Pain is the most prevalent medical problem that elderly persons experience in a long-term care home. Nurses play an essential role in managing their pain. The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ pain management practices in Ontario long-term care homes facilities. The ultimate aim was to recommend measures for effective pain management in aged people. The setting for this study was a selected long-term care home in Ontario, Canada, a 160-bed nursing home for aged people offering various medical care services. Semi-structured focus group interviews, averaging approximately one hour, were conducted. The population of this study was 45 nurses. The researcher used a purposive sampling method to select a sample of 25 nurses. Open-ended questions were used to explore pain management practices and to find barriers to effective pain management. Qualitative data analysis was used to review the data to identify common issues that recurred, and they were summarised in a narrative form. This study demonstrated the importance of recognising and overcoming barriers to the effective management of pain and reinforcing good practices in long-term care homes. Therefore, improved pain management practices are required to manage pain in a long-term care home effectively. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Sciences)

The thesis is focused on perioperative use of opioids during caesarean section. The general part is concerned with pharmacology of opioids due to their practical use during general and regional anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia with particular focus on remifentanil. Emphasis is put on the placental transfer of opioids into breast milk which has the possible influence on postnatal adaptation of the newborns and breastfeeding/lactation. The first part of the research describes current anaesthetic practice and opioid use in obstetrics in the Czech Republic according to the OBAAMA-CZ study in 2011. The second study on a unique group of 151 parturients showed that bolus application of remifentanil at a dose of 1 μg/kg at the time of 30 seconds before induction of general anaesthesia for caesarean section significantly stabilizes maternal hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure, heart rate) and reduces the stress response to tracheal intubation and skin incision. On the contrary, no influence on depth of anaesthesia (monitored by BIS) was found. But we demonstrated a slight effect of remifentanil on the assessment of postnatal adaptation of newborns at first minute after delivery. However, this attenuation was very short and in the fifth minute the results were already fully comparable to the control...

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Shoulder pain was constantly reported as a problematic symptom causing dysfunction and quality of life interference after neck dissection in head and neck cancer patients. Due to a lack of conceptual framework and inconsistency of instrument selection, a comparison among previous studies was almost impossible, making it difficult to understand the phenomenon. The current study applied the University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing Symptom Management Model. The purposes of the study were to (a) describe the symptom experience of shoulder pain at 1 month after neck dissection, (b) describe the relationships among symptom experience of shoulder pain, functional status, and quality of life, and (c) identify the contextual variables, concurrent symptoms, and/or adherence predicting symptom experience of shoulder pain, functional status, and/or quality of life. This was a descriptive study with a convenience sample of head and neck cancer patients. The data were collected via a medical record review, a self-administered survey, and a physical examination. The data from 29 patients were entered for descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and multiple regressions. At 1 month after surgery, 62% of patients reported they had shoulder pain at some point within a week. Their shoulder pain was from mild to moderate. Fifty-nine percent complained that shoulder pain bothered them about the moderated level. In the final model, symptom experience, shoulder pain, was significantly correlated with one outcome, active shoulder abduction, but not the other, total quality of life, generic quality of life, and head and neck quality of life. Active shoulder abduction was significantly correlated with three quality of life measures. Adding significant predictors of symptom experience and outcomes into the final model, there is a potential that the model would be useful to guide treatment strategies. Treatment for myofascial pain of the levator scapulae could relieve shoulder pain after neck dissection and improve head and neck quality of life. Those with level V dissection were high risk populations of developing shoulder pain. Risk factors of quality of life, which were depression, loss of sensation, and radiation would describe how an intervention could change or unchange the patient’s life.

SJUKSKÖTERSKANS ATTITYD OCH INSTÄLLNING TILL POSTOPERATIV SMÄRTA OCH HUR DE PÅVERKAR SMÄRTBEHANDLINGEN SYSTEMATISK LITTERATURÖVERSIKTHANNA OTTOSSON BURGERANNA AGHAOttosson Burge, H & Agha, R. Sjuksköterskans attityd och inställning till postoperativ smärta och hur de påverkar smärtbehandling - en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Examensarbete i omvårdnad 15 högskolepoäng. Malmö Högskola: Fakulteten för Hälsa och samhälle, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2012.Abstrakt. Flertalet studier har visat och visar på att postoperativ smärta underskattas och underbehandlas. Syftet med denna systematiska litteraturöversikt var att undersöka sjuksköterskors attityd och inställning till postoperativ smärta och smärtbehandling. En reviderad version av Goodmans sju steg nyttjades som metod. Elva vetenskapliga, kvalitativa artiklar användes. Vid analysen framkom fyra följande teman: 1) Oro för bieffekter 2) Syn på engagemang och inflytande 3) Subjektiv syn på smärta 4) Sjuksköterskors tillit till erfarenhet och objektiva tecken på smärta. Denna studie visar att de sjuksköterskor som deltagit i de elva utvalda studierna anser sig tycka att smärta är en subjektiv upplevelse. Trots detta resonemang visar det sig att de flesta sjuksköterskorna vid bedömning av smärta främst fokuserar på objektiva tecken på smärta. De agerar alltså utifrån perspektivet att smärta är ett objektivt fenomen. Avsaknad av objektiva, fysiologiska tecken på smärta orsakade sjuksköterskorna att tro att smärtgraden var låg, och behandlade patienten med smärta därefter.Nyckelord: sjuksköterskors attityd, sjuksköterskors inställning, postoperativ smärta, smärtbedömning, smärtlindring, smärtbehandling, systematisk litteraturstudie. / NURSE´S ATTITUDE AND APPROACH TO POSTOPERATIVE PAIN AND ITS EFFECT ON PAIN TREATMENTA SYSTEMATIC REVIEWHANNA OTTOSSON BURGERANNA AGHAOttosson Burge, H & Agha, R. Nurse´s attitude and approach to postoperative pain and its effect on pain treatment – a systematic review Degree Project, 15 Credit Points. Nursing Programme, Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Health Care, 2012.Abstract. Several studies have shown and show that postoperative pain is underestimated and under treated. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to examine nurses' attitudes and approaches to postoperative pain and pain treatment. A modified version of Goodman's seven steps was used as method. Eleven scientific, qualitative articles were used. The analysis revealed four categories: 1) Concerns about side effects 2) Views on commitment and influence 3) Subjective view on pain 4) Nurses ´confidence in experience and objective signs of pain. This study shows that the nurses who participated in the eleven selected studies consider pain to be a subjective experience. Despite this, it appears that most nurses, when assessing pain, mainly focuses on objective signs of pain. They act from the perspective that pain is an objective phenomenon. Lack of objective, physiological signs of pain caused the nurses to believe that the pain was not so severe, and treated the patient with pain accordingly.Keywords: nurses´attitude, nurses´approach, pain assessment, postoperative pain, pain relief, pain treatment, systematic review

[ES] El dolor crónico constituye un problema social y económico de primer orden. Se estima que alrededor del 19% de la población sufre de esta patología y de ellos un 12% son pacientes afectados por dolor severo. El coste económico asociado a las consecuencias del dolor en España se calcula en torno al 2,5% del PIB. La neuroestimulación medular eléctrica tónica es una de las terapias de elección para pacientes aquejados de dolor crónico severo neuropático y vascular, refractario a tratamientos farmacológicos, desde hace más de cincuenta años. El éxito de la terapia, en términos de alivio del dolor, depende de muchos factores relativos al propio paciente (patología, características anatómicas y aspectos psicológicos), así como de aspectos técnicos asociados al dispositivo utilizado y a su programación. Una correcta programación del neuroestimulador, así como otros factores asociados a la elección de los electrodos y posición de éstos en el espacio epidural, constituye uno de los factores críticos para la eficacia de la terapia. Sin embargo, hay una enorme escasez de información respecto a estos aspectos, a pesar de la cantidad de información clínica que existe sobre la terapia. Esta tesis estudia, mediante un modelo de neuroestimulación medular basado en métodos matemáticos y simulación computacional, diversas configuraciones de electrodos, posición de éstos, y programación de polaridades, con la finalidad de extraer conclusiones de utilidad clínica en la terapia de neuroestimulación tónica. El modelo desarrollado está basado en dos submodelos: un modelo tridimensional que simula la distribución del campo eléctrico en la médula, en cualquier nivel metamérico, si bien el presente trabajo se centra en T8 y T10, denominado volumen conductor, y un modelo de fibra que permite estudiar si una fibra mielinizada de un determinado diámetro desarrolla un potencial de acción bajo la acción de un campo eléctrico externo. Utilizando este modelo, se ha estudiado el efecto de diferentes factores de enorme influencia en la práctica clínica: - Elección del material pre-implante: efecto de la distancia entre polos del electrodo en la estimulación (elección del electrodo). - Técnica de implante: efecto de la distancia lateral entre electrodos paralelos implantados a la misma altura metamérica (posicionamiento de los electrodos en el espacio epidural). - Herramientas de programación: estudio del efecto de la polaridad en la estimulación (resultados para las distintas polaridades utilizadas habitualmente). - Técnica para desplazar la parestesia lateralmente: estudio del efecto de la estimulación transversa. Se ha procedido además a un registro de distintos umbrales de estimulación para varias programaciones en una muestra de 26 pacientes, mediante un estudio clínico observacional registrado en el CEIC (Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica) del Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, para validar el modelo. Como resultado de la tesis, se ha desarrollado un modelo que permite estudiar el efecto de la estimulación tónica en cualquier nivel metamérico y determinar su eficacia en la creación de potenciales de acción, y se han sugerido unas pautas para la elección de los parámetros asociados a la terapia que puedan ser de utilidad clínica. / [CA] El dolor crònic constitueix un problema social i econòmic de primer ordre. S'estima que al voltant del 19% de la població pateix d'aquesta patologia i d'ells un 12% són pacients afectats per dolor sever. El cost econòmic associat a les conseqüències del dolor a Espanya es calcula entorn del 2,5% del PIB. La neuroestimulació medul·lar elèctrica tònica és una de les teràpies d'elecció per a pacients afligits de dolor crònic sever neuropàtic i vascular, refractari a tractaments farmacològics, des de fa més de cinquanta anys. L'èxit de la teràpia, en termes d'alleujament del dolor, depén de molts factors relatius al propi pacient (patologia, característiques anatòmiques i aspectes psicològics), així com d'aspectes tècnics associats al dispositiu utilitzat i a la seua programació. Una correcta programació del *neuroestimulador, així com altres factors associats a l'elecció dels elèctrodes i posició d'aquests en l'espai epidural, constitueix un dels factors crítics per a l'eficàcia de la teràpia. No obstant això, hi ha una enorme escassetat d'informació respecte a aquests aspectes, malgrat la quantitat d'informació clínica que existeix sobre la teràpia. Aquesta tesi estudia, mitjançant un model de neuroestimulació medul·lar basat en mètodes matemàtics i simulació computacional, diverses configuracions d'elèctrodes, posició d'aquests, i programació de polaritats, amb la finalitat d'extraure conclusions d'utilitat clínica en la teràpia de neuroestimulació tònica. El model desenvolupat està basat en dos submodels: un model tridimensional que simula la distribució del camp elèctric en la medul·la, en qualsevol nivell metamèric, si bé el present treball se centra en T8 i T10, denominat volum conductor, i un model de fibra que permet estudiar si una fibra mielinitzada d'un determinat diàmetre desenvolupa un potencial d'acció sota l'acció d'un camp elèctric extern. Utilitzant aquest model, s'ha estudiat l'efecte de diferents factors d'enorme influència en la pràctica clínica: - Elecció del material pre-implant: efecte de la distància entre pols de l'elèctrode en l'estimulació (elecció de l'elèctrode). - Tècnica d'implant: efecte de la distància lateral entre elèctrodes paral·lels implantats a la mateixa altura metamèrica (posicionament dels elèctrodes en l'espai epidural). - Eines de programació: estudi de l'efecte de la polaritat en l'estimulació (resultats per a les diferents polaritats utilitzades habitualment). - Tècnica per a desplaçar la parestèsia lateralment: estudi de l'efecte de l'estimulació transversa. S'ha procedit a més a un registre de diferents llindars d'estimulació per a diverses programacions en una mostra de 26 pacients, mitjançant un estudi clínic observacional registrat en el CEIC (Comité Ètic d'Investigació Clínica) del Consorci Hospital General Universitari de València, per a validar el model. Com a resultat de la tesi, s'ha desenvolupat un model que permet estudiar l'efecte de l'estimulació tònica en qualsevol nivell metamèric i determinar la seua eficàcia en la creació de potencials d'acció, i s'han suggerit unes pautes per a l'elecció dels paràmetres associats a la teràpia que puguen ser d'utilitat clínica. / [EN] Chronic pain is a major social and economic problem. It is estimated that about 19% of the population suffers from this pathology and of them 12% are patients affected by severe pain. The economic cost associated with the consequences of pain in Spain is estimated at around 2.5% of GDP. Tonic spinal cord stimulation is one of the therapies of choice for patients suffering from severe chronic neuropathic and vascular pain, refractory to pharmacological treatments, for more than fifty years. The success of the therapy, in terms of pain relief, depends on many factors related to the patient himself (pathology, anatomical characteristics and psychological aspects), as well as technical aspects associated with the device used and its programming. A correct programming of the neurostimulator, as well as other factors associated with the choice of electrodes and their position in the epidural space, is one of the critical factors for the effectiveness of the therapy. However, there is a huge lack of information regarding these aspects, despite of the amount of clinical information that exists about the therapy. This thesis studies, using a model of spinal cord stimulation based on mathematical methods and computational simulation, several configurations of electrodes, position of these, and programming of polarities, in order to draw conclusions of clinical utility in tonic neurestimulation therapy. The model developed is based on two submodels: a three-dimensional model that calculates the distribution of the electric field in the spinal cord, at any metameric level, although the present work focuses on T8 and T10, called volume conductor, and a fiber model that allows to study if a myelinated fiber with certain diameter creates an action potential under the action of an external electric field. Using this model, the effect of different factors of big influence on clinical practice has been studied: - Choice of pre-implant material: effect of the distance between lead contacts on stimulation (lead choice). - Implant technique: effect of the lateral distance between parallel leads implanted at the same metameric level (positioning of the leads in the epidural space). - Programming tools: study of the effect of polarity on stimulation (results for the different polarities commonly used). - Technique to move paresthesia laterally: study of the effect of transverse stimulation. We have also registered different stimulation thresholds for several programs in a sample of 26 patients, through an observational clinical study registered in the CEIC (Clinical Research Ethics Committee) of the Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, to validate the model. As a result of the thesis, a model has been developed that allows to study the effect of tonic stimulation at any metameric level and determine its effectiveness in the creation of action potentials, and some guidelines have been suggested for the choice of parameters associated with the therapy that may be clinically useful. / Durá Cantero, JL. (2022). Modelización de los efectos de la neuroestimulación medular [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190245

The purpose of this study was to determine how pain in PLHIV on community home based care programme was managed using the Roy adaptation model (RAM) as the theoretical framework. This study used a descriptive mixed method research design which allowed for the research topic to be investigated and described in terms of both narrative qualitative accounts and descriptive statistics. A sequential exploratory approach was adopted in which qualitative data collection was conducted in the initial phase followed by quantitative data collection. Ten qualitative interviews, guided by the components of the RAM were conducted in the initial phase and a structured interview schedule (questionnaire) partially based on the result of the qualitative phase and (which was also structured in accordance with the RAM) was administered to 120 respondents who met the inclusion criteria of being on CHBC. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants and respondents in both phases of the study. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common pain syndrome experienced by patients. More females suffered numbness/tingling sensation of toes, followed by chest pains than their male counterparts. Pain experienced was moderate to severe which was not treated effectively. The study findings could assist health care providers, policy makers and researchers to invest into improving pain management for PLHIV, strengthen education of patients and their primary caregivers on the causes of pain and modalities to employ for pain relief and implement palliative care guidelines for PLHIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Aim of the study is to explore the role caring practices within the nurse-patient relationship, in facilitating effective chronic pain management in the primary health care context. Objectives are to analyse the current caring practices within the nurse-patient relationship during the management of patients with chronic pain within primary health care services; explore the challenges experienced by nurses in primary health care services when managing patients with chronic pain; observe the caring practices within the nurse patient interaction for the patients suffering from chronic pain within the Primary health care setting and explain the nurses‟ caring practices when managing their chronic pain in the primary health care setting. Method The research design for this study is sequential, explanatory and mixed method, which is more appropriate due to the complexity of the phenomenon under study. Findings: Although the survey measured the caring practices subjectively which other studies had done consistently, generally nurses associated caring as their core function within the health profession. Nurses do not actively involve the patients in the development of a treatment plan and as a result the caring behaviours that are intended to benefit the patients are not realised and, thus patients report nurses as not being caring. The results indicated that lack of an inclusive treatment plan, which can only be discovered through the development of the therapeutic NPR, is not given priority in the management of patients with chronic pain Conclusions: Caring should not be seen as concrete execution of the set of activities towards the patient but rather as a joint venture between the nurse and the patient. The strength of the model developed in this study is the identification of the nurses‟ internal readiness to create a caring environment by experiencing the love, faith and hope before engaging with the patient. / Health Studies

The purpose of this study was to determine how pain in PLHIV on community home based care programme was managed using the Roy adaptation model (RAM) as the theoretical framework. This study used a descriptive mixed method research design which allowed for the research topic to be investigated and described in terms of both narrative qualitative accounts and descriptive statistics. A sequential exploratory approach was adopted in which qualitative data collection was conducted in the initial phase followed by quantitative data collection. Ten qualitative interviews, guided by the components of the RAM were conducted in the initial phase and a structured interview schedule (questionnaire) partially based on the result of the qualitative phase and (which was also structured in accordance with the RAM) was administered to 120 respondents who met the inclusion criteria of being on CHBC. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants and respondents in both phases of the study. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common pain syndrome experienced by patients. More females suffered numbness/tingling sensation of toes, followed by chest pains than their male counterparts. Pain experienced was moderate to severe which was not treated effectively. The study findings could assist health care providers, policy makers and researchers to invest into improving pain management for PLHIV, strengthen education of patients and their primary caregivers on the causes of pain and modalities to employ for pain relief and implement palliative care guidelines for PLHIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Background: Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction (MPD) is a diagnosis commonly encountered by practitioners, hence, there are several treatment approaches employed by various practicing physicians. Practitioners are required to perform evidence-based protocols on patients; however, such intervention becomes increasingly difficult with the increasing volume of evidence available with regards to treatment of MPD. A systematic review provides a well-structured, critical analysis of the available protocols, and as such, provides practitioners with an evidence-based summary of the available modalities and the effectiveness of these modalities. Thus, the aim of the study was to systematically review and evaluate the literature to determine the effects of various non-invasive modalities on MPD. Objectives: Studies investigating various non-invasive modalities were identified, evaluated against the inclusion criteria and then reviewed against PEDro criteria to present current available evidence regarding their effectiveness as a source of treatment for MPD. Methods: A literature search was conducted, based on key terms including: active and latent myofascial trigger points, manual therapy, manipulation, acupressure, massage, muscle stretching, ultrasound, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, electric stimulation therapy, magnetic field therapy, and exercise therapy. Databases searched were: PubMed, EBSCOhost, Medline, CINAL, Proquest, Health Source, Sport Discus, Science Direct, Springer Link, Google Scholar and Summons. The articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, after which a secondary hand and reference searches were performed. Thereafter, the articles were reviewed by four independent reviewers and the researcher. The PEDro Scale was used to determine methodological rigor of the included studies. The results were then analysed and ranked. Results: Following the screening process during data collection for this study, a total of 25 studies were identified and included. The review and ranking of these studies revealed a moderate level of evidence present for the effectiveness of Topical Agents. A limited level of evidence was noted for TENS, Ischemic Compression, Ultrasound, Laser and Other Modalities. Approximately 25% of the reviewed studies involved combination therapies; hence their outcomes cannot be applied to the effectiveness of individual modalities. Conclusion: Upon comparison of the quality of evidence available for the various types of modalities present for the treatment of MPD, it was noted that Topical Agents were supported by a stronger level of evidence than TENS, Ischeamic Compression, Ultrasound, Laser and Other Modalities. However, due to a lack of strong overall evidence for any of these modalities it has been concluded that more research is required to establish which modality is in fact the most effective.

Aim of the study is to explore the role caring practices within the nurse-patient relationship, in facilitating effective chronic pain management in the primary health care context. Objectives are to analyse the current caring practices within the nurse-patient relationship during the management of patients with chronic pain within primary health care services; explore the challenges experienced by nurses in primary health care services when managing patients with chronic pain; observe the caring practices within the nurse patient interaction for the patients suffering from chronic pain within the Primary health care setting and explain the nurses‟ caring practices when managing their chronic pain in the primary health care setting. Method The research design for this study is sequential, explanatory and mixed method, which is more appropriate due to the complexity of the phenomenon under study. Findings: Although the survey measured the caring practices subjectively which other studies had done consistently, generally nurses associated caring as their core function within the health profession. Nurses do not actively involve the patients in the development of a treatment plan and as a result the caring behaviours that are intended to benefit the patients are not realised and, thus patients report nurses as not being caring. The results indicated that lack of an inclusive treatment plan, which can only be discovered through the development of the therapeutic NPR, is not given priority in the management of patients with chronic pain Conclusions: Caring should not be seen as concrete execution of the set of activities towards the patient but rather as a joint venture between the nurse and the patient. The strength of the model developed in this study is the identification of the nurses‟ internal readiness to create a caring environment by experiencing the love, faith and hope before engaging with the patient. / Health Studies