Submitted by RAFAELA ANDRADE DE VASCONCELOS null (rafaela-vasconcelos@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-27T21:04:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_ra_dr_sjc.pdf: 1223725 bytes, checksum: f212f1adab3c030b4b7089bfeacaf463 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-27T21:10:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_ra_dr_sjc.pdf: 1223725 bytes, checksum: f212f1adab3c030b4b7089bfeacaf463 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T21:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vasconcelos_ra_dr_sjc.pdf: 1223725 bytes, checksum: f212f1adab3c030b4b7089bfeacaf463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a influência de remanescente de materiais obturadores endodônticos, após desobturação e preparo para pino, sobre a resistência de união adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados. Foram utilizados 60 dentes humanos unirradiculados sem coroa. As raízes foram preparadas pela técnica coroa-ápice com sistema Reciproc. Para obturação, as raízes foram divididas em grupos (n = 10) de acordo com o cimento endodôntico utilizado: SO= sem obturação; GP=guta percha sem cimento; AHP= guta-percha + AHPlus; SLP= guta-percha + Sealapex; IRT= guta-percha + iRoot SP; e ERZ= guta-percha + EndoRez. As raízes foram obturadas pela técnica do cone único. A cimentação dos pinos de fibra de vidro Rebilda n.12 foi realizada com sistema adesivo futurabond DC e cimento Rebilda DC em 10 mm do comprimento da raiz. Após esse período, as raízes foram seccionadas obtendo-se discos de 2 mm de espessura em cada terço da raiz (3 discos por raiz) que foram submetidos ao teste de push out, análise por meio de uma lupa estereoscópica (40x) para identificação através de scores da presença de remanescente de material obturador na luz do canal e avaliação por espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) para identificação de remanescente de componentes químicos do cimento endodôntico presentes nos túbulos dentinários. Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes de Kruskal Wallis, Qui Quadrado e teste de Anova e Tukey, todos com nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença estatística para a resistência adesiva entre os cimentos na região cervical (p = 0,49), media (p = 0,28) e apical (p = 0,09). Os grupos SLP e ERZ apresentaram menos remanescente de material obturador nas regiões cervical (p = 0,045) e apical (p = 0,006). Significantes diferenças de remanescentes de componentes químicos foram observadas na região apical dos grupos AHP, IRT e SLP. Conclui-se que os materiais endodônticos não influenciaram na resistência de união adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of remnants endodontic filling material in root canal on the bond strength of fiberglass posts cemented. Sixty single-rooted human teeth were used.Crowns were removed. The roots were prepared by crown-down technique with Reciproc system. For fillings, the roots were divided (n = 10) according to the sealer used: SO- without fillings; GP-gutta-percha without sealer; AHP- gutta-percha + AHPlus; SLP- gutta-percha + Sealapex; IRT-gutta-percha + iRoot SP; ERZ-and gutta-percha + EndoRez. Single cone obturation technique was used. After root canal fillings, the teeth were kept in an oven 37 0C for 7 days. Cementing fiberglass posts Rebilda n.12 was performed with fiber adhesive system Futurabond DC and cement Rebilda DC in 10 mm of root length, getting stored in an oven at 37 0C for 48 h. After this period, roots were sectioned obtaining 1 disc of 2 mm thickness in each third of the root (3 discs per root), this discs were underwent to push out test, analyzed by means of a stereomicroscope (40x) to identify the presence of remnants of filling material in the lumen of the canal, and then evaluated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for identification of chemical components remnants sealer present in the dentinal tubules. Datas were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi square test, and also Anova and Tukey test, 5% of significance. There were no significant differences in push-out bond strengths among the different groups in the coronal (p = 0.49), middle (p = 0.28) or apical third (p = 0.09). Sealeapex and EndoRez groups showed significantly less remnants of filling material at coronal (p = 0.045) and apical levels (p = 0.006).Significant differences of chemical components remnants were found in AHP, IRT and SLP groups on apical third. It is concluded that residual endodontic filling material does not influence on the bond strength of fiberglass.

A microscopia de fluorescência é uma das técnicas mais poderosas disponíveis atualmente, uma vez que proporciona uma combinação excepcional de alta sensibilidade na detecção, alta especificidade, além de ser consideravelmente não invasiva. Avanços recentes permitiram a detecção em resolução de subdifração, o que eleva sua potencialidade de investigação de um maior número de sistemas e, consequentemente, de avanço científico. O estudo de novas sondas fluorescentes é de fundamental importância para a aplicação em métodos avançados de microscopia óptica. Na primeira vertente da pesquisa, Capítulo 2, foi realizado o estudo fotofísico de uma série de compostos bisarilados derivados do anidrido maleico e de maleimidas sintetizados pela reação de Heck-Matsuda. Visando o aprimoramento do design dessas moléculas, foi realizada a ciclização fotoquímica de tais compostos, resultando em moléculas com anéis condensados, nomeados como derivados de fenantreno, as quais proporcionaram maior estabilidade fotoquímica. A dinâmica do estado excitado remete ao efeito push-pull, em que há um deslocamento de carga notável, mas não completo. Para os compostos com a substituição 4-hidroxifenil foi observado um processo de deslocamento de carga combinado com uma transferência de próton no estado excitado assistida por solvente. Ademais, o estudo dos compostos derivados de fenantreno em microscopia confocal demonstrou que as propriedades locais do solvente afetam a dinâmica de relaxação de fluorescência em diferentes meios condensados e que os mesmos são passíveis de serem aplicados a técnicas avançadas de microscopia de fluorescência. A segunda vertente desta tese, Capítulo 3, explora um sistema biológico em nível de uma única molécula. Especificamente, este capítulo concerne à investigação de uma metodologia ótima para a marcação fluorescente de DNA em sequência específica, através de microscopia de fluorescência com super-resolução. As reações foram conduzidas utilizando uma metodologia de marcação de duas etapas, de acordo com o princípio mTAG. Na primeira etapa, grupamentos contendo alquino terminal, azida ou amina primária são transferidos do cofator análogo ao S-adenosil-L-metionina para o DNA através de uma enzima metiltransferase. Foi utilizada a enzima M.TaqI, a qual tem como alvo a sequência 5\'- TGCA -3\' para modificação. Na segunda etapa é realizado o acoplamento do fluoróforo aos sítios funcionais do plasmídeo (pUC19) através de reações químicas bioortogonais, tais como reação click catalisada por cobre (CuAAC), reação click na ausência de cobre (SPAAC) e acoplamento do grupo amina primária com NHS-éster. Também foi desenvolvida uma metodologia direta de uma etapa, na qual o fluoróforo é diretamente transferido do cofator análogo para o DNA em uma única etapa reacional. Para acompanhar o desempenho das reações foi desenvolvido um ensaio single-molecule para a contagem do número de moléculas de corante ligadas a plasmídeos individuais. A topologia dos plasmídeos após a marcação foi investigada por imagens de AFM em alta resolução. A combinação de ambas as análises demonstrou que a reação SPAAC assim como a reação direta de uma etapa promoveram uma marcação fluorescente quase completa e a técnica de AFM confirmou que o acoplamento de fluoróforos não induziu danos à estrutura dos plasmídeos, os quais preservaram sua morfologia nativa, superenrolada. Além disso, os plasmídeos marcados foram aplicados com sucesso a procedimentos de transfecção em células de mamíferos, indicando que o DNA reteve sua capacidade de codificar informação genética, mesmo na presença de fluoróforos ligados. / Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most powerful techniques currently available, since it provides the unique combination of a high sensitivity in detection, a high specificity, and a considerable non-invasiveness. Recent developments have allowed the detection at a sub-diffraction resolution, which elevates its potentiality to investigate several systems and hence to go further in science. The study of new fluorescent probes is crucial for the application in advanced methods in optical microscopy. In the first extent of this research, Chapter 2, a photophysical study of maleic anhydride and maleimide derivatives, synthesized by the Heck-Matsuda reaction, was performed. Aiming at the improvement of the design of these molecules, a photochemical cyclization was carried out, resulting in molecules with condensed rings, termed as phenanthrene derivatives, which promoted more photochemical stability. The excited state dynamics rely on the push-pull effect, in which a notable, but not complete, charge shift takes place. For the compounds with a 4-hydroxyl substituent, a charge shift combined with an excited state solvent-assisted proton transfer was observed. Additionally, the confocal microscopy study of the phenanthrene derivatives showed that the local properties of the solvent modulate the fluorescence relaxation dynamics in condensed media and hence such dyes can be potential candidates for use in advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques. The second extent of this thesis, Chapter 3, explores a biological system at the single-molecule level. Specifically, this chapter concerns to an investigation of an optimal sequence-specific DNA fluorescent labelling, using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The reactions were performed using a two-step methodology, according to the mTAG approach. In the first step, moieties containing a terminal alkyne, azide, or primary amine group are transferred from an S-adenosyl-L-methionine analogue cofactor to the DNA by a methyltransferase enzyme. Herein, the enzyme M.TaqI was used, which targets the 5\'- TCGA -3\' sequence for modification. In the second step, a fluorophore is coupled to the functional sites of the plasmid (pUC19) using bio orthogonal reactions, such as the click reaction catalysed by copper (CuAAC), the copper-free click reaction (SPAAC), and the amino-to-NHS-ester coupling reaction. A direct one-step approach in which the fluorophore is directly transferred to the DNA from the analogue cofactor in a single reaction step, was also developed. A single-molecule assay was developed for counting the number of fluorophores associated with the individual plasmids. The topology of the plasmids after labelling was also investigated by high-resolution AFM imaging. Combining both analysis, the SPAAC as well as the direct one-step reactions were found to promote near-complete labelling and the AFM showed that the fluorophore coupling did not damage the structure of the plasmids and that their native, supercoiled, morphology was preserved. Moreover, labelled plasmids were successfully applied for transfection into mammalian cells, implying that the DNA retained its ability to encode genetic information, even while carrying bound fluorophores.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram desenvolver e caracterizar um compósito para obturação endodôntica à base de guta-percha e vidro niobofosfato. Foi avaliado a resistência de união à dentina radicular do compósito experimental, da guta EndoSequence BC, ambos sem o uso de cimento além do cimento AH Plus associado a guta-percha através do ensaio de push-out. A análise dos padrões de fratura foi realizada com auxílio de MEV. Análises usando EDX and MEV-EDS foram realizadas para verificar a composição e distribuição das partículas de vidro na superfície e no interior da matriz de guta-percha dos materiais testados. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Tukey, sendo considerado significante quando p < 0,05. Foi avaliado também a influência do compósito experimental, do vidro niobofosfatos bioativo, diferentes tipos de gutapercha e hidroxiapatita na adesão e formação de biofilme por bactérias orais com coloração Live/dead usando um microscópio confocal à laser. O biofilme multiespécies foi formado na superfície de discos de hidroxiapatita - HA, vidro niobofosfato - VNB, guta-percha Obtura - OBT, guta-percha Protaper - PTP, EndoSequence BC guta-percha - GBC e o compósito experimental guta-percha associado com o vidro niobofosfato - GNB. O biovolume total (mm3), biovolume de bacterias viáveis (mm3), e porcentagem de bactérias viáveis (%) foram quantificados. As diferenças entre os grupos foram avaliadas usando ANOVA de dois fatores e teste de Tukey para contraste de médias (=0,05). Os materiais testados foram imersos em PBS e o pH das soluções foi avaliado. Os materiais foram imersos em água deionizada e as soluções foram analisadas em ICP-OES (Espectrometria de emissão atômica por plasma acoplado indutivamente) para determinar a liberação de diferentes elementos químicos. AH Plus e o material experimental não mostraram diferença estatística significante na resistência de união à dentina (2,83 MPa e 2,68 MPa respectivamente). Já o material Guta EndoSequence BC apresentou o menor valor de resistência de união (1,34 MPa) com diferença estatística significante em comparação aos demais grupos (p < 0,05). Os grupos GNB, GBC e VNB apresentaram os menores valores de biovolume total em 30 dias. Os maiores valores de biovolume viável em 30 dias de incubação em ordem decrescente foram: HA; PTP e OBT; GBC e VNB e finalmente GNB. Com relação a porcentagem de biovolume viável o material experimental GNB apresentou os menores valores para 3 e 30 dias enquanto o VNB apresentou o menor valor para 14 dias com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos demais grupos (p < 0,05). O material experimental GNB apresentou o maior valor de pH após 30 dias de imersão em PBS e maior liberação de Zn em todos os períodos analisados quando comparado aos demais grupos e maior liberação de Ca aos 14 e 30 dias semelhante ao grupo GBC, o qual liberou mais Si comparado aos demais grupos nos períodos de 14 e 30 dias. O material obturador experimental mostrou habilidade em aderir à dentina radicular de maneira similar à obturação convencional com guta-percha e cimento (Ah Plus) e foi capaz de inibir a formação de biofilme microbianos quando comparado a HA e guta-percha convencionais. / The objectives of this study were to develop and characterize a composite for endodontic obturation based gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass. The study evaluated the composites micropush-out bond strength to root dentine of the experimental gutta-percha and niobium phosphate glass composite applied with thermoplastic technique to the root canals without sealer in a moist environment and compare to the conventional root canal obturation Ah Plus and gutta-percha, and a commercial bioceramic gutta without sealer. Additionally, the cores materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopic/Energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX) analysis. The failure mode was analyzed with SEM. Analysis using EDX and SEMEDS was carried out to verify the composition and distribution of the particles of the tested materials. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukeys test (p < 0,05). Also was analysed the influence of different types of gutta-percha and bioactive niobium phosphate glass on the adherence and biofilm formation by oral bacteria from human dental plaque with Live/dead staining assay using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The multispecies biofilm was grown from plaque bacteria on discs of hydroxyapatite - HA, niobium phosphate bioactive glass- VNB, Obtura pellets - OBT, Protaper gutta-percha - PTP, EndoSequence BC gutta-percha - GBC and gutta-percha associated with niobium phosphate glass - GNB in brain-heart infusion broth for 3,14 and 30 days. After the growth induction periods, specimens were stained by using Live/Dead, and the images were analyzed under a CLSM. The total biovolume (mm3), viable biovolume (mm3), and Live percentage (%) were quantified. Biofilm structure was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The materials were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and the pH in the solutions was monitored. The materials were also immersed in deionized water and the solutions were analyzed with ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - optical emission spectrometry) to determine elemental release. AH Plus and GNB groups showed bond strengths of 2,83 MPa and 2,68 MPa respectively, with no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0,05). GBC group had the lowest bond strength average (1,34 MPa), which was a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0,05). Groups GBC, GNB and VNB presented the lowest total biovolume values in 30 days. The highest viable biovolume values in 30 days of incubation, in decreasing order, were as follows: HA; PTP and OBT; GBC and VNB and finally GNB. As regards live percentage, the experimental material GNB presented the lowest values at 3 and 30 days, while VNB presented the lowest value at 14 days, with statistically significant difference in comparison with the other groups (P < 0,05). The experimental material GNB presented the highest pH value after 30 days of immersion in PBS, and greatest Zn release in all the time intervals analyzed when compared with the other groups; and the greatest Ca release at 14 and 30 days, similar to Group GBC, which released a larger quantity of Si when compared with the other groups in the time intervals of 14 and 30 days. The experimental root filling composite (GNB) showed an ability to adhere to root dentine equal to the current gold standard root filling with gutta-percha and sealer (Ah Plus) and was able to inhibit the formation of microbial biofilm when compared to HA and conventional gutta-percha.

Este estudo avaliou a resistência ao deslocamento vertical push-out de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados à dentina intra-radicular utilizando uma resina fluida padrão como agente cimentante em combinação com um adesivo dentinário experimental e um adesivo disponível comercialmente. 20 pré-molares unirradiculares humanos foram previamente extraídos e tratados endodonticamente. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro estratégias de união a dentina: Grupo 1 com adesivo experimental com etanol na proporção em volume 1:1 (resina/etanol) e Grupo 2 com adesivo experimental com etanol na proporção em volume 1:2(resina/etanol); adesivos experimentais aplicados de acordo com a técnica úmida de adesão simplificada com etanol, Grupo 3: One-Step Plus aplicado de acordo com a técnica úmida de adesão simplificada com etanol; Grupo 4: One-Step Plus aplicado seguindo as instruções do fabricante. Os espécimes foram seccionados em fatias de 1 mm de espessura e apos o teste push-out foi realizado. Espécimes representativos foram selecionados para exame ultra-estrutural. Não houve diferença estatística na resistência ao deslocamento push-out entre as estratégias testadas de adesão (p> 0,05). O padrão predominante de fratura foi entre os pinos de fibra e o agente cimentante. A partir deste estudo devemos considerar como promissora a técnica com etanol utilizada na cimentação de pinos no canal radicular devido aos possíveis benefícios das resinas altamente hidrófobas. Mais estudos são necessários para validar o uso da técnica úmida de adesão simplificada com etanol quando cimentados pinos de fibra. / This study evaluated the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts adhesively bonded to intraradicular dentin using a standard unfilled resin as luting agent in combination with an experimental and a commercially available adhesive. Twenty extracted single-rooted human teeth were endodontically treated. Specimens were assigned to 4 dentin bonding strategies: Group 1 (co-monomers to ethanol on ratio 1:1) and Group 2 (co-monomers to ethanol on ratio 1:2): Experimental adhesives applied in accordance with the simplified ethanol-wet bonding technique; Group 3: One-Step Plus (OSP) applied in accordance with the simplified ethanol-wet bonding technique; Group 4: OSP applied following manufacturers instructions. Bonded specimens were sectioned in 1-mm-thick slices and the push-out test was performed. Representative specimens were selected for ultrastructural examination. No statistical differences in push-out bond strength were found among the tested bonding strategies (p>0.05). The major failure pattern was between the post and the luting cement. From this study the ethanol technique should be considered as a promising approach in the luting of fiber posts into the root canal due to the possible benefits of highly hydrophobic resins. Further studies are needed to validate the use of the ethanol-wet bonding technique when luting a fiber post.

Dagens smartphones är utrustade med GPS, vilket har blivit en användbar information för externa aktörer. Detta har skapat möjligheter för företag att kommunicera med sina användare, bland annat med hjälp av mobila kuponger. Det har tidigare funnits hinder för att utveckla mobila kuponger, som tekniska begränsningar, men nu är utmaningen att få förståelse för sina användare. Den här uppsatsen har undersökt hur användningen och uppfattningen av mobila kuponger ser ut idag, vilka faktorer som kan påverka användningen, samt hur dessa faktorer skulle kunna förbättras för att fler börjar använda tjänsten. Frågorna har besvarats med en enkätundersökning av 50 respondenter, samt en fokusgrupp med 6 deltagare. Resultatet visade att användningen av tjänsten inte är särskilt hög, men detta berodde främst på att man inte kände till att mobila kuponger fanns. Några viktiga faktorer som påverkade användningen var att man glömde bort att utnyttja kupongerna, en större ansträngning kändes mer pinsamt, samt att det kunde kränka integriteten. / The smartphones of today are provided with GPS’, which has created valuable opportunities for external actors. This in turn has created opportunities for companies to communicate with their consumers, by the use of mobile coupons for example. There have previously been technical obstacles for these kind of services, but now the challenge is to understand the consumer. This paper investigates the usage and the conceptions of mobile coupons at present, which elements that can affect the utilization and how these elements could be improved to spread the distribution of this service. The questions have been answered through a survey of 50 respondents and a focus group of 6 participants. The result proved that the usage of mobile coupons is not particularly high, however this was mainly due to bad awareness of the availability of the service. Some important factors affecting the utilization was forgetting to use the coupons, a bigger commitment was seen as awkward, or to intrude on the integrity.

Le travail de cette thèse de doctorat est axé sur le design, la synthèse et la caractérisation de systèmes moléculaires organiques et organométalliques luminescents dans le but de déclencher des processus de transfert photoinduit d’électron (PeT) ou d’énergie (EET) pour des applications dans les dispositifs optiques ou électroniques. Nous nous sommes d’abord intéressés aux molécules de type push-pull car elless’avèrent être des modèles intéressants pour l’étude du PeT. Nos systèmes sont construits autour de BτDIPY qui sert d’espaceur entre le donneur d’électron (julolidine ou triazatruxène) et l’accepteur d’électron (une unité dicyanovinyl). Les études en électrochimie et spectroscopie ont montrés un caractère à transfert de charge très prononcé. Entre autre nous avons synthétisé et étudié une série de ligands de type N^O (type base de Schiff) dérivés de la julolidine, une amine cyclique avec des propriétés électroniques très inattendues. Ces ligands, subissent des processus de transfert photoinduit de proton à l’état excité (ESIPT) et leurs spectres d’émission présentent une luminescence panchromatique. La compléxation desligands N^O au BF2 supprime l’ESIPT et augment les rendements quantiques de fluorescence. Les ligands derivés de la julolidine sont combinés avec d’autres unités chromophoriques i.e. Ir(III), Pt(II) afin de construire des systèmes multichromophoriques et stimuler des processus de EET entre les composants.Lors de ces travaux de thèse nous nous somme particulièrement intéressés aux systèmes moléculaires photocommutables dont l’unité centrale est un photochrome, le [1,3]oxazine. L’oxazine est combiné à un module moléculaire qui sert de donneur d’énergie et un module accepteur d’énergie choisie de façon optimale afin d’induire un transfert électronique d’énergie de manière contrôlé. / The present doctoral thesis work deals with the design, synthesis and characterization of organic and organometallic luminescent molecular frameworks for triggering Photoinduced electron Transfer (PeT) and Electronic Energy Transfer (EET) processes for applications in optical andelectronic devices. First, we turned toward the organic push-pull chromophores because they are useful model systems for studying the mechanism of PeT process. We synthesized new push-pull systems bearing a dicyanovinyl fragment as the electron-acceptor and a strong electron-donorsuch as julolidine and triazatruxene covalently linked through a BODIPY dye bridge. Electrochemical and photophysical studies showed a pronounced charge transfer character within the new push-pull systems. Furthermore, we synthesized and studied a series of chelating N^O-type ligands (Schiff base-type), based on the strong electron-donating julolidine motif, displaying ESIPT process. Their luminescence profiles exhibited panchromatic luminescence band covering the whole visible spectrum. Complexation of N^O-site with boron difluoride fragment suppressed the ESPIT process and highly increased the fluorescence quantum yield. The N^O-chelating ligands were combined with Pt(II) chromophore, B(III) and Ir(III) such as to obtainmultichromophoric frameworks. According to the photophysical studies, EET processes were observed within the multichromophoric systems. We successfully obtained a new florescent switching triad constructed around a photochromic core, [1,3]oxazine, which bears an energy-donor and an energy-acceptor module such as to directly control the EET process.

This thesis deals with notification between smart phone and application server which controls intelligent home. It is focused on Android mobile platform and it is implemented for that platform. Notification service Google Cloud Messaging is used because it is not possible to directly address mobile phones from server. Based on actual position and user defined area the server is informed about moving to or from the area. The server can perform defined event automatically with these information. Implementation was tested in real system. Alpha and beta versions were regularly published.

Detta examensarbete handlar om utvecklingen av kylare med inriktning på nyutveckling. Det relevanta behovet av patent för kylare, att undersöka vad kunden behöver vid sida av hur integration ska ske samt kombinationen av market pull och technology push är de fyra huvudområden som behandlas i studien. Bortsett från inkrementella förbättringar, har mycket lite utveckling gjorts inom kylare på senare tid, vilket återspeglas i några nämnvärda förändringar. Dessutom har lite tidigare arbete utförts på utvecklingen av kylare, vilket förklarar varför en utforskande metod har använts. Kvalitativa data har samlats in från åtta olika kunder med målet att fastställa behoven och de huvudsakliga tendenserna på marknaden, en studie användes som ett exempel för att stödja de olika resonemangen. En grundlig litteraturstudie och analys av marknaden har genomförts för att bättre förstå syftet för utveckling av kylare. Patent har visat sig vara relevanta för kylare, eftersom patenterade inkrementella innovationer ger produktdifferentiering i en starkt konkurrensutsatt marknad. Däremot kan kostnaderna bli ett problem för genomförandet. Faktumet att kunderna vill kylare med ett lägre pris och en förbättrad kylkapacitet är den viktigaste slutsatsen av de utförda intervjuerna. Komplexiteten i strukturen som förbinder företaget och dess kunder, och det faktum att marknaden inte är helt medveten om sina behov resulterar i en obetydlig marknadshänsyn inom utvecklingsprocessen. Bristen på marknadsintegration tillsammans med insikten att avsaknaden av grundlig nyutveckling kan försämra utvecklingen av kylare vilket har lett till en ny ram av utveckling. Baserat på integrationen av marknadens pull and technology push, är målet att utveckla mer nyutveklade kylare. / Air-oil coolers are hydraulic products whose purpose is to cool down the temperature of oil in a hydraulic system. This thesis project deals with their development with an emphasis on innovation. Apart from incremental improvements, very little innovation has been developed for coolers in recent times, which is reflected in few notable changes. Additionally, very little previous work has been conducted on the development of coolers, which explains why an explorative method was implemented. Qualitative data was collected from eight different customers with the purpose of determining the needs and the main tendencies, and a case study was used as an example to support the various reasonings. A thorough literature review and the market analysis have been carried out to better understand the context in which coolers are developed. The relevance of patents for coolers, the uncovering of the customer needs along with their integration as well as the combination of market pull and technology push concepts have been addressed. Thus, patents are proven to be relevant for coolers, because the patented innovations provide product differentiation in the highly competitive environment. However, their low added value can be an impediment to their exploitation. The fact that customers want coolers with a lower price and an improved cooling capacity is the major finding of the performed interviews. The complexity of the structure connecting the company and its customers, and the fact that the market is not completely aware of its needs, result in market considerations insubstantially integrated in the development process. Finally, the deficiency of market integration, in addition to the lack of radical innovation led to a suggested framework. Based on the integration of market pull and technology push approaches, it pursues the objective of fostering innovation in the development of coolers.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Entwurf, die Analyse und die Verifikation von integrierten Schaltungen zur Frequenzumsetzung für drahtlose Übertragungssysteme im Millimeterwellenbereich. Bei der Beschreibung der zur Verfügung stehenden Halbleitertechnologien und der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechniken wird deutlich, dass parasitäre Widerstände, Kapazitäten und Induktivitäten sämtlicher Verbindungen Verluste und Reflexionen verursachen, die mit der Signalfrequenz ansteigen. Dies motiviert die Reduktion der Signalfrequenz zur Verringerung dieser Verluste, soweit wie dies in einem Millimeterwellensystem möglich ist. Neben den in drahtlosen Übertragungssystemen ohnehin erforderlichen Mischern zur Modulation und Demodulation werden in dieser Arbeit auch Frequenzmultiplizierer vorgestellt. Mit diesen Schaltungen ist es möglich, das hochfrequente Trägersignal direkt neben den Mischern zu erzeugen und mit möglichst kurzen Leitungen anzuschließen, sodass die parasitären Verluste dieser Verbindung sowie die Reflexionen minimal werden. Mit Ausnahme der Verbindungen zu den Antennen kann dadurch die Frequenz der restlichen extern anzuschließenden Signale, nämlich des zu übertragenden Basisbandsignals und des subharmonischen LO-Signals, wesentlich verringert werden, wodurch die Verluste insgesamt reduziert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden dafür zwei Frequenzverdoppler und ein Frequenzversechsfacher vorgestellt, die jeweils mit einer Eingangsfrequenz im Bereich um 30 GHz Ausgangssignale bei 60 GHz bzw. bei 180 GHz erzeugen. Diese drei Schaltungen wurden mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Unterdrückung unerwünschter Harmonischer und einer gleichzeitig effizienten Erzeugung der gewünschten Harmonischen entworfen. Damit konnte der Stand der Technik für BiCMOS-Frequenzmultiplizierer mit einer Ausgangsfrequenz von bis zu 210 GHz verbessert werden. Sowohl hinsichtlich der absoluten DC-Leistung des Frequenzversechsfachers von lediglich 63 mW, als auch bezüglich der Effizienz (PAE) von 0,28 %, der Verstärkung von 10 dB und der Unterdrückung unerwünschter Harmonischer von bis zu 35 dB sind die erzielten Ergebnisse außerdem besser als von einigen Schaltungen aus leistungsfähigeren III-V-Halbleiterprozessen. Passend zur Mittenfrequenz von 180 GHz am Ausgang des Frequenzversechsfachers, die auch die Mittenfrequenz des IEEE G-Bands ist, werden außerdem integrierte Aufwärts- und Abwärtsmischer entwickelt, die auf der für Kommunikationssysteme vergleichsweise wenig beachteten Sechstor-Architektur basieren. Die Vorteile der Sechstor-Architektur wurden zuvor bereits bei niedrigeren Frequenzen sowohl mit integrierten als auch mit diskret aufgebauten Schaltungen demonstriert. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die darauf aufbauende Entwicklung und Untersuchung von integrierten I-Q-Mischern mit dieser Architektur für drahtlose Kommunikationssysteme bei 180 GHz in einem 130 nm-BiCMOS-Prozess. Dafür werden geeignete Detektoren und Reflektoren präsentiert, mit denen die Implementierung in diesem Frequenzbereich möglich ist. Mit den erzielten Ergebnissen konnte jeweils der Stand der Technik für integrierte Sechstor-Aufwärts- und -Abwärtsmischer verbessert werden: Im Fall der Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer stellen die durchgeführten Messungen die erste Verifikation dieser Architektur im Millimeterwellenbereich dar. Auch im Fall der Abwärtsmischer ist die entworfene Schaltung die erste Realisierung bei einer Mittenfrequenz von über 120 GHz. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sechstor-Architektur im Millimeterwellenbereich für die Anwendung in drahtlosen Übertragungssystemen geeignet ist. Hinsichtlich der HF-Eigenschaften sind die erzielten Ergebnisse vergleichbar mit oder besser als solche, die mit technologisch aufwendigeren und oftmals energieintensiveren Schalter-Mischern, wie z.B. den Gilbert-Mischern, erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus wird anhand von mathematischen Schaltungsanalysen gezeigt, dass sich diese Mischerarchitektur ebenfalls durch ihre gute analytische Modellierbarkeit auszeichnet. Selbst mit stark idealisierten und vereinfachten Modellen kann der Mischgewinn bei 180 GHz mit einer Abweichung zur Messung und zur Simulation von lediglich rund 5 dB berechnet werden.:Kurzfassung Abstract Symbolverzeichnis Vorveröffentlichungen 1. Einleitung 2. Fertigungsprozesse für Schaltungen im Millimeterwellenbereich 2.1. Halbleitertechnologien 2.2. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik 2.3. Reduktion von Verlusten mittels Frequenzumsetzung 3. Frequenzmultiplizierer 3.1. Frequenzverdoppler mit Polyphasenfilter 3.2. Frequenzverdoppler mit aktivem und passivem Balun 3.3. Frequenzversechsfacher 3.4. Anwendung in einem Millimeterwellensystem 4. Mischer 4.1. Sechstor-Interferometer 4.2. Sechstor-Abwärtsmischer 4.3. Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Betragsberechnungen der auslaufenden Wellen des Sechstors B. Lösung der nichtlinearen Differenzialgleichung C. Differenzen der Quadrate und Kuben harmonischer Summen Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung / In this thesis the design, analysis and verification of integrated circuits for wireless communication systems operating at millimeter waves is presented. During a review of the available manufacturing processes for integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, and interconnects, problems associated with these techniques are identified. Parasitic elements, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors introduce losses that increase with the signal frequency. This motivates the reduction of the signal frequency wherever possible, so as to reduce these frequency-dependent losses. To achieve this, millimeterwave up- and downconverting mixers, which are anyway required in wireless systems for the modulation and demodulation of an rf carrier signal, and frequency multipliers for generation of those carrier signals are presented in this thesis. With the frequency multipliers it is possible to generate the carrier signals as spatially close to the mixers as possible, reducing the required length of the connection and the losses and reflecions associated with it. Two frequency doublers and a frequency sixtupler were designed for the conversion of input signals at 30 GHz to output signals at 60 GHz and at 180 GHz, respectively. The designs are focused on an energy-efficient generation of the desired harmonic and a large suppression of other undesired harmonics. In this way, the demonstrated results for the frequency sixtupler at 180 GHz improve the state-of-the-art for both BiCMOS and III-V circuits in terms of power consumption, power added efficiency (PAE), conversion gain and harmonic suppression. With the output frequency at up to 210 GHz and with a dc power consumption of 63 mW, a conversion gain of 10 dB, a PAE of 0.28 %, and a harmonic suppression of 35 dB is reached. Matching the output frequency of the sixtupler, two quadrature mixers operating at 180 GHz are presented. They are based on the six-port technique, which offers some promising features at millimeter wave frequencies, but is still not very popular for the application in integrated communication systems. Some research has already been conducted on six-port receivers for radar and communication systems operating at lower frequencies, both as integrated circuits and on printed circuit boards. In the case of six-port downconversion mixers, competetive results with discrete III-V diodes and transistors on printed circuit boards were demonstrated, but very little research on integrated realizations has been published to date. One goal of this thesis is therefore to design integrated six-port mixers at 180 GHz and investigate this architecture for the quadrature up- and downconversion in communication systems. Suitable active detectors and reflectors are proposed to enable the implementation of the six-port technique at these frequencies. In this way, the first implementation of the six-port technique for the upconversion at millimeterwave frequencies is demonstrated. For the downconversion, the rf center frequency at 180 GHz is the highest among six-port implementations to date. The results in terms of rf performance compare well against state-of-the-art switching mixers, such as Gilbert cells. Moreover, the six-port architecture is found to be much simpler in terms of the circuit complexity and it enables the circuit analysis using only simple and idealistic models. With such models, the conversion gain at 180 GHz can be calculated with an error of only about 5 dB. In its minimal realization, a quadrature mixer with a very low dc power consumption can be designed. This makes the six-port technique increasingly attractive as the rf frequency is increased and switching mixers consume a higher dc and rf power.:Kurzfassung Abstract Symbolverzeichnis Vorveröffentlichungen 1. Einleitung 2. Fertigungsprozesse für Schaltungen im Millimeterwellenbereich 2.1. Halbleitertechnologien 2.2. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik 2.3. Reduktion von Verlusten mittels Frequenzumsetzung 3. Frequenzmultiplizierer 3.1. Frequenzverdoppler mit Polyphasenfilter 3.2. Frequenzverdoppler mit aktivem und passivem Balun 3.3. Frequenzversechsfacher 3.4. Anwendung in einem Millimeterwellensystem 4. Mischer 4.1. Sechstor-Interferometer 4.2. Sechstor-Abwärtsmischer 4.3. Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Betragsberechnungen der auslaufenden Wellen des Sechstors B. Lösung der nichtlinearen Differenzialgleichung C. Differenzen der Quadrate und Kuben harmonischer Summen Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung

Denna uppsats diskuterar och undersöker unga vuxnas förutsättningar och inflytande på Motalas landsbygd. Problematiken grundar sig i urbanisering som är både ett nationellt och internationellt fenomen. Vald problembeskrivning undersöks i två landsbygdsorter i Motala kommun, Tjällmo och Godegård, där undersökningen sker genom en enkätundersökning med valda orters medborgare. Uppsatsen inkluderar förutom denna enkätundersökning, en dokumentanalys av fyra av kommunens strategiska dokument, där just landsbygdsutveckling och ungdomars förutsättningar samt inflytande behandlas. För att analysera materialet tillämpas teorin push and pull. Resultatet visar att det finns en generell trivsel för ungdomar i Tjällmo och Godegård, men att det finns vissa brister i förutsättningarna kring att bo kvar och leva där i många fall. Respondenterna anser även att det finns en bristande funktion i inkluderandet av unga i kommunens landsbygdsutvecklingsarbete. I resultatet visas det att Motala kommun har en vilja och en plan för att utveckla just inkluderingen av unga i kommunens utveckling av landsbygden. / This thesis discusses and analyses the opportunities and the influence of young adults living in the countryside in Motala county. The problematic lies within the urbanisation, a phenomenon that can be seen both nationally as well as internationally. The chosen description of problem has been investigated/examined/analysed in two municipality’s in Motala county, these are Tjällmo and Godegård. The investigation has been implemented through a survey that the younger citizens of the multiplicity has participated in. Besides the previously mentioned survey, the thesis also includes a document analysis based on four strategic documents from Motala county where the development of the countryside and the impacts of the younger population has been issued.  To analyse the material the theory of “push and pull” has been applied. The results shows that the well-being in general is good within the target group in Tjällmo and Godegård, but implies that in some cases they lack the right prerequisites to live there in the future. The respondents also states that there is a lacking function in Motala county concerning including the younger population in the development of the countryside. In the result you can see that Motala county has a will to improve and further develop the inclusion of their young citizens in the development of the countryside.