Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

Cette étude comparative porte sur les emplois interrogatif, percontatif, relatif (avec antécédent) et intégratif (sans antécédent) du pronom indéfini quoi en français et de ses équivalents mā et māḏā en langue arabe. Notre corpus est tiré de la littérature du XXe siècle, et plus particulièrement des romans et des pièces de théâtre de Margueritte Duras et de Marcel Pagnol pour le français, et de Naguib Mahfouz pour lʼarabe. Nous étudierons tout dʼabord les emplois de ces trois pronoms régis par leurs caractéristiques et leurs propriétés syntaxiques. Nous analysons le comportement syntaxique de mā et de māḏā dans leurs emplois interrogatifs en comparaison avec leur équivalent français quoi. Nous verrons notamment quʼil existe des points communs et des divergences entre les deux langues, plus particulièrement concernant leur autonomie syntaxique au niveau de leur position dans la phrase. Nous examinons également lʼemploi de quoi et de mā et māḏā dans la subordination, en tant que percontatifs, relatifs et intégratifs. Notre analyse montre que les différentes formes de la percontative sʼexpliquent par les caractéristiques propres aux trois pronoms. Pour les deux autres emplois, il existe des points de divergence entre mā et quoi, surtout au niveau de lʼantécédent utilisé pour le relatif. Quant à lʼemploi intégratif, mā, de par ses propriétés syntaxiques, admet plus de fonctions dans la phrase que son équivalent quoi. / This comparative study examines the interrogative, percontative, relative (with antecedent)and integrative (with no antecedent) uses of quoi the indefinite pronoun in French and itsequivalents mā and māḏā in Arabic. Our corpus is taken from twentieth century literature,especially novels and plays of Margueritte Duras and Marcel Pagnol for French, and NaguibMahfouz for Arabic. We first see how the uses of these three pronouns are governed by theircharacteristics and syntactic properties. We analyze the syntactic behavior of mā and māḏā intheir interrogative uses compared with their French equivalent quoi. We will see that there aresimilarities and differences between the two languages, especially regarding their syntacticautonomy in their position in the sentence. We also examine the use of quoi, mā and māḏā insubordination, as percontatifs, relatives and integratives. Our analysis shows that the differentforms of percontative are explained by the characteristics of the three pronouns. For the lasttwo uses, there are many points of divergence between mā and quoi, especially regarding thetype of antecedent being used. In terms of integrative use mā, through its syntactic properties,admits more functions in the sentence than its equivalent quoi.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / A variaÃÃo linguÃstica à um fenÃmeno universal que atinge todos os nÃveis da gramÃtica (CAMACHO, 2011). Em muitas lÃnguas, a classe dos pronomes, especialmente a dos chamados pronomes pessoais, à a que sofre mais variaÃÃo e a que mais se reorganiza dentro do sistema (MONTEIRO, 1994), embora esta costume ser constituÃda por um nÃmero relativamente pequeno de itens gramaticais, formando um inventÃrio fechado. Dentre as pessoas do discurso, à a 2 a que mais tem sido codificada de maneira variada, nÃo sà na lÃngua portuguesa, como em diversas outras lÃnguas indo-europeias, nas quais hà um sistema dual de pronomes para a 2 PESS.: as formas T e as formas V (derivadas, respectivamente, do uso do "tu" e do "vos" latinos) â as primeiras sÃo de uso familiar ou informal, enquanto as outras denotam polidez e distanciamento. A partir da terceira dÃcada do sÃculo XX, com o uso de "vocÃ" (forma V) em variaÃÃo com "tu" (forma T), todo o quadro pronominal da lÃngua, incluindo os possessivos de 2 PESS, passou a sofrer variaÃÃo. Partindo do pressuposto defendido pela SociolinguÃstica Variacionista, sobretudo com Labov (1978; 1983; 1994; 2008), de que a variaÃÃo linguÃstica se dà motivada tanto por fatores internos quanto externos ao sistema, o presente trabalho busca analisar a variaÃÃo das formas "te" e "lhe" como pronomes de 2 PESS. SING., tanto na funÃÃo de acusativo, quanto na de dativo, no portuguÃs brasileiro escrito do sÃculo XX. Para isso, utiliza uma amostra de 186 cartas pessoais escritas entre 1940 e 2000, obtidas numa busca entre os habitantes do municÃpio de QuixadÃ, no SertÃo Central cearense. As cartas coletadas sÃo de pessoas do povo, isto Ã, nÃo de profissionais da linguagem, tendo sido trocadas entre amigos ou parentes. Como metodologia, estratifica a amostra em trÃs perÃodos do sÃculo XX nos quais as cartas foram escritas (anos 1940-50, anos 1960-70 e anos 1980-90) e por gÃnero da autoria (cartas de homens e cartas de mulheres) e submete os dados ao programa computacional GoldVarb X para obter dados estatÃsticos e interpreta esses dados à luz das teorias da SociolinguÃstica Variacionista. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a variaÃÃo das formas pronominais "te"/"lhe" à condicionada por fatores linguÃsticos, como a forma do verbo, a posiÃÃo do pronome e a presenÃa de forma V antes de "te" ou "lhe", e que, apesar de mais frequente do que o uso de "te", o uso de "lhe" sofreu declÃnio ao longo dos trÃs perÃodos de tempo analisados. / The linguistic variation is a universal phenomenon that affects all levels of grammar (CAMACHO, 2011). In many languages, of all the word classes, the pronouns, especially the so-called personal pronouns, are more inclined to variation and to rearrangement in the system (MONTEIRO, 1994), although they use to be constituted by a relatively small number of grammatical items, restricted to a kind of closed inventory. The 2nd PERS SING is which more has been coded in a variant way, not only in the Portuguese language, as in many other Indo-European languages, in which there is a dual system of pronouns for 2nd PERS: the T-forms and the V-forms (derived, respectively, from the use of Latin "tu" and "vos") â the first are used both familiarly and informally, while others denote politeness and distance. From the third decade of the twentieth century, with the use of "vocÃ" (a V-form) in variation with "tu" (a T-form), the entire pronominal frame of the Portuguese language, including the 2nd PERS possessive, began to undergo change. Assuming the ideas defended by Variationist Sociolinguistics, especially with William Labov (1978, 1983, 1994, 2008), that the linguistic variation occurs motivated by factors both internal and external to the system, this work aims to analyze the variation of forms "te" and "lhe" as 2nd PERS SING, both in accusative and in dative function, in Brazilian Portuguese written in the twentieth century. It uses a sample of 186 personal letters written between 1940 and 2000, obtained in a search among the inhabitants of the town of QuixadÃ, in the middle of the state of CearÃ. The letters are collected from common people, that is, not from language professionals, having been exchanged between friends or relatives. As methodology, the sample was stratified into three periods of the twentieth century in which the letters were written (years 1940âs and 50âs, years 1960âs and 70âs, years 1980âs and 90âs) and gender of authorship (letters from men and letters from women) and submits the data to the computer program GoldVarb X in order to obtain statistical results and interpret these results in light of theories of Sociolinguistics Variationist. The survey results showed that variation of the pronoun forms "te"/"lhe" is conditioned by linguistic factors, such as the form of the verb, the position of the pronoun and the presence of a V-form before "te" or "lhe", and that, although "lhe" was more used than "te" in the letters, its use has declined over the three periods of time analyzed.

Thesis (M.A. (African Languages)) -- University of the North, 1976 / Refer to the document

published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

This thesis presents a knowledge-poor pronoun resolution system for Turkish which resolves third person personal pronouns and possessive pronouns. The system is knowledge-poor in the sense that it makes use of limited linguistic and semantic knowledge to resolve the pronouns. As pronoun resolution proposals for languages like English, French and Spanish, the core of the system is the constraints and preferences which are determined empirically. The system has four modules: sentence splitting, pronoun extraction, forming the list of candidate antecedents and determination of the antecedent. It takes a Turkish text as input and rewrites this text with the considered pronouns replaced with their proposed antecedents. In order to compare the success rate of the system, two different baseline algorithms are implemented. The original system is tested against these baseline algorithms on two sample Turkish texts from different sources. Some suggestions to improve the success rate of the system and to extend the domain of the system are also presented.

ARAÚJO, Francisco Jardes Nobre. A variação do TE/LHE em cartas pessoais de cearenses no século XX. 2014. 153f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T14:32:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fjnaraujo.pdf: 2128784 bytes, checksum: c584aa1fd648203d83ff3d41c174ccdb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T16:51:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fjnaraujo.pdf: 2128784 bytes, checksum: c584aa1fd648203d83ff3d41c174ccdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T16:51:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_fjnaraujo.pdf: 2128784 bytes, checksum: c584aa1fd648203d83ff3d41c174ccdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / The linguistic variation is a universal phenomenon that affects all levels of grammar (CAMACHO, 2011). In many languages, of all the word classes, the pronouns, especially the so-called personal pronouns, are more inclined to variation and to rearrangement in the system (MONTEIRO, 1994), although they use to be constituted by a relatively small number of grammatical items, restricted to a kind of closed inventory. The 2nd PERS SING is which more has been coded in a variant way, not only in the Portuguese language, as in many other Indo-European languages, in which there is a dual system of pronouns for 2nd PERS: the T-forms and the V-forms (derived, respectively, from the use of Latin "tu" and "vos") – the first are used both familiarly and informally, while others denote politeness and distance. From the third decade of the twentieth century, with the use of "você" (a V-form) in variation with "tu" (a T-form), the entire pronominal frame of the Portuguese language, including the 2nd PERS possessive, began to undergo change. Assuming the ideas defended by Variationist Sociolinguistics, especially with William Labov (1978, 1983, 1994, 2008), that the linguistic variation occurs motivated by factors both internal and external to the system, this work aims to analyze the variation of forms "te" and "lhe" as 2nd PERS SING, both in accusative and in dative function, in Brazilian Portuguese written in the twentieth century. It uses a sample of 186 personal letters written between 1940 and 2000, obtained in a search among the inhabitants of the town of Quixadá, in the middle of the state of Ceará. The letters are collected from common people, that is, not from language professionals, having been exchanged between friends or relatives. As methodology, the sample was stratified into three periods of the twentieth century in which the letters were written (years 1940’s and 50’s, years 1960’s and 70’s, years 1980’s and 90’s) and gender of authorship (letters from men and letters from women) and submits the data to the computer program GoldVarb X in order to obtain statistical results and interpret these results in light of theories of Sociolinguistics Variationist. The survey results showed that variation of the pronoun forms "te"/"lhe" is conditioned by linguistic factors, such as the form of the verb, the position of the pronoun and the presence of a V-form before "te" or "lhe", and that, although "lhe" was more used than "te" in the letters, its use has declined over the three periods of time analyzed. / A variação linguística é um fenômeno universal que atinge todos os níveis da gramática (CAMACHO, 2011). Em muitas línguas, a classe dos pronomes, especialmente a dos chamados pronomes pessoais, é a que sofre mais variação e a que mais se reorganiza dentro do sistema (MONTEIRO, 1994), embora esta costume ser constituída por um número relativamente pequeno de itens gramaticais, formando um inventário fechado. Dentre as pessoas do discurso, é a 2ª a que mais tem sido codificada de maneira variada, não só na língua portuguesa, como em diversas outras línguas indo-europeias, nas quais há um sistema dual de pronomes para a 2ª PESS.: as formas T e as formas V (derivadas, respectivamente, do uso do "tu" e do "vos" latinos) – as primeiras são de uso familiar ou informal, enquanto as outras denotam polidez e distanciamento. A partir da terceira década do século XX, com o uso de "você" (forma V) em variação com "tu" (forma T), todo o quadro pronominal da língua, incluindo os possessivos de 2ª PESS, passou a sofrer variação. Partindo do pressuposto defendido pela Sociolinguística Variacionista, sobretudo com Labov (1978; 1983; 1994; 2008), de que a variação linguística se dá motivada tanto por fatores internos quanto externos ao sistema, o presente trabalho busca analisar a variação das formas "te" e "lhe" como pronomes de 2ª PESS. SING., tanto na função de acusativo, quanto na de dativo, no português brasileiro escrito do século XX. Para isso, utiliza uma amostra de 186 cartas pessoais escritas entre 1940 e 2000, obtidas numa busca entre os habitantes do município de Quixadá, no Sertão Central cearense. As cartas coletadas são de pessoas do povo, isto é, não de profissionais da linguagem, tendo sido trocadas entre amigos ou parentes. Como metodologia, estratifica a amostra em três períodos do século XX nos quais as cartas foram escritas (anos 1940-50, anos 1960-70 e anos 1980-90) e por gênero da autoria (cartas de homens e cartas de mulheres) e submete os dados ao programa computacional GoldVarb X para obter dados estatísticos e interpreta esses dados à luz das teorias da Sociolinguística Variacionista. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que a variação das formas pronominais "te"/"lhe" é condicionada por fatores linguísticos, como a forma do verbo, a posição do pronome e a presença de forma V antes de "te" ou "lhe", e que, apesar de mais frequente do que o uso de "te", o uso de "lhe" sofreu declínio ao longo dos três períodos de tempo analisados.

This thesis develops an approach to extract the social relation between characters in literary text to create a social network. The approach uses co-occurrences of named entities, keywords associated with the named entities, and the dependency relations that exist between the named entities to construct the network. Literary texts contain a large amount of pronouns to represent the named entities, to resolve the antecedents of pronouns, a pronoun resolution system is implemented based on a standard pronoun resolution algorithm. The results indicate that the pronoun resolution system finds the correct named entity in 60,4\% of all cases. The social network is evaluated by comparing character importance rankings based on graph properties with an independently human generated importance rankings. The generated social networks correlate moderately to strongly with the independent character ranking.

This diploma thesis deals with the Russian reflexive pronoun «себя» in comparison with the Czech pronoun. The aim of this thesis is to compile a set of exercises for students of the Russian language in order to eliminate mistakes in connection with this topic. The thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part is based on specialized (academical) literature. This part contains general characteristics and classifications of pronouns. It focuses on issues with the Russian reflexive pronoun and its Czech equivalents. It also includes a chapter about transfer and interference. The practical part proceeds from the theoretical part and from a questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by the first-year students of the Faculty of Education. On the basis of its results, general conclusions and proposals of exercises for acquiring the topic are formulated and intended for students of the Russian language.

D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract