In studies where the response variable is measured on a ratio scale, a ratio of means or medians provides a standardized measure of effect size that is an alternative to the popular standardized mean difference. Confidence intervals for ratios of population means and medians in independent-samples designs and paired-samples designs are proposed as supplements to the independent-samples t test and paired-samples t test. The performance of the proposed confidence intervals are evaluated in a simulation study. The proposed confidence interval methods are extended to the case of a 2 × m factorial design that includes propensity score stratification and meta-analysis as special cases. R functions that implement the recommended confidence intervals are provided in the Supplemental Material file, available in the online version of this article, and are illustrated with several examples.

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It is our intention to derive a methodology for which to model discrete paired longitudinal data. Through the use of transition matrices and maximum likelihood estimation techniques by means of software, we develop a way to model the progression of such data. We provide an example by applying this method to the Wisconsin Epidemiological Study of Diabetic Retinopathy data set. The data set is comprised of individuals, all diabetics, who have had their eyes examined for diabetic retinopathy. The eyes are treated as paired data, and we have the results of the examination at the four unequally spaced time points spanning over a fourteen year duration.

This qualitative case study examined the experience of two student teachers as they partnered during their student teaching assignment. The relationship which developed between the pair was critical to the success of their experience and allowed them to enjoy several benefits of paired student teaching as well as overcome potential stumbling blocks. The successful experience described in this study demonstrates that paired student teaching can be an effective alternative to traditional student teaching.

Researchers in human resource management (HRM) have long been concerned with the attraction and retention of organizational members (Breaugh, 1992; Rynes, 1991; Vroom, 1966). However, as the U.S. work force has become more diverse (U.S. Census Bureau, 2000), the need to consider how issues of cultural diversity are related to the recruitment process has become increasingly important. For example, although past research has investigated relations among individuals' values, personality, and job choice preferences, no research has examined the job choice trade-off preferences of culturally diverse individuals. Moreover, researchers have not examined explicit job choice trade-off preferences involving job and organizational factors, even though expectancy theory-based models of recruitment implicitly suggest that individuals make trade-offs among valent job and organizational factors. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to examine the relations among individuals' (a) cultural values (power distance, Protestant Ethic-earnings, Protestant Ethic-upward striving), (b) ethnicity (European-American, Hispanic-American), and (c) their job choice trade-off preferences for organizational prestige over pay using Thurstone's (1927, 1931) law of comparative judgment method. Study 1 served as a pilot of the procedure and measures. Based on the results of Study 1, changes were made to improve reliability of measures prior to Study 2. Study 2 tested hypothesized relations among cultural values, ethnicity, and job choice trade-off preferences for organizational prestige over pay. Results from Study 2 showed that power distance cultural values were related positively to job choice trade-off preferences for organizational prestige over pay and that Protestant Ethic-earnings cultural values were related negatively to job choice trade-off preferences for organizational prestige over pay. In addition, Hispanic-Americans were more likely than European-Americans to prefer job choice trade-offs for organizational prestige over pay. However, Protestant Ethic-upward striving cultural values were unrelated to job choice trade-off preferences for organizational prestige over pay. Moreover, ethnicity was unrelated to power distance cultural values, Protestant Ethic-earning cultural values, or Protestant Ethic-upward striving cultural values. Study results suggest that including cultural values and ethnicity in future recruitment research can enhance the understanding of individuals' job choice preferences and provide practitioners with information to attract multicultural job applicants.

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Historically, table tennis blades have been subject to few changes. Apart from the introduction of a few new materials, such as carbon fibre, resulting from rule changes in the sport, the pace of change has been slow. This project is based on three cases containing potential rule changes to the regulations of the sport regarding the construction of blades. Furthermore, the sport, its user’s needs, and potential new materials to implement have been investigated, resulting in the development of a series of prototypes. A total of 21 prototypes have been used with the aim of improving the control properties of the blade, which along with speed and spin are considered the most important playing characteristics in a table tennis stroke. The overall result from user tests indicates that three of the prototypes possess interesting properties which should be investigated further, out of which two are presented in this report. These prototypes consist of a prototype where a layer of the fibrous material Vectran is included, and a prototype where a layer consists of a honeycomb structure made of the material Nomex, and a third prototype that upon request from the company has been decided to be excluded from the report. Finally, recommendations for further development of these prototypes are described. / Stommar för bordtennisracketar är en produktkategori som historiskt sett genomgått små förändringar. Bortsett från att ett antal nya material, såsom kolfiber, introducerats till följd av olika regeländringar har förändringstakten varit långsam. Detta projekt har utgått från tre projektcase innehållande potentiella regelförändringar av bordtennisens regelverk avseende bordtennisstommens tillåtna konstruktion. Här har sporten, dess användarbehov samt potentiella nya material undersökts vilka prototyper tillverkats utefter. Sammanlagt har 21 prototyper tagits fram vilka främst avser förbättra racketstommens kontrollegenskaper, vilket tillsammans med fart och skruv anses vara de viktigaste spelegenskaperna hos racketen i slagmomentet. Det sammantagna resultatet från användartesterna visar att ett antal av prototyperna besitter intressanta spelegenskaper. Av dessa har tre valts ut vilka rekommenderas att undersökas vidare, varav två presenteras i denna rapport. Detta handlar om en stomme där ett lager av fibermaterialet Vectran används, en stomme där ett lager utgörs av en honeycombstruktur av Nomex, samt en tredje stomme som på företagets önskemål beslutats att ej inkluderas i rapporten. Till sist beskrivs rekommendationer för vidare arbete med dessa koncept.