This study uses Transition Analysis on the Mimbres skeletal remains of the NAN Ranch Ruin to provide a more complete picture of its demography. Previous attempts to reconstruct the demographic structure of prehistoric populations have been hindered by aging methods that provide biased age distribution. Early methods had a tendency to produce age distribution similar to that of the reference sample that was used to create them. In addition, they often overlooked sexual dimorphism and left out the senescent portion of the population which in turns produced inaccurate population structures. Transition Analysis is a multifactorial approach to estimate the age-at-death of adult skeletons that focuses on the cranium, the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium. The method relies heavily on the Bayesian probability that a given trait or a given combination of traits is displayed at a given age, it recognizes sexual dimorphism, performs well on fragmentary skeletons and allows for the age estimation of older individuals. The NAN Ranch Ruin sample consists of over 240 individuals, including 185 from the Classic Period. A previous study focused on the 81 individuals from the Classic period that were collected during the first five years of excavations. Following age estimation of adult skeleton I constructed composite abridged life tables. For the Classic Period, I found a high infant mortality rate (47%) and low life expectancy at birth (21.14 years) as expected. However, this analysis produced different mortality patterns than older demographic studies, where mid adult mortality increases only slightly, decreases in late adulthood (40-55 years old) and increases again in senescence (55-80 years old), instead of increasing steadily in adulthood to culminate at age 50. This difference is a consequence of the aging methods that have been used to analyze other southwestern prehistoric samples. Finally, while I was not able to confirm different mortality patterns between males and females, I found that people from the east roomblock enjoyed greater longevity than those from the south roomblock, though the difference is not statistically significant.

Human demographic changes in association to environmental fluctuations were studied for the North American Arctic and boreal region. Using the frequency of archaeological radiocarbon dates from the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database as a proxy for population size, past changes in population density were estimated and quantitatively examined in relation to reconstructions of temperature and sea ice conditions. This was conducted across three spatial scales: the entire area, the four major cultural-environmental regions and sixteen subregions in order to identify both broad-scale and local phenomena. There was a high correspondence between millennial and centennial-scale climate variability and paleodemographic changes across the region, with increasing population density during warmer periods and lower density during cooling episodes. An abrupt Late Holocene cooling (neoglaciation) beginning at 3.9 ka triggered a nearly-synchronous population decline across the region. Cooling temperatures and increased sea ice coverage also influenced large-scale migration patterns of Paleo-Inuit peoples as well as their cultural evolution.

Formal models, those which explicitly specify the postulates on which they are based, the development of their 'predictions' from those postulates, and the boundary conditions under which they apply, have the potential to be useful tools in archaeological inference and explanation. Detailed examination of one such model, the mathematical model commonly referred to as the diet breadth or prey choice model, shows that its archaeological application is severely complicated by two factors that are difficult or impossible to specify for prehistoric cases: 1) limits on the amount of meat consumable by a food-sharing group before spoilage or loss to scavengers and 2) hunting failure rates. The former introduce significant uncertainties into the food yield or energetic return term of resource rankings, while the latter affect both resource rankings and the resouce encounter rates leading to prey inclusion or exclusion from the diet. Together, these factors make rigorous diet breadth / prey choice model-based inferences from ungulate archaeofaunas impractical, especially in Paleolithic cases. Following success in recent years in making diet breadth model-based inferences about Paleolithic demography from small game analyses that involved computer simulation modeling of prey species' resilience to hunting pressure, the development and employment of a similar model applied to ungulate species reveals that, in general, the differences in the abilty of populations of different ungulate species to sustain harvest rates are not sufficient to allow the relative representation of ungulate remains in archaeological sites to be a viable basis for human demographic inferences. However, in cases where ungulate remains allow the determination of both prey age structure and sex ratio, it is possible to distinguish low exploitation rates, high exploitation rates, and overhunting. In some cases, the sex ratio data may also alter relative hunting resilience levels in such a way that it may be possible to infer that one species was capable of supporting a larger human population than another.

I conduct the first comparative analysis of long term human population stability in North America. Questions regarding population stability among animals and plants are fundamental to population ecology, yet no anthropological research has addressed human population stability. This is an important knowledge gap, because a species’ population stability can have implications for its risk of extinction and for the stability of the ecological community in which it lives. I use archaeological and paleoclimatological data to compare long term population stability with subsistence strategy and climate stability over 6,000 years. I conduct my analysis on a large scale to better understand general trends between population stability, subsistence strategy, and climate stability. I found that agricultural sequences fluctuate less than hunter-gatherer sequences in general, but they also experience rare, extreme population swings not seen among hunter-gatherers. I suggest that agriculturalists are more vulnerable to population collapses because of their increased population densities. I found that population stability shows a weak relationship with climate stability. Climate stability may have an indirect effect on long-term population stability.

Archaeological considerations of mobility have primarily focused on the differences in and among the kinds or degrees of mobility itself, rather than addressing the underlying issue of why human settlement patterns were or are mobile. The focus of this study is to address such questions within Darwinian evolutionary theory. Using the concepts of bet-hedging, as used in biology, and waste, as used in archaeology, it is argued that mobility was selectively favored for its population limiting properties. Relative changes in the numbers of projectile points in each assigned class, ordered chronologically by seriation, were taken to indicate relative population change over time. The results of this study suggest, primarily, that rapid, drastic population growth did not occur until the abandonment of mobility in the Gulf Formational period. This result supports the expectations of the hypothesis that was tested and indicates that in this instance mobility is a bet-hedging behavior.

No description available.

No / The auricular surface is located on the os coxae (pelvis) and forms part of the sacro-iliac joint. Changes in appearance of the auricular surface have been used to estimate adult age-at-death. Two main methods are used in bioarcheology: the Lovejoy method and the Buckberry-Chamberlain (revised auricular surface) method. As with many age estimation methods, neither auricular surface method reaches the gold standard of being both accurate and precise, however the age-related changes of the auricular surface do extend into the later decades of life.

abstract: The Egyptian New Kingdom city of Akhetaten (modern: Tell el-Amarna, el-Amarna, or simply Amarna) provides a unique opportunity to study ancient biocultural dynamics. It was a disembedded capital removed from the major power bases of Memphis and Thebes that was built, occupied, and abandoned within approximately 20 years (c. 1352–1336 BCE). This dissertation used the recently excavated Amarna South Tombs cemetery to test competing models for the development of disembedded capitals, such as the geographic origin of its migrants and its demographic structure in comparison to contrastive models for the establishment of settlements. The degree to which biological relatedness organized the South Tombs cemetery was also explored. The results suggest that the Nile Valley into the New Kingdom (1539–1186 BCE) was very diverse in dental cervical phenotype and thus highly mobile in respects to gene flow, failing to reject that the Amarna city was populated by individuals and families throughout the Nile Valley. In comparison, the Amarna South Tombs cemetery contained the least amount of dental phenotypic diversity, supporting a founder effect due to migration from larger, more diverse gene pools to the city or the very fact that the city and sample only reflect a 20-year interval with little time to accumulate phenotypic variation. Parts of the South Tombs cemetery also appear to be organized by biological affinity, showing consistent and significant spatial autocorrelation with biological distances generated from dental cervical measurements in male, female, and subadult (10–19 years of age) burials closest to the South Tombs. This arrangement mimics the same orderliness in the residential areas of the Amarna city itself with officials surrounded by families that supported their administration. Throughout the cemetery, adult female grave shaft distances predict their biological distances, signaling a nuclear family dynamic that included many females including mothers, widows, and unwed aunts, nieces, and daughters. A sophisticated paleodemographic model using simulated annealing optimization projected the living population of the South Tombs cemetery, which overall conformed to a transplanted community similar to 19th century mill villages of the United States and United Kingdom. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2018

The bioarchaeology of prehistoric south Florida has been an area of archaeological interest for the last century because of the interplay between ancient populations and the unique environment of the Everglades. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pathology, demography and mortuary practice of the ancient Southeast Florida aboriginal population at Miami One to assess the similarity of Miami One to other south Florida populations during the prehistoric period. The Miami One site (8DA11) is one of many related sites located along the shore of the Miami River. It was continuously occupied from the Late Archaic (ca.1000 B.C.) through the Glades II period (1000 A.D.). Archaeological material associated with the Glades III period (ca. A.D. 1200) was also present. A large quantity of human remains was recovered and half of this collection is being temporarily housed at the University of South Florida. The burials were secondary and commingled in nature, having been recovered from solution holes which served as natural ossuaries. A total of forty-nine adults and fourteen juveniles are reported. Nineteen cases of osteoarthritis related to age and injury are described. Thirty-two cases of infection are described, including periostitis, osteomyelitis, and a possible treponemal infection. Seven cases of trauma are also present. Radiographic evidence demonstrates a low frequency of metabolic disruptions in the population. Dental pathology consists mostly of severe attrition, abscessing, calculus and very few caries, all consistent with a hunter-gatherer subsistence pattern. Mortuary data, including demography, pathology, type of burial, burial location and burial artifacts, are compared to that of five other contemporaneous sites and an earlier site associated with the Glades culture in southeast Florida. The data gathered in this study are consistent with those of the six additional sites, indicating that the local culture is indeed part of the larger Glades culture assigned to southeast Florida and that these groups are culturally heterogeneous.

Connectées par le Chemin du Roy sur l’île de Montréal, les populations issues des anciens cimetières de Saint-Antoine (1799-1854) et de Pointe-aux-Trembles (1709-1843) reflètent un contexte d’immigration et de croissance démographique intenses durant le XIXe siècle. Elles ont connu plusieurs épisodes d’épidémies de choléra dues aux mauvaises conditions sanitaires, sans compter des changements socioéconomiques majeurs reliés à l’industrialisation. L’objectif tente d’explorer les facteurs (p. ex. sexe, âge, pratiques de sevrage, conditions sanitaires) qui ont influencé la mortalité des enfants provenant de ces deux populations de milieux différents, soit urbain et rural. Comme les échantillons de populations archéologiques au Québec sont souvent fragmentaires et peu propices à des études paléodémographiques en raison de la nature des fouilles de sauvetage et de la conservation différentielle des ossements, les données ostéologiques de cette étude ont été complétées et comparées aux données archivées issues de la démographie historique (Registre de la population du Québec Ancien ou RPQA). Deux modèles paléodémographiques (Bocquet-Appel et Masset 1977, Séguy et Buchet 2011) ont été utilisés sur les deux populations afin de comparer les profils de mortalité obtenus à partir des données ostéologiques et archivées. Les résultats suggèrent les faits suivants : i) La mortalité des enfants était plus élevée en ville par rapport à la campagne de Montréal, en raison des épidémies de choléra et des infections bactériennes qui ont été considérablement plus dévastatrices en milieu urbain en raison de la densité de la population et de l’insalubrité; ii) Des méthodes de sevrage précoces auraient influencé la mortalité infantile dans les deux paroisses, surtout celle de Notre-Dame (Saint-Antoine). La pratique de mise en nourrice durant le XIXe siècle à Montréal a augmenté la mortalité puisque les mères de la campagne devaient sevrer leurs enfants plus tôt pour accommoder ceux de la ville; iii) Comme les profils de mortalité juvénile estimés à partir des données ostéologiques sont similaires à ceux qui ont été calculés à partir du RPQA, il est possible d’éviter le problème de sous-représentativité des nouveau-nés dans les échantillons archéologiques à l’aide de bons modèles paléodémographiques. / Connected by the Chemin du Roy on the island of Montreal, the populations from the ancient cemeteries of Saint-Antoine (1799-1854) and Pointe-aux-Trembles (1709-1843) reflect a context of immigration and intense population growth during the 19th century. In addition, they have experienced several episodes of cholera epidemics due to very poor sanitary conditions, not to mention major socio-economic changes related to industrialization. The objective is to explore the factors (e.g., sex, age, weaning practices, health conditions) that influenced the mortality of children from these two populations from different backgrounds, i.e., urban, and rural. As the samples of archaeological populations in Quebec are very often fragmentary and not appropriate to paleodemographic studies due to the nature of the excavations and the differential preservation of bones, the osteological data of this study were supplemented and compared with archived data from historical demography (Registre de la population du Québec Ancien or RPQA). Two paleodemographic models (Bocquet-Appel and Masset 1977, Séguy et Buchet 2011) were used to compare the mortality profiles obtained from the osteological and archival data. The results suggest the following facts: i) Child mortality was higher in the city than in the countryside on the island of Montreal, due to cholera epidemics and bacterial infections which were considerably more devastating in urban areas due to the high population density and unsanitary living conditions; ii) The early weaning practices may have influenced the infant mortality in the two parishes, especially the one of Notre-Dame (Saint-Antoine). The wet nurse practices in Montreal during the 19th century increased mortality since mothers from the countryside had to wean their children earlier to accommodate the children from the city; iii) The juvenile mortality profiles estimated from the osteological data are like those calculated from the RPQA, which demonstrates problems due to the under-representation of newborns in archaeological samples can be avoided with the help of good paleodemographic models.