Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5737.pdf: 4169263 bytes, checksum: 1d29d7112d3353be7cf96c4b7043ae44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Splints are devices whose function to stabilize, immobilize, prevent and correct deformities and maximizing the function and are currently manufactured in thermoplastic , especially low temperature. Was created a technique for making splints from thermoplastic PVC and high temperature due to the lack of scientific studies of the applicability of PVC for orthosis for the upper limb, proposed a study aiming to meet , compare and analyze aspects concerning the applicability of the materials and wrist splints made of two types of thermoplastics , the high temperature PVC and a low temperature Ezeform ®, commonly used for orthosis . The research involved the analysis of the factors for the use of materials, the analysis of the mechanical properties, thermal and toxicity of both materials and analysis of myoelectric and functional performances of subjects with and without orthoses on functional tests of manual dexterity . It was found that occupational therapists using PVC do this by being accessible in terms of cost of material and using Ezeform, the ease in modeling, PVC has high recyclability, and Ezeform, is more susceptible to deformation; functional performance volunteers with orthotics PVC and Ezeform is hindered significantly; especially with the PVC; the myoelectric activity of the upper fibers of the trapezius increases with both orthoses; especially with Ezeform of the biceps muscle did not change significantly and muscles radial extensor and flexor digitorum superficialis had the myoelectric amplitude decreased when the orthoses used and so that the orthosis with PVC myoelectric activity was lower. / As órteses são dispositivos que tem como função, estabilizar, imobilizar, prevenir e corrigir deformidades e maximizar a função e atualmente são confeccionadas em termoplásticos, especialmente os de baixa temperatura, moldados diretamente sobre o membro. Foi criada uma técnica de confecção em órteses a partir do termoplástico de alta temperatura PVC e devido à falta de estudos científicos da aplicabilidade do PVC para confecção de órteses de membro superior, propôs-se um estudo com o objetivo de conhecer, comparar e analisar os aspectos que envolvem a aplicabilidade e os materiais de órteses de punho confeccionadas em dois tipos de termoplástico, o de alta temperatura, PVC e um de baixa temperatura, Ezeform®, comumente usado para confecção de órteses. A investigação envolveu a análise dos fatores de utilização dos materiais, a análise das propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e toxicidade de ambos os materiais e a análise dos desempenhos funcional e mioelétrico dos sujeitos sem e com as órteses em testes funcionais de destreza manual. Foi verificado que os terapeutas ocupacionais que utilizam PVC o fazem por este ser acessível em termo de custo do material e os que utilizam Ezeform, pela facilidade na modelagem; o PVC possui alta reciclabilidade, e o Ezeform, é mais susceptível à deformações; o desempenho funcional dos voluntários com as órteses de PVC e de Ezeform é dificultado significativamente, especialmente com a de PVC; a atividade mioelétrica das fibras superiores do trapézio aumenta com ambas as órteses, especialmente com a de Ezeform, o músculo bíceps não sofreu alterações significativas e os músculos extensor radial e flexor superficial dos dedos tiveram a amplitude mioelétrica diminuída quando utilizadas as órteses, de modo que com a órtese de PVC a atividade mioelétrica foi menor.

To quench a thermal runaway reaction in a chemical rector, an efficient approach is the introduction of a small quantity of a liquid inhibiting agent, named a “killer”, into the mixing vessel. In this thesis, an experimental approach has been coupled tightly with numerical modelling using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The first part of this thesis is devoted to a study of the hydrodynamics of partially-baffled mixing vessels, including the free-surface deformation caused by the central vortex. The use of an inhomogeneous, multiphase approach allowed simulation of the free-surface deformation. The capability of this novel method was demonstrated by very good agreement between the numerical predictions and experimental data. In the second part, liquid jet injection at the free-surface was coupled with the vessel hydrodynamics. Numerical results, obtained using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, have again shown good agreement with experimental data. These results allowed the jet trajectory to be modelled and its penetration into the agitated vessel was quantified. New mixing criteria were introduced that are specific to this application. Finally, the numerical methods validated at the pilot scale were applied at the industrial scale and allowed the proposal of practical improvements to the safety of the synthesis reactors studied

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samara Bohn.pdf: 2670870 bytes, checksum: 4b9de8d71921764eee1942da211fad27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) is one of thermoplastic polymers most consumed worldwide, because it has a broad scope and can be used from rigid pipes and profiles up toys and extremely flexible films obtained with the addition of plasticizers. The addition of nanofillers in polymer matrices has aroused the interest of many researchers seeking to improve properties of materiais and reduce the cost of producing them. In this work, the objective was to evaluate the effect of plasticizer in the nanoclays dispersion in the polymer matrix of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). Three different plasticizers ware used, one being the family of phthalate (dioctyl phthalate DOP), on the family of adipate (dioctyl adipate DOA) and the third, called by some green plasticizers poly (e-caprolactone) PCL. Furthermore, it was also evaluated the effect of clay pre-dispersion in the plasticizer in the properties of the nanocomposites. The samples were prepared in single screw extruder and characterized by means of scanning electron field effect (SEM FEG) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffraction X-ray (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tensile and swelling test. The morphology shows a heterogeneous distribution in the matrix, since phase separation, ocorred and clay agglomerates. However it was found that the use of the pre-dispersion can reduce the agglomerates and form small regions interleaving and further reduce the size of the phases, and found that even if different plasticizers would provide different results. By DRX it was found that the inclusion of clay pre-dispersed by sonication on the matrix promotes increased crytallinity of 75% compared with the sample without DOP clay, other samples had smaller increases. In differential scanning calorimetry it was observed over a Tg heterogeneity in the plasticization of PVC. In tensile teste it was found that inclusion of clay plasticized PVC promoted 5% and 10% in Young s modulus for PVC/DOP samples with sonification and PVC/PCL respectively with magnetic stirring. While the samples decreased with DOA Young s modulus within 19%, and the samples were also had smaller reduction in the migration of the plasticizer during the swelling test. According to the results found was that the clay pre-dispersion in theplasticizer may facilitate intercalation of the some but dosen t eliminate large amounts of agglomerates in the nanocomposity which can have great influence on the properties mechanical, thermal and migration, and the type of palsticizer has a remarkable effect on the nanocomposite. / O poli (cloreto de vinila) (PVC) é um dos polímeros termoplásticos mais consumidos mundialmente, pois o mesmo tem um vasto campo de aplicação podendo ser utilizado desde tubos e perfis rígidos até brinquedos e filmes extremamente flexíveis obtidos com a adição de plastificantes. A adição de nanocargas em matrizes poliméricas tem despertado interesse de muitos pesquisadores, que buscam melhorar propriedades dos materiais e reduzir o custo de produção dos mesmos. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do plastificante na dispersão de nanoargilas em matriz polimérica de poli (cloreto de vinila) (PVC). Foram utilizados três diferentes plastificantes, sendo um deles da família dos ftalatos (dioctil ftalato - DOP), um da família dos adipatos (dioctil adipato - DOA) e o terceiro, chamado por alguns de plastificante verde poli (ε-caprolactona) PCL. Além disso, também foi avaliado o efeito da pré-dispersão da argila nos plastificantes nas propriedades dos nanocompósitos. As amostras foram preparadas em extrusora monorosca e caracterizadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura de efeito de campo (MEV-FEG) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), difração de raios-X (DRX), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), ensaios de tração e ensaio de intumescimento. A morfologia apresentou uma distribuição heterogênea na matriz, pois ocorreu separação de fase e aglomerados de argila. No entanto, verificou-se que a utilização da pré dispersão pode reduzir os aglomerados e formar pequenas regiões de intercalação, e ainda reduzir o tamanho das fases, e ainda constatou-se que diferentes plastificantes promovem resultados diferentes. Por meio de DRX constatou-se que a inserção de argila pré-dispersa por sonicação na matriz promove aumento de 75% na cristalinidade em relação a amostra com DOP sem argila, as demais amostras tiveram aumento menores. Na calorimetria exploratória diferencial foi observado mais de uma Tg indicando heterogeneidade na plastificação do PVC. Nos ensaios de tração foi verificado que a inserção de argila no PVC plastificado promoveu aumentos de 5% e 10% no módulo de Young para as amostras PVC/DOP com sonicação e PVC/PCL com agitação magnética, respectivamente. Enquanto que as amostras com DOA apresentaram redução do módulo de Young em até 19%, e também foram as amostras que tiveram a menor redução na migração do plastificante durante os ensaios de intumescimento. De acordo com os resultados foi verificado que a pré-dispersão da argila no plastificante pode facilitar a intercalação da mesma, mas não elimina a grande quantidade de aglomerados nos nanocompósitos o que pode ter grande influência sobre as propriedades mecânicas, térmicas e de migração, bem como o tipo de plastificante influencia de forma considerável sobre os nanocompósitos.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-04-05T18:07:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-04-06T12:44:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T12:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 dissertacao - Leandro Rodrigues da Silva Souza - 2015.pdf: 16210462 bytes, checksum: 475bed9248c2dcb7bf0346adfc69a5f0 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / In order to collaborate with technology and accessibility, this work proposes the development of a Space Frame chassis, constructed with polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). To the development were used PVC tubes and fittings, commonly used in civil builders. The essential parameters of the PVC were obtained experimentally and used to simulate the chassis. Along the development, analyses of tension and deformation were made in the proposed structure. Using computer simulation, the finite element analysis could provide the structure behaviour in different scenarios, as bending, tension and deformation. / Com o intuito de colaborar com o campo da tecnologia e acessibilidade, este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma estrutura veicular do tipo Space Frame, construída a partir de tubos de policloreto de Vinila (PVC). Para tanto, foram utilizados tubos e conexões de PVC normalmente empregados na construção civil. Os parâmetros essenciais do PVC para a simulação foram obtidos experimentalmente. São realizadas análises de tensões e deformações da estrutura, por meio de simulação computacional, utilizando um solver de Elementos Finitos, propiciando análise do protótipo, sob condições de solicitação a flexão devido a cargas distribuídas sobre as suas regiões.

Plasty, pronikající do životního prostředí ať už neúmyslně či záměrně, mohou být fragmentovány za vzniku částic v řádu mikrometrů (tzv. mikroplastů) a znečišťovat tak půdní systémy. Doposud vyvinuté analýzy pro stanovení mikroplastů v půdách jsou především zaměřeny na kvalitativní stanovení, nicméně i jejich provedení se zatím stále potýká s různými úskalími. Navíc, téměř všechny tyto analýzy vyžadují časově náročnou předúpravu vzorku. V této studii jsme se zaměřili na vývoj nové analytické metody pro kvantitativní stanovení mikroplastů polyvinylchloridu (PVC) a polystyrenu (PS) v půdách bez předchozí úpravy vzorku pomocí termogravimetrické analýzy spojené s hmotnostní spektrometrií (TGA-MS). Pro analýzu byly použity vzorky modelové půdy s nízkým obsahem organického uhlíku, které byly spikovány na výslednou koncentraci 0,23–7 hm% PVC či PS. Vzorky byly pyrolyzovány s teplotním krokem 5 K min–1 až na teplotu 1000 °C. Pyrolýzní plynné produkty byly následně analyzovány s využitím hmotnostního spektrometru. Získaná data byla normalizována pomocí externího standardu (šťavelan vápenatý). Limity detekce se pohybovaly v rozmezí 0,08–5,3 hm% pro PVC a 0,005–0,7 hm% pro PS v závislosti na zvoleném m/z. Limity kvantifikace pak byly 0,3–17,7 hm% pro PVC a 0,002–2,2 hm% pro PS. Výsledky dokazují, že spojení TGA-MS může být konkurující semikvantitativní metodou pro stanovení mikro-PVC a mikro-PS v půdě s nízkým obsahem organického uhlíku.

The subject of the diploma thesis is the elaboration of project documentation for the implementation of the new civic amenities of the Nursery School in the cadastral area of Plácky in the territory of the town of Hradec Králové. The building is designed as a stand alone divided into 4 segments with two above-ground floors. Kindergarten consists of 3 separate departments with a total capacity of 60 children and 1 unit for hobbies with a capacity of 20 children and their facilities. The object is based on the base passages. All brick structures are made of brick blocks Porotherm and the heat insulation is added to the perimeter shell. The internal staircase is monolithic, reinforced concrete and external prefabricated steel. The object is roofed with a flat roof and the support element consists of reinforced concrete pre-prestressed panels SPIROLL. Drawing part is processed in ArchiCAD program, visualizations are processed in Lumion program.

Roofing foils are known for several years as building material for roof hydro insulation but their life service is not yet fully known. This thesis is focused on problematics of life service of roofing foils. In theoretical part there is discribed structure of foils and impacts which assist degradation processes. Practical part modifies the methodology artificial aging which is simulated in QUV tester and Q-SUN XE3 tester lumber-rooms. The thesis is trying reach with the results to natural aging as close as possible. The testing captures attributes which are more prone to degradation.

A solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for simultaneous extraction of dicarboxylic acids and diols formed during hydrolysis of poly(butylene succinate), PBS, and poly(butylene adipate), PBA. The developed SPE method and subsequent GC-MS analysis were used to extract, identify and quantify low molecular weight products migrating from linear and branched poly(butylene adipate) (PBA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) during aging in aqueous media. The combination of SPE and GC-MS proved to be a sensitive tool, able to detect small differences in the degradation rate during early stages of hydrolysis before any significant differences were observed by weight loss and molecular weight measurements. The detected low molecular weight products included monomers i.e. adipic acid and 1,4-butanediol for the PBA polymers and succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol for PBS. Several dimers and trimers i.e. hydroxybutyl adipate, hydroxybutyl succinate, di(hydroxybutyl) adipate, di(hydroxybutyl) succinate and hydroxybutyl disuccinate were also detected. Best extraction efficiency for 1,4-butanediol and succinic acid was achieved with a hydroxylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin as solid phase. Linear range for the extracted analytes was 1-500 ng/ml for adipic acid and 2-500 ng/ml for 1,4-butanediol and succinic acid. Detection and quantification limits for all analytes were between 1-2 ng/ml (S/N=3) and 2-7 ng/ml (S/N=10) respectively. Relative standard deviations were between 3 % and 7 %. Comparison of measured weight loss and the amount of monomeric products showed that weight loss during early stages of hydrolysis was mainly caused by the release of water-soluble oligomers that on prolonged ageing were further hydrolyzed to monomeric species. Significant differences in degradation rate could be assigned to degree of branching, molecular weight, aging temperature and degradation medium. Linear and branched PBA was mixed with PVC in solution cast films to study the effects of molecular weight and branching on plasticizer efficiency. Used as polymeric plasticizer, PBA formed a semi-miscible two-phase system with PVC where the amorphous part exhibited one single glass transition temperature and the degree of polyester crystallinity was dependent on molecular weight, degree of branching and blend composition. Plasticizing efficiency was favored by higher degree of branching and a 40 weight-percent polyester composition. / QC 20101209

My work focuses on taking waste wire-grade PVC = poly(vinyl chloride) and waste XLPE = cross-linked polyethylene and recycle them into small wire/cable spool technology in order to reduce waste cost and reduce cost of spool production. The PVC and XLPE were provided by Encore Wire Corp. of McKinney, TX; they have also defined the standard to which I am comparing my results. The end goal is to incorporate as much PVC and XLPE into the spools while maintaining material toughness, impact resistance, as well as cost-effectiveness in the implementation of the waste materials. The work has been divided into two primary sections, the first is focused on improving material strength through the addition of ceramic fillers. The second section is focused on adding PVC and XLPE into a stronger and highly cohesive polymer matrix and optimizing the concentration of the waste products. Since XLPE is non-polar while PVC is strongly polar, compatibilizers such as CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) and MA-DCP (maleic anhydride with dicumyl peroxide) were used to improve interactions between polar and non-polar constituents. Testing involved the tensile mechanical properties, tribology and thermal properties, namely dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and evaluation of thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combining PVC and XLPE together is not economically feasible with current compatiblizers. At the same time, introduction of PVC waste or XLPE waste with sufficient properties of the resulting composites is doable.

Introduktion: Vårdrelaterade infektioner, VRI:er, är ett stort hälsoproblem i Sverige. Genom att förebygga de undvikbara infektioner som drabbar patienter på våra sjukhus skulle vi kunna frigöra uppemot 200 000 vårddygn och 2,2 miljarder kronor per år. PVK:er står för en oklar del av dessa infektioner. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan påverka förekomsten av PVK-relaterade infektioner. Metod: en systematisk litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats. Originalstudier som svarade mot studiens syfte söktes i databaserna Ci-nahl och Pubmed, med kriterier att de skulle vara publicerade de senaste 10 åren. Narrativ analys i form av koncentrering och kategorisering av resultatet med en sammanställning i text. Resultat: Tolv studier inkluderades i översikten. Huvudfynden kan sammanfattas som att klorhexidinsprit är bättre än povidonjod, injektionsmembran behöver desinfekteras för att kunna rekommenderas, heparin är inte bättre än natriumklorid för att förebygga komplikat-ioner, valet av förband påverkar inte komplikationsförekomsten och att PVK:er bör bytas på klinisk indikation. Slutsats: Det som genomgående lyfts i de inkluderade studierna är att det saknas underlag för att fastställa förekomsten av PVK-relaterad bakteriemi. Denna litteraturö-versikt visar att för att minska förekomsten av PVK-relaterade infektioner bör klorhexidinsprit användas som desinfektionsmedel och PVK:er bytas på klinisk indikation. Det som tydligt framkommit är att PVK-relaterade infektioner är ett understuderat ämne, det behövs stora stu-dier som mäter förekomsten av infektionerna för att sedan med ytterligare studier kunna mäta effekten av olika interventioner. / Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections, HAI’s, are a major health problem in Sweden. By preventing the avoidable infections that affect patients in our hospitals, we could free up to 200,000 care days and 2.2 billion SEK yearly. PVC’s account for an unclear proportion of these infections. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate which factors may affect the occurrence of PVC-related infections. Method: a systematic literature review with a qualitative approach. Original studies that responded to the purpose of the study were searched in the data-bases Cinahl and Pubmed, with criteria that they should have been published in the last 10 years. Narrative analysis in the form of concentration and categorization of the results with a compilation in text. Results: Twelve studies were included in the review. The main findings can be summarized as that chlorhexidine alcohol is better than povidone-iodine, injection membranes need to be disinfected to be recommended, heparin is not better than sodium chloride for preventing complications, the choice of dressing does not affect the occurrence of compli-cations and that PVC’s should be changed on clinical indication. Conclusion: What is consistently highlighted in the included studies is that there is a lack of evidence to determine the occurrence of PVC-related bacteraemia. This literature review shows that in order to reduce PVC-related infections, chlorhexidine alcohol should be used as a disinfectant and that PVC’s are to be changed on clinical indication. What has clearly emerged is that PVC-related infections are an understudied topic, large studies are needed that measure the occurrence of the infections in order to then be able to measure the effect of various interventions with further studies.