the general hypothesis, "The application of project-based method has positive effect learning in general statistics course for undergraduates". / El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto que tiene el método basado en proyectos sobre el aprendizaje del curso Estadística General por parte de los estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad privada, durante el semestre 2010-II. El texto es de tipo descriptivo-explicativo; aplica el método ex post facto y el diseño correlacional. Para la recolección de datos, se aplicó a los estudiantes un cuestionario, que recogió sus opiniones sobre las variables del estudio. En relación a la muestra, estuvo conformada por cien alumnos de las escuelas profesionales de Ingeniería Ambiental, Contabilidad y Psicología. Para procesar los datos, se utilizó el Software SPSS, versión 19. El trabajo concluye que la aplicación del Método de Proyectos es beneficiosa en el aprendizaje de la estadística descriptiva, de las probabilidades y de la estadística inferencial; coincide, por ende, con la hipótesis planteada al inicio: “La aplicación del método basado en proyectos tiene un efecto positivo sobre el aprendizaje del curso Estadística General por parte de los estudiantes de pregrado de la universidad privada de Lima”.

Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how film festivals use project management techniques to manage uncertain resources. Design/methodology/approach – Fourteen case studies are used to explore the project management techniques used by film festivals across Europe. An extensive theoretical framework brings together a number of key fields for the first time and provides an informative background to the study. Based on this theoretical framework a conceptual model was developed, ‘the film festival ‘smoothie’ model’, which provides a guide for data collection and analysis. The research focuses on traditional and contemporary project management techniques, but also contextual factors that impact upon the project management of film festivals. Findings – The findings show that a creative, reactive and flexible approach to project management is vital within film festival organisations and supports earlier research calling for a rethinking of project management to consider the growing presence of ‘soft projects’ and contextual factors of projects. Furthermore, it highlights interesting characteristics and lessons that can be learnt from film festivals, warranting further investigation, since film festivals are ‘interesting repositories of knowledge that provide rich data for organisation and management researchers’ (Rüling and Strandgaard Pedersen, 2010, p. 322) and that cultural projects can be source of inspiration for refreshing project management techniques (Cwikla and Jalocha, 2015). Research limitations – The research gives an initial picture of the European panorama and presents studies of film festivals from Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom and Sweden. Originality/value – Our research contributes to a detailed understanding of the project management processes within film festivals and the way film festivals minimise the negative impact of uncertain resources, and exercise control without stifling creativity. Practical implications - This thesis intends to be descriptive, and therefore does not provide solid ground for practical recommendations of a recipe for success for project management within film festivals. The research does, however, provide evidence of the interesting project management approaches within film festival organisations and therefore advocates further research to be done in this field.

Losing ownership and control over the development of and connection to our own person detaches us from the most innate embodiment of ourselves, our person. Without being able to develop and connect to our person, we become detached from expressing our identity, exercising our autonomy, and formulating our own values, the most intrinsic features our person encapsulates. While we yearn to act on our own projects to express our identity, exercise our autonomy, and formulate our own values the way we want, morality imposes huge demands on our person that restrain us from doing so. Morality’s major requirement to always act on morally significant projects to produce the overall good puts us at risk of forfeiting our identity, autonomy, and values. Despite these features being the most innate embodiment of ourselves, morality neglects them so that we always participate in its domain of beneficence to further the interests of others who are in need. Even though great benefits result from always acting on morally significant projects to produce the overall good, we are at odds with moral beneficence because of the demands it imposes on our person. In this thesis, it is argued what makes a moral theory too demanding. Arguments by Bernard Williams, Samuel Scheffler, Liam B. Murphy, and Richard W. Miller are evaluated to construct views of what makes a moral theory too demanding for them. Afterwards, differences and commonalities are drawn from their views to frame the final view of what makes a moral theory too demanding that is argued here. All of the philosophers’ views contribute to the claim that we are entitled to our lives outside of morality’s domain of beneficence. Afterwards, it is explained why we are entitled to our lives outside of morality’s domain of beneficence. The most compelling explanation is that the potential development of our own person entitles us to do so outside of morality’s domain of beneficence. By developing our person to its fullest height on our own terms and conditions, we can connect to it in the best way possible. Nonetheless, because we are forced to always participate in morality’s domain of beneficence, we lack the ownership and control over the development of and connection to our own person. The demandingness of morality holds the reins over this relation between the development of and connection to our person when in fact we should.

In recent years the funds spent on research and development (R & D) have grown considerably. An indication of the extent of the growth in the U.K. was given by Hart (1) who noted that in 1900 approximately 0.05% of the gross national product was spent on research. This percentage increased to 0.25% in 1938, 1.6% in 1954 and 2.7% in 1962. Villiers (2) quotes a similar growth in the U.S., where research expenditure grew from <1% of gross national product in 1947, to about 3% in 1962. (In the U.K. it appears, from some statistics produced by the Ministry of Technology (3), that research expenditure has remained at about 2.7% of GNP over the period 1962-1967). The allocation of these resources poses a number of challenging questions in governmental, industrial and academic spheres. At a national level the kind of questions that might be asked are (a) what proportion of the gross national product should be devoted to government sponsored research, or (b) how should funds be divided between the claims of the aerospace, computer, or machine tool industries, or (c) how should funds be divided between the competing claims of the nuclear physicists and marine biologists. The large industrial concern is faced with similar problems though the resources involved are smaller. ICI for example spent about £30M on R & D in 1968, and during the later 1960's, the growth rate was about 8% per year. The Company must decide on the total amount to be spent on R & D and how it is to be allocated between different Divisions of the Company and different research categories. At lower levels of management two of the questions arising are (a) which projects shall be selected, and (b) how should the flow of resources to projects be controlled. It is now generally accepted that there is a need for techniques for assisting in the management of R & D. Jones (4) summed up the situation well when he wrote "It is not surprising that there is an increasing amount of discussion on the management of R & D for profit. Business becomes increasingly competitive and R & D activities, just as those of production and marketing must be examined to see how they can best play their part." Already a large number of relevant papers have been published, but as yet no significant breakthrough has been achieved. An important feature of the literature has been the concentration on theoretical models as a means of assisting research managers: reports of new methodology considerably out-number reports of practical testing of the methods in research laboratories. Throughout the author's research the opposite bias, that is to say towards a practical rather than a theoretical approach has been maintained. This was facilitated by the author completing most of his research in the R & D Department of the Mond Division of ICI (of which he is a member). The research presented in this thesis began with the very general objective of examining and developing methods for the allocation of resources (capital and manpower) to R & D and so Chapter 1 discusses some relevant methods that have been proposed in the literature. It was later decided to concentrate on the development of an improved system of project evaluation and control. Chapter 2 analyses an established system in this field, and looks at past projects to demonstrate some of the problems such a system should accept. Later chapters present the system that was developed during the research and record experience of testing the various procedures on a number of Mond Division R & D projects. As these are either still in progress or are only recently completed it has been necessary, for reasons of security, to limit descriptive detail and to normalize numerical data. Such normalization has been made in a manner that preserves the essential financial characteristics of the project. It is well perhaps, in the Introduction, to distinguish between the terms research and development. Following Baines, Bradbury and Suckling ( (5), page (2) ) process definition will be the term used to cover the steps required to take exploratory production activities from laboratory scale to full-scale. Development will refer to the problems of opening up a business area with a new product and will include economic assessment and marketing activities. For the most part these activities are closely linked to research activities and are usually performed by members of the same project team. The convention followed in the thesis will be to use the term 'research' to refer to all the activities of the project team and to assume that these also include some development activities as defined above. Only when discussing the work of others who have used the term R & D, or when there is a reason to emphasise the commercial exploitation content of a project will the word development be used.

Sonoporation, enhanced by ultrasound contrast agents has been explored as a promising non-viral technique to achieve gene transfection and targeting drug delivery in recent years. However, the short lifespan of traditional ultrasound contrast agents like Optison® microbubbles under moderate intensity ultrasound exposure limits their application. Liposomes, as drug carriers consisting of curved spherical closed phospholipid bilayer shells, have the following characteristics: 1) The ability to encapsulate and carry hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules. 2) The biocompatibility with cell membranes. 3) The nanometer size and the relative ease of adding special ligands to their surface to target a specific disease site. 4) The stability in the blood stream. 5) Targeted ultrasound irradiation can induce rupture of liposomes letting the drug encapsulated in them leak out to achieve controlled release of the therapeutic agents at a certain concentration and a delivery rate. In this thesis, several liposome synthesis methods are presented. Liposomes synthesized in our laboratory were characterized acoustically and optically. Anti rabbit IgG conjugated with Alexafluor 647 was delivered into Jurkat cells in a suspension containing liposomes by 10 % duty cycle ultrasound tonebursts of 2.2 MHz (the in situ spatially averged and temporally averaged intensity, ISATA = 80W/cm2) with an efficiency of 13 %. It has been experimentally shown that liposomes may be an alternative stable agent to Optison® to cause sonoporation. Furthermore, a type of nanometer-sized liposome (<300nm) was synthesized to explore the feasibility of ultrasound-triggered release from drug encapsulated lipsomes. It has been demonstrated encapsulated fluorescence materials (FITC) can be released from liposomes with an average diameter of 210 nm when exposed to high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) at 1.142MHz (ISPTA= 900 W/cm2). Rupture of relatively large liposomes (>100nm) and porelike defects in the membrane of small liposomes due to the excitation of HIFU were the main causes of the content release. The great enhancement of HIFU-mediated release in the nanometer-sized liposomes may prove useful for clinical applications. The presence of fine particles in Martian and lunar soil poses a significant threat to NASA’s viable long-term exploration and habitation of either the moon or Mars. It has been experimentally shown that the acoustic levitating radiation force produced by a 13.8 kHz 128 dB sound-level standing wave between a 3 cm-aperture acoustic tweeter and a reflector separated by 9 cm is strong enough to overcome the van der Waals adhesive force between the dust-particles and the reflector-surface. The majority of fine particles (> 2μm diameter) on a reflector surface can be dislodged and removed by a technique combining acoustic levitation and airflow methods. This dust removal technique may be used in space-stations or other enclosures for habitation.

Cette thèse porte sur l'évaluation de projets/programmes dans les pays en voie de développement. Partant de l'exemple de quatre projets du Burkina Faso, cette recherche s'est interrogée sur la pertinence du type d'évaluation externe à privilégier entre l'évaluation ex-ante (évaluation avant) et l'évaluation à mi-parcours. Il a été aussi question de déterminer les causes de l'insuffisance de la pratique de l'évaluation dans les pays en voie de développement. Les différentes investigations menées auprès de bénéficiaires de projets humanitaires, ont démontré qu'il est plus intéressant de choisir l'évaluation externe à mi-parcours qui favorise l'atteinte des objectifs visés du projet. Par ailleurs, en interrogeant les principaux acteurs de projets : consultants, ONG, bailleurs de fonds, ministères, etc. il ressort que l'ignorance du bien-fondé de l'évaluation, le coût élevé de l'évaluation et la perception de l'évaluation comme sanction (contrôle) sont les trois premières raisons qui freinent la pratique de l'évaluation externe. Enfin, cette thèse propose des outils pratiques en évaluation de projets. En effet, un regard critique a été porté sur l'évaluation en binôme. En outre, en prenant l'exemple concret d'une mission d'évaluation réalisée au Mali, les différentes phases de la conduite d'une évaluation de projet, allant de la commande à la livraison du rapport d'évaluation en passant par le recueil des données et/ou informations ont été détaillées. / This thesis concerns the evaluation of projects/programs in developing countries. Based on the example of four projects in Burkina Faso, this research wondered about the relevance of the type of external evaluation to favor between an ex-ante evaluation (evaluation before) or a mid-term evaluation. It was also necessary to question the causes of an insufficient practice of evaluation in developing countries. From various investigations led with beneficiaries of humanitarian projects, it is possible to demonstrate that it is more interesting to choose a mid-term external evaluation which favors the achievement of the objectives aimed by the project. Besides, by questioning the main actors of projects: consultants, NGOs, donors, ministries, etc. it emerges that the first three reasons which slow down the practice of the external evaluation are: ignorance of the legitimacy of evaluations, the high cost of evaluations and the perception of evaluation as a sanction (control). Finally, this thesis proposes practical tools in projects evaluation. Indeed, a critical look concerned the evaluation in binomial. Besides, by taking the concrete example of an evaluation mission accomplished in Mali, various phases related to the conduct of a project evaluation, starting from the order to the delivery of the appraisal report as well as the data and/or information collection, were detailed.

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1973 M33

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1973 O26

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1974 C65

Call number: LD2668 .P7 1974 D35