O esporte é visto como um aliado na promoção da inclusão social. Diante disso, os governos de diferentes países têm desenvolvido projetos sociais esportivos para populações de baixa renda, em especial para crianças e jovens. Os objetivos desses projetos são, geralmente, superdimensionados quando se referem a questões sociais, ultrapassando as potencialidades esportivas. Além disso, os processos de avaliação de projetos sociais esportivos são ainda incipientes. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento de processos de avaliação que busquem mensurar os efeitos destes projetos tornase essenciais, afim de justificar investimentos públicos, reconhecer boas práticas e prestar contas à sociedade. Entre os projetos sociais esportivos existentes no Brasil, destaca-se o Programa Segundo Tempo (PST), iniciativa do Ministério do Esporte que conta desde sua implementação, em 2003, com a parceria de prefeituras e compreende todo o território nacional. Diante da relevância do PST, este estudo se propôs a identificar e analisar os objetivos e os processos de avaliação do PST, no período de 2007 a 2017, e sugerir indicadores de impacto. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa. Em relação aos procedimentos de pesquisa, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com equipes do PST. Para a análise das informações, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de conteúdo. O estudo identificou que, ao longo do tempo, ocorreram alterações e adequações nos objetivos do PST. Além disso, observou-se a ampliação da produção literária e científica do PST, assim como as capacitações pedagógicas foram adaptadas e hoje abordam questões relacionadas às atividades cotidianas dos núcleos Percebeu-se também a expansão do número de convênios, a importância da criação de um processo de avaliação e, em 2015, a criação da Equipe de Avaliação Pedagógica. Atualmente, a Equipe de Avaliação Pedagógica do PST está desenvolvendo processos de avaliação focados na capacitação pedagógica, na qualificação das aulas e na autopercepção de competência dos alunos. Os indicadores mais citados na pesquisa foram os relacionados aos impactos diretos do PST, devido a uma maior vinculação com os objetivos do programa e por possibilitarem uma aferição mais precisa. Sendo assim, foi sugerido a implementação de um processo de avaliação em níveis, o qual considera que um núcleo com melhor infraestrutura ou com RHs mais qualificados tem condições de ter um processo mais completo de avaliação, assim como maiores probabilidades de atingir seus objetivos. Concluindo, os gestores do PST demonstraram uma constante preocupação em readequar seus objetivos a reais possibilidades de um projeto esportivo social, assim como voltaram seus olhares ao desenvolvimento de um processo estruturado de avaliação, criando a equipe de avaliação pedagógica direcionada para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de avaliação que considera as condições de cada núcleo e dos RHs. Com a implantação desses instrumentos de avaliação, acredita-se que o PST terá condições de prestar contas da sua contribuição social para o País e possibilitar a sua continuidade e ampliação. Palavras-chave / Sports are seen as an ally in promoting social inclusion. As such, governments in various countries have developed sports projects for low-income populations, especially children and young people. However, the objectives of these projects typically exceed their capacity to address social issues by overestimating the potential impacts of sports. In addition, the processes for evaluating social sports projects are still incipient. As such, developing evaluation processes for measuring the effects of these projects has become essential for justifying the public investments, recognizing good practices and being accountable to society. The Segundo Tempo Program (PST), a social sports projects of the Brazilian Ministry of Sports, has worked in partnership with local governments nationwide since its creation, in 2003. Given the importance of the PST, the purpose of this study is to analyze the program’s goals and evaluation processes from 2007 to 2017 and to suggest impact indicators. The study is qualitative. Regarding the research procedures, semi-structured interviews were conducted with PST teams. To analyze the information, the content analysis technique was adopted. The study identified that, over time, the PST’s objectives have undergone changes and adjustments. Furthermore, an expansion in literary and scientific production on the PST was observed, and the program’s pedagogical capacities were adapted to encompass issues related to the day-to-day activities of centers. Expansion also was observed in the number of agreements, the importance of developing an evaluation process and, in 2015, the creation of the Pedagogical Evaluation Team Today, the PST Pedagogical Evaluation Team is developing evaluation processes focused on pedagogical training, on improving the quality of classes and on the self-perception and competency of students. The indicators most cited in the study are related to the PST’s direct impacts, given better alignment with the program’s objectives and the possibility of more accurate measurements. Accordingly, the implementation was suggested of a stratified evaluation process that takes into account the fact that centers with better infrastructure and better-qualified human resources present conditions that allow for a more complete evaluation and ensure a higher likelihood of their objectives being met. In conclusion, the PST’s managers demonstrated constant concern with realigning objectives with the actual possibilities of a social sports project, and shifted their focus on developing a structured evaluation process supported by the creation of a pedagogical evaluation team focused on developing an evaluation system that takes into account the conditions of each center and its human resources. With the implementation of these evaluation instruments, it is believed that the PST will present the conditions for rendering an account of its social contribution to the country and for ensuring the program’s perpetuity and growth.

The current established historiography of the field of project management dates back to the 1950s and there is little known about the development of this field prior to the Second World War. Critical scholars within this field have challenged the timeline for project management. This historical research provides evidence of project practices prior to the twentieth century by introducing the activities of projectors, who are currently unacknowledged within the field of project management. The title of projector was assigned to initiators and/or promoters of the idiosyncratic activities that combined elements of public and private gain and were known in the period as projects. The research investigates the genesis of the ‘projector' name and maps out the activities of projectors and their involvement within English industrial and economic development. Projectors and their schemes are explored through three different foci. The first focus is archival, exploring a seventeenth-century project within the textiles industry carried out by the projector Walter Morrell. This analysis highlights a number of practices within Morrell's project similar to modern project management, and potentially informs the history of project management. The second focus is through the lens of the late seventeenth-century writer and projector Daniel Defoe, whose seminal publication on projects was reprinted multiple times and consequently shaped public opinion on projectors and the undertaking of projects, this focus was socio-historical. The third focus relates to public-private interest, which played an important role in projectors’ undertakings and strongly influenced the connotation of the title ‘projector’. This theme is examined through existing PhD theses of scholars who studied the activities of projectors in seventeenth-century England. These three foci inform the contribution this thesis makes to project management history. The originality of this work is in acknowledging the activities of projectors within seventeenth century England, which has implications for project management histories.

Minimalism in contemporary memorial design has been criticised for being meaningless and inappropriate in creating powerful monuments (Long, 2007). However, abstraction in modern art and landscape design can appeal to the human 'subconscious', which inspires design and enriches the experience of viewers and visitors (Jellicoe, 1966, 1970, 1993). This study investigated the meanings and the values that contemporary memorials hold through theoretical and empirical study, by which means of 'collective identity', individual and community engagement are enriched. This notion of engagement in contemporary memorial was examined based on the psychological theories s of 'transaction' (Altman and Rogoff, 1987; Dewey and Bentley, 1949; Pepper, 1942, 1967) and 'personal projects' (Little, 1983). Some other notions, such as 'anti-memorial', 'personalisation' and 'mirroring', drawn from memorial design, environmental psychology and philosophy of art, were discussed in relation to the main theoretical background. Accordingly, this research drew a distinction between the classical memorial, where symbolic representation is viewed in isolation from the viewers and their internal cognition, and the contemporary memorial landscape with its potential for transaction and shared memory, in which a spectator becomes a participant. As memorial design is a complex and multi-layered process, a memorial project for Palestinian displacement was conducted as a complementary part to the main scientific research. It offered a complementary approach to the conventional scientific inquiry, where the research situation is not a problem to be solved, but an enquiry whose problematic situations are characterised by 'uncertainty', 'disorder' and 'indeterminacy' (Schon, 1983). The collection methods for qualitative and quantitative data were observation and behavioural mapping in conjunction with theory of 'affordances' and the 'personal projects' questionnaire of memorial users. Data was collected from three memorial landscapes in London: the Princess Diana Memorial Fountain (PDMF), the 7 July Memorial (7JM) and the John F. Kennedy Memorial (JFKM). They vary in scale, design approach and process. Applying these methods enabled the researcher to attain more insights into memorial behavioural settings and their possible affordances and transactional properties. Key results of the data analysis showed that PDMF had high levels of transaction and a cathartic nature through qualities of playfulness, bodily involvement and social value. While the success of this memorial mainly lay in its cathartic and grieving quality, the ceremonial phallic design of 7JM and the allegorical landscape of JFKM did prove to create successful and powerful memorials through both their didactic and cathartic dimensions. The text and lettering embossed on the design elements helped these to occur simultaneously. The intended outcome of this research was to contribute to the recent development of the way contemporary designers and artists should approach memorial design. This was in the form of design guidelines and statements, which allowed individuals and communities to gain access to what a memorial could symbolise. This could be achieved through memorial physical forms representing different meanings associated with the commemorated subject, and by addressing the memorial design process in relation to both users' perception and designer's intention.

Community development programmes have been initiated to tackle the shared problems of local communities. The nature, volume and tenure of the development programmes depend on the felt needs and available resources. Different nations initiate community development programmes at different times. Pakistan was among first few countries to launch local level development programmes during the early 1950s, after consultation from the United Nations. The Government started the Village Agricultural Industrial Development (V-AID) and Community Development Projects (CDPs) that focused on rural and urban areas, respectively. The CDPs introduced the self-help and bottom-up development approaches in the early years, which led to great success. The mode of working of CDPs was changed with different transitions and expansions in their working styles and services. These projects are still alive and provide community development services directly, as well as indirectly through nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) registered with the Department of Social Welfare. This survey research was conducted to describe and explore the present working practices, problems and needs of government-run CDPs in Punjab Province, Pakistan. In 36 districts of Punjab, officers-in-charge at the CDPs (Deputy District Officers), NGOs registered with the CDPs and non-CDP-registered NGOs were included as respondents. Questionnaires having both closed-ended and open-ended questions were used as data collection tools. Results in the form of frequencies and percentages are presented in simple tables, multiple response tables, bar charts and pie charts. In addition, open-ended responses were coded, quantified and presented in multiple response tables. Analysis of data obtained from the three groups of participants provided rich and valuable results about the current work practices of CDPs. I found that CDPs are well-known government-run development projects that register, guide, assist and monitor NGOs and initiate direct programmes in communities. Almost all CDPs cover more than 35,000 people in their working areas with and face problems of untrained staff and staff shortages as mainly reported by NGOs. The respondent NGOs, in comparison to the DDOs, report the CDP staff performance as low and unsatisfactory. The role of CDPs in the NGO registration and emergency services is acknowledged. NGOs viewed the CDPs registration services overly long and complicated. Further, the mode of operation of the CDPs and their authority to deal with the local people and NGOs was found to be complex. In this regard, CDPs have limited authority and have to follow instructions given by higher authorities. The respondent NGOs consider the CDPs and higher authorities to be more authoritative in deciding planning and implementation of projects initiated by the CDPs directly at the local level. The CDPs face various problems that affect their smooth working. The responses of all three types of respondents report heavy population coverage, staff shortages, lack of staff training, lack of funds, and a lengthy and complicated NGO registration process as major hurdles affecting CDPs performances. Other problems include the limited authority of CDPs to fund NGOs and to take action against nonfunctional and unregistered NGOs, lack of transportation for field activities and noncooperation of the NGOs and local people. In addition, the CDPs need proper office buildings, equipment and cooperation from higher authorities, NGOs and local people. Following analysis of the responses provided, this study recommends that the higher authorities should equip the CDPs with more and better trained staff, more funding, better office buildings and equipment, more transportation, an improved and easy NGO registration process and more authority. The respondents also suggest the local NGOs and community should remain in contact and cooperate with the CDPs, and that the DDOs should assist the local communities and NGOs in problem-solving.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Participatory monitoring and evaluation today, gives a whole new approach to participation. Local communities can now fully participate and be involved from the initiation of a project or from the beginning of a project, right up until when the project is completed as well as fully participate in the evaluation process as well. This goes a long way towards ensuring programmes, projects and policy outcomes are achieved. As a result, PM&E largely improves public accountability as well as improves community participation in the delivery of services to meet their needs. It ultimately enables communities to take ownership of policies, programmes and projects designed to meet their needs and to improve the quality of services provided to them. Thus, this research seeks to monitor and evaluate the participatory nature of the C3 Notification system towards improved service delivery within Site C Khayelitsha community. The challenge confronting many communities such as Site C Khayelitsha, is the inability of government to allow the communities fully take ownership of community projects and programmes designed to improve service delivery. This leaves a huge gap in truly ascertaining what communities truly want and what they need. Through the use of a mixed research method, a total of 50 respondents (users of the C3 notification system) living in Site C Khayelitsha were randomly selected and administered questionnaires; and 5 in-depth interviews were conducted with City of Cape Town officials in the Department of Solid Waste Management. From the data collected, the following research findings were ascertained. It was evident that there was a lack of awareness around the various channels through which users could log complaints. Many users found the Municipal offices and Call Centre an easier way to log complaints as compared to the other channels provided by the City to log complaints. It also revealed that services were not provided within the period stipulated in the Service level agreements. The qualitative analysis also underlined critical factors affecting the City of Cape Town and users of the C3 notification system in Khayelitsha. Call Centre agents obtain incomplete information of service requests or complaints logged by users and users fail to provide complete information when logging service requests especially through e-service channels provided to log complaints. Both mistakes contribute to the delay or non-response of the City of Cape Town to service requests or complaints.

Em um ambiente de competição globalizada a disputa pelo cliente está mais acirrada. Neste cenário, o sucesso e progresso das organizações privadas, cada vez mais, estão relacionados com a capacidade das mesmas de agir frente às oportunidades e ameaças apresentadas. Ao longo das últimas décadas, o setor público, de um modo geral, também se viu sob maior pressão para melhorar seu desempenho. Tais pressões do ambiente têm levado as instituições a vivenciarem constantes mudanças, cuja implementação deve ser realizada por meio de projetos. Com intuito de aprimorar o gerenciamento e o desempenho de seus projetos várias organizações têm adotado as práticas recomendadas pelos modelos de maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos. Apesar disso, poucos estudos têm apresentado, particularmente para o setor público e para projetos de engenharia e construção, qual a efetividade das ferramentas e técnicas propostas por tais modelos. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo avaliar a relação entre a evolução na maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos e a melhoria no gerenciamento e no nível de desempenho dos projetos em relação a prazo e a custo. As principais dificuldades enfrentadas no processo de evolução também são discutidas. Com este propósito foi realizado um estudo de caso no Governo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Com base na análise do caso citado, percebeu-se que, com a evolução na maturidade, os projetos da organização pesquisada apresentaram indícios de melhoria no desempenho do gerenciamento em relação a prazo e a custo. As melhorias no gerenciamento dos projetos também são relevantes, merecendo destaque: estabelecimento de um ambiente de maior seriedade em relação ao cumprimento das metas e maior controle e transparência dos projetos. As principais dificuldades encontradas no processo de evolução na maturidade foram: gerente de projeto conseguir superar a forte centralização oriunda da migração de uma estrutura funcional para a matricial e a incorporação da metodologia de gerenciamento de projetos como algo natural. / In an environment of global competition the battle to secure clients has become even tougher and unyielding. In this scenario the success and progress of private organisations is increasingly related to their capacity to act in advance of the opportunities and threats presented. Throughout the last decades the public sector has also seen itself come under greater pressure to improve its performance. Such pressure has meant that institutions have to live with constant change which the implementation should be accomplished through projects. With the task of enhancing the management and performance of their projects, various organisations have adopted the practices recommended by project management maturity models. However, in spite of this, few studies have presented evidence as to the effectiveness of the tools and technical proposals utilised in such approaches particularly for the public sector and in relation to engineering and construction projects. This work has as its main objective an evaluation of the relationship between maturity evolution in project management and the improvement in the project management and project management performance in relation to schedule and cost. The principal difficulties confronted in the process of evolution are also discussed. As such a case study in the Government of Rio de Janeiro was carried out. From the analysis of the case cited it is shown that with maturity evolution in project management, the projects of the organisations researched manifested signs of improvement in project management performance for schedule and cost. The project management improvements are also noteworthy for establishing an environment of greater seriousness in relation to meeting targets and better project control and transparency. The principal difficulties confronted in the process of maturity evolution in project management were: project management able to overcome the strong centralisation originating from the migration from a functional to a matricial structure and the incorporation of project management methodology as something natural.

Este é um estudo sobre o conhecimento da importância que o gerenciamento dos projetos tem no desempenho dos projetos que procuram aumentar a eficiência nos processos das empresas. Trata-se de um tema que se converteu em um desafio para as empresas e os profissionais que trabalham nesse campo, já que não existem muitas pesquisas sobre a relação entre os projetos de eficiência e as ferramentas de gestão de projetos. O presente trabalho tem esse foco e foi orientado pelo seguinte problema: qual é a contribuição percebida das ferramentas da gerência de projetos para o desempenho dos projetos de eficiência dos processos? Para responder à pergunta, foi analisados os projetos que procuram melhorias nos processos nas empresas. Além disso, estudou-se as ferramentas do Project Management Institute (PMI). Por último, se avaliou a contribuição percebida das ferramentas do PMI para o desempenho dos projetos que procuram melhorar a performance dos processos nas empresas. A pesquisa é de natureza descritiva e exploratória com uma abordagem quantitativa. O desenvolvimento do estudo envolveu pesquisa bibliográfica e questionário. O questionário foi aplicado a professionais com experiência no desenvolvimento de projetos de melhoria de processos e em gestão de projetos nos países do Brasil e da Colômbia. Os resultados indicaram que as ferramentas de gestão de projetos contribuem para o desempenho dos projetos Lean, Kaizen, Seis Sigmas e Reengenharia, mas nem todas as ferramentas contribuem para cada um destes projetos. Também identificou-se que a contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos pode variar entre moderadamente significativa ou extremamente significativa. Além disso, percebeu-se que o uso e a percepção da contribuição das ferramentas de gestão de projetos usadas neste tipo de projetos varia de um país para outro, neste caso o Brasil e a Colômbia. Com este estudo, espera-se contribuir com conhecimento no campo da administração de projetos e de produção para estudos futuros. / This is a study about what the knowledge of the importance of project management has on the performance of projects that seeks to increase efficiency in the processes of companies. This subject has become a challenge for companies and professionals who work in this field, because there is not much research about the relationship between the efficiency of projects and project management tools. This study has that focus and was guided by the following problem: what is the contribution of the perceived project management tools for the performance of process efficiency projects? To answer this question, the projects seeking process improvements in companies were analyzed. Furthermore, we studied the Project Management Institute (PMI) tools. Finally, this study assessed the perceived contribution of the PMI tools for the performance of projects that seek to improve the performance of processes in companies. The research is descriptive and exploratory with a quantitative approach. The development of the study involved literature review and a survey. The questionnaire was applied to professionals with experience in the development of process improvement projects and project management in Brazil and Colombia. The results indicated that the project management tools contribute to the performance of projects Lean, Kaizen, Six Sigma and Reengineering, but not all tools contribute to each of these projects. It was also found that the contribution of project management tools can range from moderately significant or extremely significant. Moreover, it was noticed that the use and perception of the contribution of the project management tools used in these types of projects could be different from one country to another, in this case Brazil and Colombia. With this study, a contribution is expected to be made to the field of project management and production for future studies.

Ph.D--Education, University of Limpopo,2008 / This thesis describes the research carried out in the three education and training innovative projects which are the cases of this study, namely: African Pathways, Ikhwelo and LoveLife. The research was conducted in the context of the on-going research activities of the programme of Adult Education of the University of Limpopo. The aim of the study was to gain insight into current practices and strategies which might be effective when developing and implementing the education and training innovative projects in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. I also intended to investigate the factors that determine the success and failure of education and training innovative projects in a developing context. In order to achieve the aims outlined above, I formulated the following main research questions: • What are the effective strategies for the development and implementation of education and training innovative projects in the Limpopo Province? • What are the factors that determine the success and/or failure of education and training innovative projects in a developing context? This study seeks answers to the above-mentioned research questions. Hence it addresses issues that not only need considerable development and further inquiry for advancing the academic debate, but are also relevant for practitioners who are working in the field and facing these challenges. In trying to answer the questions outlined above, I decided to undertake a multiple case study to investigate three education and training innovative projects which are the cases of the study. This study had elements of development, implementation and evaluation designs. It was also the intention of the study to describe the three educational projects and the real-life context in which they occurred. It was the objective of this study to develop success indicators of education and training innovative projects. These success indicators could possibly lead to a model which could be useful for the establishment and sustenance of innovative projects in a developing context. Chapter two outlines the theoretical framework of the study. Based on the readings of the relevant literature, and preliminary discussions with experts in the fields of innovation and action research, it appeared that for any innovation to succeed factors that determine and influence sustainability need to be taken into consideration. Hence there has been a discussion about factors that contribute to, and influence the sustainability of education and training innovative projects. Critical factors such as: Local context, ownership, bottom-up strategy, cross-sectoral collaborations and effective communication channels were discussed in detail in this chapter. I have also outlined the theoretical model which is essential when investigating the success factors and indicators for education and training innovative projects in a developing context. The chapter concludes with a discussion about a young adult in the South African context, views about social exclusion and lifelong learning. In Chapter three, I describe the design of the study. The main focus of this chapter was to discuss the two tracks of data collection. The first track had to do with fieldwork while the second track was about the mini-conference or the focus group interview of the study. An explanation and discussion of the instruments that were utilised to collect data from different role players in various phases of data collection is also given. I further explain how the data that has been collected from various phases was analysed using qualitative data analysis methods. The chapter concludes by discussing what I call ‘reflections’, a section that was about my main learning areas and the difficulties that I encountered during the process of this research. Chapter four presents the empirical results of the study. It gives an account of the strategies that might be effective when developing and implementing the education and training innovative projects in the Limpopo Province. In this chapter I present an overview of the three projects, that is, African Pathways, Ikhwelo and loveLife, which are the cases of this study. A description of programmes which are offered in each project of this study is given. I also indicate the aims and objectives of each project. The chapter further discusses issues around staffing and learners in each project. I have also outlined in detail the views of the interviewees in relation to the critical factors of this study. The chapter concludes by discussing the findings of observations based on each project of the study. Chapter five is a cross-case analysis of the projects. The intention was to compare and contrast cases based on the critical factors of the study, while trying to determine the effective strategies for the development and implementation of education and training innovative projects in the Limpopo Province. During this process, I have been careful in preserving each individual case’s uniqueness with the need to understand generic processes at work across cases. In chapter six, I discuss further the empirical results of the study. It is based on the mini-conference or the focus group meeting that I held with the Project Managers and Educators in the Adult Education Resource Centre of the University of Limpopo. This chapter gives an account of factors that determine the success and/or failure of the education and training innovative projects in a developing context. The final chapter (seven) presents the final conclusion and recommendations of this study. This chapter integrates the information from previous chapters in discussing effective strategies which are useful when developing and implementing the education and training innovative projects in the Limpopo Province. It also provides suggestions which might contribute towards the development and implementation of more effective strategies of education and training innovative projects in a developing context. The chapter concludes by mentioning issues that need to be further researched, as the ABET field seems to be under-researched, particularly the area of education and training innovative projects. / Not listed

Thesis (M.Dev) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / This study focuses on the impact of management on the sustainability of the community development projects in Mutale Local Municipality. Mutale Local Municipality (MLM) is in the Limpopo Province and is about 262km north of Polokwane. MLM is predominately rural and it has two towns, which are: Mutale and Masisi. Fighting poverty is a serious challenge facing the people from this area today. It is interesting to note that poor people in the rural area are mobilizing themselves and start community development projects in cooperation with the government. The Department of Health and Social Development is providing government officers who visit these community development projects with the aim of helping the communities to ensure that these projects are sustainable. The labourers who are attached to the community development projects are then able to look after their families with the money they get from the projects. The communities of Mutale decided to tackle poverty through the establishment of the following community development projects: Tshandama Community Bakery, Thengwe Egg- laying, Mveledziso Catering and Decoration, Matomboni Crusher Stone and Bale Vegetable Garden. The final results from the study show that most of the rural community development projects lack proper management. The main reasons leading to poor performance of community development projects, among others are lack of financial plan, improper management style and lack of active participation of key stakeholders. The study highlighted significant information about the impact of management on the sustainability of the community development projects in Mutale Local Municipality. It was hoped that the recommendation made in this study would assist the community development projects in our country South Africa. Youth should be involved in community development projects. Community projects should be monitored regularly in order to improve the productivity. All the people who are attached to the community development projects should be trained and capacitated toward financial planning, marketing and security management.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2008 / Refer to document