Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse, consumo de álcool e drogas e repertório de habilidades sociais na prática de sexo sem preservativo em uma amostra representativa de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS em tratamento ambulatorial na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 667 pacientes, 383 (57,4%) homens e 284 (42,6%) mulheres, portadores do vírus HIV em tratamento na Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente e CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Exame do Estado Mental, questionário sociodemográfico, Escalas de Avaliação de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse, Escala de assertividade de Rathus, questionário sobre uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas, AUDIT, Questionário sobre Comportamento Sexual na Vida e a Escala de Avaliação de Comportamento Sexual de Risco - SERBAS. Os pacientes foram entrevistados nos locais onde faziam seu tratamento. Resultados: A análise múltipla mostrou que ter algum parceiro soropositivo e ter feito uso de maconha antes do sexo foram associados negativamente ao uso do preservativo. Ter dois ou mais parceiros sexuais nos últimos três meses foi associado a ter trabalho regular, ter feito sexo em grupo, contaminação anterior por alguma outra doença sexualmente transmissível, parceiro soropositivo, não residir com o parceiro, sexo em troca de álcool, droga, abrigo/comida alguma vez na vida, orientação homossexual, prática de sexo anal, CD4 acima de 350 cels/mm3 e uso de cocaína antes do sexo. Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse e falta de habilidades sociais afetaram significativamente a vida sexual dessa população diminuindo as chances de fazer sexo nos três meses anteriores à entrevista, mas não mostraram associação com o uso de preservativo e múltiplos parceiros. Conclusão: Pessoas com HIV que fazem sexo sem preservativo apresentam características diferentes daquelas que tem múltiplos parceiros. A sorologia do parceiro foi uma variável importante para a prática de sexo sem preservativo. A orientação homo e bissexual, prática de sexo anal e o sexo masculino foram mais associadas a ter mais parceiros sexuais. O consumo de álcool e outras drogas esteve presente nos dois comportamentos de risco. Identificar os fatores associados a esses comportamentos de risco e as diferenças encontradas no perfil das pessoas que fizeram sexo sem preservativo e daquelas que tiveram múltiplos parceiros são pontos importantes para programas de prevenção. Tais características podem servir como marcadores que auxiliam os profissionais de saúde a detectar possíveis comportamentos de risco e planejar estratégias de prevenção / Introduction: The AIDS epidemic is a major public health problem. It is estimated that, even after becoming aware of their serostatus, one in three people with HIV continues to have sex without a condom, regardless of the partner\'s serostatus. Purpose: To evaluated the influence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, stress level, alcohol and drug use and the range of social skills on having sex without a condom in a representative sample of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and receiving outpatient treatment in the city of São Paulo. Methods: 667 patients - 383 (57.4%) men and 284 (42.6%) women - with HIV and being treated at Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente and CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro participated in the study. The following tools were used to collect data: Mini-Mental State Examination, social and demographic survey, Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Stress Symptom Inventory, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use survey, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Sexual Behavior Survey, and Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment (SERBAS). Patients were interviewed at the places where they were being treated. Results: The multiple analysis has shown that having an HIV-positive partner and using marijuana before sex were negatively associated with condom use. Having two or more partners over the past three months was been associated with having regular job, have done group sex, previous infection with other sexually transmitted infections, an HIV-positive partner, not living with the partner, sex in exchange for alcohol, drug, shelter/food at least once in their lives, homosexuality, engagement in anal sex, CD4 cells/mm3 count above 350, and use of cocaine before sex. Anxiety and depression symptoms, stress level and lack of social skills significantly affected the sexual lives of that population, making them less likely to have sex in the three months before the interview, but they were not associated with the use of a condom and multiple partners. Conclusion: The characteristics of HIV-positive individuals who have unprotected sex are different from those who have multiple partners. The partners\' serostatus was an important variable for engaging in unprotected sex. Homosexuality and bisexuality, anal sex and male gender were more associated in individuals who had more sexual partners. Use of alcohol and other drugs was present in both risk behaviors. Identifying the factors associated with those risk behaviors and the differences between the profiles of the individuals who had sex without a condom and those who had multiple partners is critical for prevention programs. Such characteristics can serve as markers to help health care professionals identify possible risk behaviors and plan prevention strategies ____________________________

Objetivo: Apresentar o desenvolvimento, a validação e a aplicação do Questionário Qualiaids de Monitoramento da Adesão ao Tratamento Antirretroviral ou Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), um instrumento de autorrelato para monitorar a adesão de pacientes sob tratamento em serviços públicos de HIV no Brasil. Métodos: O WebAd-Q contém três perguntas sobre horário, medicamentos e doses tomadas na última semana. Foi construído a partir de entrevistas e grupos focais com 38 pacientes. Após pilotada, sua versão eletrônica teve a validade testada em estudo para o qual foram convidados 90 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, sob terapia antirretroviral (TARV) há pelo menos três meses. Os pacientes foram orientados a utilizar frascos com monitoramento eletrônico por 60 dias. O questionário foi respondido no sexagésimo dia por duas vezes, com intervalo mínimo de uma hora. A adesão foi também mensurada por contagem de comprimidos e entrevista de autorrelato. A carga viral de cada paciente foi obtida nos registros do serviço. Analisou-se a concordância entre as respostas ao WebAd-Q, a correlação com carga viral e a associação com outras medidas de adesão. Após o estudo de validação, o WebAd-Q foi empregado em uma pesquisa nacional para medir a adesão dos pacientes à TARV nos serviços de HIV/aids do SUS. Foram sorteados 55 serviços de diversas características institucionais de todo o país. Após o convite aos serviços, o WebAd-Q foi instalado em computadores e respondido por pacientes eleitos sistematicamente conforme chegada aos serviços. Resultados: Entre os 90 pacientes convidados, 75 (83,3%) responderam o WebAd-Q. Não foram relatadas dificuldades em responder ao questionário. O tempo médio de resposta foi 5,8 minutos. O conjunto das três questões do WebAd-Q obteve uma concordância de 88%, com Kappa de 0,74 (IC95% 0,56 - 0,92, p < 0,0001). A correlação da escala de não adesão do WebAd-Q e a carga viral foi de 0,42 (p < 0,0001). A questão 2 (medicamentos) teve o melhor desempenho, associando-se com todas as outras medidas, com exceção da contagem de comprimidos para 60 dias. Na aplicação nacional, ao todo 2424 pacientes responderam ao WebAd-Q. Todos conseguiram completar o questionário sem dificuldades. O sistema eletrônico apresentou poucas falhas e o questionário foi bem recebido por pacientes e pelos profissionais dos serviços. Conclusões: O WebAd-Q atendeu a todos os quesitos considerados relevantes para a validação de questionários, foi bem entendido por pacientes, obteve uma boa concordância, apresentou uma correlação moderada com a carga viral e associação com as medidas concorrentes. Portanto, mostrou propriedades satisfatórias para o monitoramento da adesão em serviços de HIV / Objective: To present the development, validation and application of the Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), a tool to monitor self-reported adherence among patients receiving care in Brazilian public HIV healthcare facilities. Methods: The WebAd-Q contains three questions regarding dosing time, drugs and doses taken on the last week. It was developed through interviews and focus groups with 38 patients. After piloted, the electronic version was submitted to statistical validity with 90 adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least three months. Patients were instructed to use event monitoring bottles for 60 days. The WebAd-Q was completed at the 60th day. Adherence was also measured by pill counting and self-report interview. Viral load was obtained from patient records. Concordance was analyzed, as well as correlations with viral load and associations between adherence measures and the WebAd-Q. After the validation study, the WebAd-Q was submitted to a national survey to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV facilities from the Brazilian health system. Fifty-five sites were selected among different institutional characteristics. At these sites, the WebAd-Q was installed in computers and completed by patients chosen systematically as they arrived at the facilities. Results: Among 90 patients invited to participate in the study, 75 (83.3%) completed the WebAd-Q. No difficulties to answer the questionnaire were reported. Mean answer time for the WebAd-Q was 5.8 minutes. The three questions presented a concordance of 88% and Kappa of 0.74 (IC95% 0.56 - 0.92, p < 0.0001). The correlation obtained with viral load was 0.42 (p < 0.0001). The question regarding drugs taken had a better performance, with significant associations with all other adherence measures, except for pill counting for 60 days. At the application study, 2424 patients completed the questionnaire without difficulties. The electronic system presented few glitches and the questionnaire was welcomed by patients and healthcare professionals. Conclusions: The WebAd-Q complied with all aspects considered relevant for the validation of self-reported questionnaires. It was well understood by patients and presented a good concordance, moderate correlation with viral load and association when compared to concurrent adherence measures. Therefore, the questionnaire adequate proprieties to monitor adherence in HIV healthcare facilities

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse, consumo de álcool e drogas e repertório de habilidades sociais na prática de sexo sem preservativo em uma amostra representativa de indivíduos com HIV/AIDS em tratamento ambulatorial na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 667 pacientes, 383 (57,4%) homens e 284 (42,6%) mulheres, portadores do vírus HIV em tratamento na Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente e CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Mini Exame do Estado Mental, questionário sociodemográfico, Escalas de Avaliação de Ansiedade e Depressão de Beck, Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse, Escala de assertividade de Rathus, questionário sobre uso de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas, AUDIT, Questionário sobre Comportamento Sexual na Vida e a Escala de Avaliação de Comportamento Sexual de Risco - SERBAS. Os pacientes foram entrevistados nos locais onde faziam seu tratamento. Resultados: A análise múltipla mostrou que ter algum parceiro soropositivo e ter feito uso de maconha antes do sexo foram associados negativamente ao uso do preservativo. Ter dois ou mais parceiros sexuais nos últimos três meses foi associado a ter trabalho regular, ter feito sexo em grupo, contaminação anterior por alguma outra doença sexualmente transmissível, parceiro soropositivo, não residir com o parceiro, sexo em troca de álcool, droga, abrigo/comida alguma vez na vida, orientação homossexual, prática de sexo anal, CD4 acima de 350 cels/mm3 e uso de cocaína antes do sexo. Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, nível de estresse e falta de habilidades sociais afetaram significativamente a vida sexual dessa população diminuindo as chances de fazer sexo nos três meses anteriores à entrevista, mas não mostraram associação com o uso de preservativo e múltiplos parceiros. Conclusão: Pessoas com HIV que fazem sexo sem preservativo apresentam características diferentes daquelas que tem múltiplos parceiros. A sorologia do parceiro foi uma variável importante para a prática de sexo sem preservativo. A orientação homo e bissexual, prática de sexo anal e o sexo masculino foram mais associadas a ter mais parceiros sexuais. O consumo de álcool e outras drogas esteve presente nos dois comportamentos de risco. Identificar os fatores associados a esses comportamentos de risco e as diferenças encontradas no perfil das pessoas que fizeram sexo sem preservativo e daquelas que tiveram múltiplos parceiros são pontos importantes para programas de prevenção. Tais características podem servir como marcadores que auxiliam os profissionais de saúde a detectar possíveis comportamentos de risco e planejar estratégias de prevenção / Introduction: The AIDS epidemic is a major public health problem. It is estimated that, even after becoming aware of their serostatus, one in three people with HIV continues to have sex without a condom, regardless of the partner\'s serostatus. Purpose: To evaluated the influence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, stress level, alcohol and drug use and the range of social skills on having sex without a condom in a representative sample of individuals living with HIV/AIDS and receiving outpatient treatment in the city of São Paulo. Methods: 667 patients - 383 (57.4%) men and 284 (42.6%) women - with HIV and being treated at Casa da AIDS, Emílio Ribas, CRT Santa Cruz, SAE DST/AIDS Campos Elíseos, SAE DST/AIDS Cidade Líder II, CR DST/AIDS Nossa Senhora do Ó, AE Vila Prudente and CR DST/AIDS Santo Amaro participated in the study. The following tools were used to collect data: Mini-Mental State Examination, social and demographic survey, Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Stress Symptom Inventory, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, alcohol, tobacco and other drugs use survey, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Sexual Behavior Survey, and Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment (SERBAS). Patients were interviewed at the places where they were being treated. Results: The multiple analysis has shown that having an HIV-positive partner and using marijuana before sex were negatively associated with condom use. Having two or more partners over the past three months was been associated with having regular job, have done group sex, previous infection with other sexually transmitted infections, an HIV-positive partner, not living with the partner, sex in exchange for alcohol, drug, shelter/food at least once in their lives, homosexuality, engagement in anal sex, CD4 cells/mm3 count above 350, and use of cocaine before sex. Anxiety and depression symptoms, stress level and lack of social skills significantly affected the sexual lives of that population, making them less likely to have sex in the three months before the interview, but they were not associated with the use of a condom and multiple partners. Conclusion: The characteristics of HIV-positive individuals who have unprotected sex are different from those who have multiple partners. The partners\' serostatus was an important variable for engaging in unprotected sex. Homosexuality and bisexuality, anal sex and male gender were more associated in individuals who had more sexual partners. Use of alcohol and other drugs was present in both risk behaviors. Identifying the factors associated with those risk behaviors and the differences between the profiles of the individuals who had sex without a condom and those who had multiple partners is critical for prevention programs. Such characteristics can serve as markers to help health care professionals identify possible risk behaviors and plan prevention strategies ____________________________

Objetivo: Apresentar o desenvolvimento, a validação e a aplicação do Questionário Qualiaids de Monitoramento da Adesão ao Tratamento Antirretroviral ou Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), um instrumento de autorrelato para monitorar a adesão de pacientes sob tratamento em serviços públicos de HIV no Brasil. Métodos: O WebAd-Q contém três perguntas sobre horário, medicamentos e doses tomadas na última semana. Foi construído a partir de entrevistas e grupos focais com 38 pacientes. Após pilotada, sua versão eletrônica teve a validade testada em estudo para o qual foram convidados 90 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, sob terapia antirretroviral (TARV) há pelo menos três meses. Os pacientes foram orientados a utilizar frascos com monitoramento eletrônico por 60 dias. O questionário foi respondido no sexagésimo dia por duas vezes, com intervalo mínimo de uma hora. A adesão foi também mensurada por contagem de comprimidos e entrevista de autorrelato. A carga viral de cada paciente foi obtida nos registros do serviço. Analisou-se a concordância entre as respostas ao WebAd-Q, a correlação com carga viral e a associação com outras medidas de adesão. Após o estudo de validação, o WebAd-Q foi empregado em uma pesquisa nacional para medir a adesão dos pacientes à TARV nos serviços de HIV/aids do SUS. Foram sorteados 55 serviços de diversas características institucionais de todo o país. Após o convite aos serviços, o WebAd-Q foi instalado em computadores e respondido por pacientes eleitos sistematicamente conforme chegada aos serviços. Resultados: Entre os 90 pacientes convidados, 75 (83,3%) responderam o WebAd-Q. Não foram relatadas dificuldades em responder ao questionário. O tempo médio de resposta foi 5,8 minutos. O conjunto das três questões do WebAd-Q obteve uma concordância de 88%, com Kappa de 0,74 (IC95% 0,56 - 0,92, p < 0,0001). A correlação da escala de não adesão do WebAd-Q e a carga viral foi de 0,42 (p < 0,0001). A questão 2 (medicamentos) teve o melhor desempenho, associando-se com todas as outras medidas, com exceção da contagem de comprimidos para 60 dias. Na aplicação nacional, ao todo 2424 pacientes responderam ao WebAd-Q. Todos conseguiram completar o questionário sem dificuldades. O sistema eletrônico apresentou poucas falhas e o questionário foi bem recebido por pacientes e pelos profissionais dos serviços. Conclusões: O WebAd-Q atendeu a todos os quesitos considerados relevantes para a validação de questionários, foi bem entendido por pacientes, obteve uma boa concordância, apresentou uma correlação moderada com a carga viral e associação com as medidas concorrentes. Portanto, mostrou propriedades satisfatórias para o monitoramento da adesão em serviços de HIV / Objective: To present the development, validation and application of the Web Adherence Qualiaids Questionnaire (WebAd-Q), a tool to monitor self-reported adherence among patients receiving care in Brazilian public HIV healthcare facilities. Methods: The WebAd-Q contains three questions regarding dosing time, drugs and doses taken on the last week. It was developed through interviews and focus groups with 38 patients. After piloted, the electronic version was submitted to statistical validity with 90 adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least three months. Patients were instructed to use event monitoring bottles for 60 days. The WebAd-Q was completed at the 60th day. Adherence was also measured by pill counting and self-report interview. Viral load was obtained from patient records. Concordance was analyzed, as well as correlations with viral load and associations between adherence measures and the WebAd-Q. After the validation study, the WebAd-Q was submitted to a national survey to measure adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV facilities from the Brazilian health system. Fifty-five sites were selected among different institutional characteristics. At these sites, the WebAd-Q was installed in computers and completed by patients chosen systematically as they arrived at the facilities. Results: Among 90 patients invited to participate in the study, 75 (83.3%) completed the WebAd-Q. No difficulties to answer the questionnaire were reported. Mean answer time for the WebAd-Q was 5.8 minutes. The three questions presented a concordance of 88% and Kappa of 0.74 (IC95% 0.56 - 0.92, p < 0.0001). The correlation obtained with viral load was 0.42 (p < 0.0001). The question regarding drugs taken had a better performance, with significant associations with all other adherence measures, except for pill counting for 60 days. At the application study, 2424 patients completed the questionnaire without difficulties. The electronic system presented few glitches and the questionnaire was welcomed by patients and healthcare professionals. Conclusions: The WebAd-Q complied with all aspects considered relevant for the validation of self-reported questionnaires. It was well understood by patients and presented a good concordance, moderate correlation with viral load and association when compared to concurrent adherence measures. Therefore, the questionnaire adequate proprieties to monitor adherence in HIV healthcare facilities

The purpose of this study was to determine how pain in PLHIV on community home based care programme was managed using the Roy adaptation model (RAM) as the theoretical framework. This study used a descriptive mixed method research design which allowed for the research topic to be investigated and described in terms of both narrative qualitative accounts and descriptive statistics. A sequential exploratory approach was adopted in which qualitative data collection was conducted in the initial phase followed by quantitative data collection. Ten qualitative interviews, guided by the components of the RAM were conducted in the initial phase and a structured interview schedule (questionnaire) partially based on the result of the qualitative phase and (which was also structured in accordance with the RAM) was administered to 120 respondents who met the inclusion criteria of being on CHBC. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants and respondents in both phases of the study. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common pain syndrome experienced by patients. More females suffered numbness/tingling sensation of toes, followed by chest pains than their male counterparts. Pain experienced was moderate to severe which was not treated effectively. The study findings could assist health care providers, policy makers and researchers to invest into improving pain management for PLHIV, strengthen education of patients and their primary caregivers on the causes of pain and modalities to employ for pain relief and implement palliative care guidelines for PLHIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to determine how pain in PLHIV on community home based care programme was managed using the Roy adaptation model (RAM) as the theoretical framework. This study used a descriptive mixed method research design which allowed for the research topic to be investigated and described in terms of both narrative qualitative accounts and descriptive statistics. A sequential exploratory approach was adopted in which qualitative data collection was conducted in the initial phase followed by quantitative data collection. Ten qualitative interviews, guided by the components of the RAM were conducted in the initial phase and a structured interview schedule (questionnaire) partially based on the result of the qualitative phase and (which was also structured in accordance with the RAM) was administered to 120 respondents who met the inclusion criteria of being on CHBC. Convenience sampling was used to select study participants and respondents in both phases of the study. Peripheral neuropathy was the most common pain syndrome experienced by patients. More females suffered numbness/tingling sensation of toes, followed by chest pains than their male counterparts. Pain experienced was moderate to severe which was not treated effectively. The study findings could assist health care providers, policy makers and researchers to invest into improving pain management for PLHIV, strengthen education of patients and their primary caregivers on the causes of pain and modalities to employ for pain relief and implement palliative care guidelines for PLHIV. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)