Magister Legum - LLM / Directors of companies are the forerunners in overseeing and strategically managing a company.1 The Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the Companies Act) gives the board of directors the legislative obligation for a company to be managed by or under the direction of the board of directors.2 The board of directors have a central role in the decision making and operation of a company; this position also applies to the board of directors of State owned Companies (SOC). This dissertation explores methods to hold directors of SOCs personally liable for irregular, wasteful and fruitless expenditure Irregular expenditure is defined as expenditure that does not comply with the provisions of the Public Finance Management Act 1 of 1999 (PFMA), the State Tender Board Act 86 of 1968 or any legislation that provides for provincial government procedure.3 Fruitless and wasteful expenditure is defined as ‘expenditure which was made in vain and would have been avoided had reasonable care has been exercised’.This research aims to analyse legislative mechanisms put in place that hold directors of SOCs personally liable for irregular, reckless, wasteful and fruitless expenditure. Section 77(2)(b) and 218(2) of the Companies Act contains the legislative basis for the personal liability of directors of SOCs for irregular, wasteful and fruitless expenditure.

State-owned enterprises (SOES) exist in South Africa to drive economic development and improve service delivery to the large population. In order for SOES to achieve their mandates, as set out by government through their shareholding department, financial assistance by the state is imperative. In the case of the monopolistic power utility, Eskom, the South African government (SAGO) has 100% ownership which is managed through the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). This total ownership by the state means that government is responsible in ensuring that the utility is operational and supported financially. The current study was aimed at evaluating the financial assistance received by SOEs in South Africa by the state with specific focus on Eskom. Eskom was selected from the eight SOES managed by the DPE for the purpose of focusing the research. The focus of the study was on the financial assistance to SOES in South Africa by the state. In 2008, Eskom received funding from different sources through loan intervention of the South African government. The loan and guarantees made available to Eskom by government, enabled the SOE to achieve a positive credit rating. Data for this research was primarily collected through academic journals, books, Acts, White Papers, legislation and personal interviews at the National Treasury (NT). The recommendation that this research states relates to the need for a single policy document on state financial assistance to SOES in South Africa. / Public Administration / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

Le thème de la privatisation des entreprises publiques constitue, pour un pays comme l’Algérie, un sujet nouveau compte tenu des moyens Et des richesses que à la recherche d’un développement rapide tout en essayant d’intégrer les règles del’économie de marché en vue d’un passage à une économie ouverte sans pour autant que les décideurs affichent leurs véritables intentions politiques. Dans son discours, devant les élus en 2007, le président BOUTEFLIKA a reconnupubliquement que l’Etat s’est trompé dans ses grands choix économiques, faisant allusion à la loi sur les hydrocarbures. Un recul qui remet en cause la politique de privatisation dans sa globalité. Si l’économie de marché nécessite en premier lieu le respect des règles d’une concurrence loyale avec un minimum d’ouverture sur le secteur privé, le cas de l’Algérie dans son processus de privatisation nous renvoie sur un certains nombres d’éléments d’analyses de la situation économique de ce pays qui tente de sortir d’une économie dirigée imposée par un pouvoir qui cherche une légitimité pourgouverner. [...] / The theme of the privatization of public enterprises is for a country such as Algeria, a new item regarding means and wealth that this country which is in economy transition holds, a country which is still in search of a quick development while trying to integrate the rules of market economy for a transition to an open economy but, without policy makers show their real Political intentions. In 2007, in his speech, before the elected mayors, President Bouteflika publicly admitted that the state was mistaken in its important Economic choices, referring to the hydrocarbon law. A decline which calls into question the privatization Policy in its entirety. If the market economy first requires compliance with the rules of fair competition with a minimum of openness to the private sector, the case of Algeria in its privatization process refer to a certain number of analysis elements of the economic situation of this country trying to emerge from an economy led by an imposed military and political regime that seeks legitimacy to govern. [...]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Motta Pinto.pdf: 1437961 bytes, checksum: 5260aa32ed2e77b1c22d0beed88373a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-19 / The research´s objective is to investigate the regulation of state-owned enterprises moved by a central question: the juridical model represented by enterprises that are controled by the State is in crisis? For that, proposes an identification and the analysis of the decisions of Brazil´s Federal Supreme Court ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) on the own norms of state-owned enterprises. The research identifies the juridical model of state-owned enterprise as that in which the State uses the private law personality, in the form of a company, with the purpose to develop governamental action. It was possible to conclude that the juridical model of state-owned enterprise has been preserved by the Brazil´s Federal Supreme Court when the own norms of stateowned enterprises are judged, except when the court grant privileges for state-owned enterprises that offers public utilities. Analizing privileges of unpledgedity of property and of reciprocal tributary immunity, the reseach discovered that the court has initiated a moment of crisis on the juridical model of state-owned enterprise, having transformed a part of the regulation of state-owned enterprises in to a regulation of a public law person. The research analyses the alternatives and creates propositions in order to overcome the crisis that has been verifyed / A pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar o regime jurídico das empresas estatais a partir da indagação: o modelo jurídico representado pelas empresas controladas pelo Estado está em crise? Para isso, propõe a identificação e a análise da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre as normas próprias das empresas estatais. A pesquisa identifica o modelo jurídico da empresa estatal como aquele em que o Estado usa a personalidade de direito privado, na forma de sociedade, com a finalidade de desenvolver ação governamental. Foi possível concluir que o modelo jurídico da empresa estatal vem sendo preservado pelo STF quando julga as normas próprias das empresas estatais, exceto quando concede privilégios para as empresas estatais de serviços públicos. A partir da análise dos privilégios da impenhorabilidade de bens e da imunidade tributária recíproca, constatou-se que o STF deu início a um momento de crise no modelo jurídico da empresa estatal, com a transformação parcial do regime jurídico das estatais de serviços públicos no de uma pessoa de direito público. A pesquisa analisa as alternativas e realiza propostas para a superação da crise constatada.A pesquisa tem o objetivo de investigar o regime jurídico das empresas estatais a partir da indagação: o modelo jurídico representado pelas empresas controladas pelo Estado está em crise? Para isso, propõe a identificação e a análise da jurisprudência do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre as normas próprias das empresas estatais. A pesquisa identifica o modelo jurídico da empresa estatal como aquele em que o Estado usa a personalidade de direito privado, na forma de sociedade, com a finalidade de desenvolver ação governamental. Foi possível concluir que o modelo jurídico da empresa estatal vem sendo preservado pelo STF quando julga as normas próprias das empresas estatais, exceto quando concede privilégios para as empresas estatais de serviços públicos. A partir da análise dos privilégios da impenhorabilidade de bens e da imunidade tributária recíproca, constatou-se que o STF deu início a um momento de crise no modelo jurídico da empresa estatal, com a transformação parcial do regime jurídico das estatais de serviços públicos no de uma pessoa de direito público. A pesquisa analisa as alternativas e realiza propostas para a superação da crise constatada

營運和六萬多員工權益補償, 而民營化為政府既定政策, 以及不可避免的趨勢。本研究乃針對員工對民營化後權益補償之認知; 而此應得認知與與實際補償之認知之間差距, 會影響人們之工作態度或行為改變。這些態度如工作滿足以及動機行為如離職、缺勤和故意遲到、早退等行為, 一直為組織行為學者所興趣研究之問題, 因此本研究冀望在理論及實証上, 能有所貢獻。本研究針對正進行民營化之中華工程公司之正式員工( 約2260人)進行隨機系統抽樣之問卷調查, 得到有效問卷 144份, 並以相關分析以及複迴歸等統計方法, 而所得主要結論如下: 1.年資、教育程度、內外控人格與應得認知之間無顯著之相關。 2.年資、教育程度與認知差距為無顯著相關,內外控人格與認知差距之間有顯著之負相關。 3.年資、內外控人格與總缺勤數呈顯著負相關,而教育程度與總缺勤數足呈顯著正相關。 4.年資、教育程度、內外控人格雖與總缺勤數呈相關,但三者不能以配對及整體之一組作預測。 5.年資、內外控人格與總缺勤數成負相關, 教育程度與總缺勤數成正相關 , 即此結論與學者對此三項變項與工作滿足之關係之研究結果相符合。 6.工作角色清楚性各構面中, 工作內容及工作進度對應得認知有顯著正相關; 工作職掌、工作內容及工作進度皆與實得認知及重要性有顯著正相關; 整體而言, 工作角色清楚性與應得認知、實得認知及重要性之間呈顯著正相關。 7.工作進度之清楚性與認知差距呈顯著正相關。 8.長期雇用制度認同各構面, 皆與實得認知呈顯著正相關。 9.以實得認知而言, 工作角色清楚性對實得認知之解釋力略低於長期雇用制度認同之解釋力, 而長期雇用制度認同之構面「提供教育訓練機會」有顯著之影響。 10.認知差距之構面─退休制度、休假、員工入股與請事假日數有顯著正相關。 11.因公撫卹之認知差距與請病假日數為顯著負相關; 而退休制度之認知差距與請病假日數為顯著正相關。 12.職位與認知差距有顯著正相關。

Submitted by Francisco Cioci (franciscoc@fgvmail.br) on 2014-07-21T20:39:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AAAATESE35.pdf: 3620389 bytes, checksum: bb16bdec94f14d3d7b35e9466ffe1477 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2014-07-22T21:30:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AAAATESE35.pdf: 3620389 bytes, checksum: bb16bdec94f14d3d7b35e9466ffe1477 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2014-07-23T12:23:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AAAATESE35.pdf: 3620389 bytes, checksum: bb16bdec94f14d3d7b35e9466ffe1477 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-23T12:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AAAATESE35.pdf: 3620389 bytes, checksum: bb16bdec94f14d3d7b35e9466ffe1477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-20 / After identifying the existence of a theoretical gap, this work has defined its objective as: the establishment of the foundations for an episteme about the phenomenon, through the development of a theory frame able to: a) guide and support the construction and collective development of a Scientific State-Owned Enterprises and Shareholdings Theory – SSOESTh, and b) to identify elements that enable the development of answers to the central applied question: How should governments define the missions, the performance criteria and the mechanisms of governance for SOEs in a changing environment? Taking into consideration these enterprises’ materiality, their strategic relevance to contemporary states their implications to the globalizations and considering administration as an applied science, all of which demand a societal level of analysis and a multiparadigmatic multidisciplinary approach, the theory frame provided answers to several concerns and problems expressed, some over more than half a century, by authoritative scholars in the field as Pritchett, Seidman, Sherwood, Shepherd, Aharoni, Millward, Hinds and Baumol. Forwarding, through phenomenological reduction, a scientific definition of a universal concept of state-owned enterprise and introducing, inter allia, the concepts of essential state capacity in its bracket – ESCb and of patrimonial state-owned enterprise, that allowed the constructions of a public interest scale; the SSOESTh’s rueschemeyerian focused theory frame dimentionalized public and corporate governances, developed lazarsfeldian typologies for each and merged them in an universal typology – G², bridging both hemipheres of the great dichotomy of law and suporting propositions of universal criteria for missions, performance and mechanisms of governance. A plausibility probe of the focused theory frame was conducted with data from SOES directly controlled by the brazilian state, resulting in high levels of plausibility and quality. Externally, the SSOESTh contributes to several broader cientific challenges as: Balleisen's regulation's knownedge paradox, Schneiders trap, Ikedas/Mises doubt, the reopening of the organization adequacy question by the nobel Simon; additionally providing extensions to: the nobel Williamson's typology of governance structures, Riggs' theory of the prysmatic society, Simon's conception of administration as an applied science, Acemoglu and Robinson's institutionalist formulations and the nobel Stiglitz approaches to state intervention. It also enables: a) Each country to substruct its own empirical typology of SOEs, and so, to customize answers to the central applied question and each SOE management, as well as to analyze their adequacy to public policies and criteria for their privatizations; b) Managers, practitioners and case researchers to use the frame to situate and analyze their enterprises; c) Past researches to be reinterpreted at the light of this new referential and d) Everyone to connect their works with this episteme for which the SSOESTh provides the foundations and is a repository, allowing comparative studies. Finally, it is acknowledged that the degree of relevance of the phenomenon, in global terms, is much higher than initially attributed, due to the identification of its condition as an empirical factor of state capacities, considering that several state collapses and débâcles, which resulted in unbearable costs including innumerable human losses, are attributed to the absence of these capacities. / RESUMO Ao identificar a existência de lacuna teórica, o presente trabalho definiu como seu objetivo: Estabelecer os alicerces de uma epistéme sobre o fenômeno por meio do desenvolvimento de um arcabouço capaz de a) direcionar e dar sustentação à construção e ao desenvolvimento coletivo de uma Teoria Científica das Empresas e Participações Societárias Estatais – TEPSES, e de b) identificar elementos que viabilizem o desenvolvimento de respostas à questão aplicada central: Como devem os governos definir as missões, os critérios de desempenho e os mecanismos de governança das empresas estatais em um ambiente em mudança? Considerando sua materialidade, a relevância estratégica dessas empresas para os Estados contemporâneos, suas implicações para os processos de globalização e a administração uma ciência aplicada a demandarem nível de análise societal e abordagem multiparadigmática, o arcabouço e seus elementos proporcionaram resposta a várias inquietações e problemas expressos, alguns por mais de meio século, por autoridades no campo como Pritchett, Seidman, Sherwood, Shepherd, Aharoni, Millward, Hinds e Baumol. Oferecendo por redução fenomenológica uma definição de conceito universal para as empresas estatais e introduzindo, inter allia, os conceitos de capacidade essencial de Estado em seu intervalo – CEEi e de estatal patrimonial, que permitiram a construção de uma escala de interesses públicos; o arcabouço teórico focado rueschemeyeriano da TEPSES, constrói pontes entre os hemisférios da grande dicotomia do direito e entre aspectos de governanças pública e corporativa, por meio de tipologias lazarsfeldianas. Em suas seis dimensões iniciais e trinta e três relações o arcabouço foi aplicado por sondagem plausibilística ao caso das estatais diretas brasileiras, apresentando elevado grau de plausibilidade e qualidade, inclusive segundo critérios de Wacker. As formulações e explicitações da TEPSES oferecem respostas e possibilidades de tratamento a várias questões científicas mais amplas como: o paradoxo do conhecimento na regulação de Balleisen, a armadilha de Schneider, a dúvida de Ikeda/Mises e a reabertura da questão de adequação organizacional pelo nobel Simon; proporcionando ainda extensões a: tipologia de estruturas de governança do nobel Williamson, as concepções de sociedade prismática de Riggs, a definição da administração como ciência aplicada do nobel Simon, as formulações institucionalistas de Acemoglu e Robinson e as abordagens sobre intervenção de Estado do nobel Stiglitz. O arcabouço da TEPSES possibilita: a) a cada país, construir sua própria tipologia empírica de empresas estatais e assim geri-las a partir de respostas customizadas à questão aplicada central, analisar sua adequação como instrumento de políticas públicas e desenvolver critérios para suas privatizações; b) a gestores, pesquisadores e estudiosos de caso situar e analisar suas empresas a partir do arcabouço; c) às pesquisas pretéritas, terem seus dados reinterpretados à luz de um novo referencial e d) a todos, a possibilidade de conectarem seus trabalhos à epistéme da qual a TEPSES é alicerce e repositório. Conclui-se que o grau de relevância, em nível global, do fenômeno é na realidade muito superior à sua materialidade e ao grau de relevância atribuído inicialmente, devido à identificação de sua condição como fator empírico de capacidades de Estado, uma vez que à ausência e deficiências dessas capacidades são atribuídos colapsos e débâcles de vários Estados nacionais, que resultaram em elevadíssimos e incalculáveis custos humanos.

State-owned enterprises (SOES) exist in South Africa to drive economic development and improve service delivery to the large population. In order for SOES to achieve their mandates, as set out by government through their shareholding department, financial assistance by the state is imperative. In the case of the monopolistic power utility, Eskom, the South African government (SAGO) has 100% ownership which is managed through the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). This total ownership by the state means that government is responsible in ensuring that the utility is operational and supported financially. The current study was aimed at evaluating the financial assistance received by SOEs in South Africa by the state with specific focus on Eskom. Eskom was selected from the eight SOES managed by the DPE for the purpose of focusing the research. The focus of the study was on the financial assistance to SOES in South Africa by the state. In 2008, Eskom received funding from different sources through loan intervention of the South African government. The loan and guarantees made available to Eskom by government, enabled the SOE to achieve a positive credit rating. Data for this research was primarily collected through academic journals, books, Acts, White Papers, legislation and personal interviews at the National Treasury (NT). The recommendation that this research states relates to the need for a single policy document on state financial assistance to SOES in South Africa. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)