Recent paleolimnological research in the eastern Canadian high Arctic on the ecological impact of the Thule c.1000-1500 AD has documented the influence of prehistoric anthropogenic activities. Six lake and pond sites (three pairs) on the south-western coast of Baffin Island, Nunavut, were used to compare impacted and non-impacted sites in the southern-most region of Thule occupation, as well as to compare Thule occupation sites with sites occupied by another early Arctic population group, the Dorset. Tanfield 1 and Tanfield 2 (impacted and control, respectively) are adjacent to several multiple-occupation Dorset sites on Cape Tanfield; Juet 1 and 2 (impacted and control, respectively) are adjacent to a short-term occupation Dorset site on Juet Island; McKellar 1 is adjacent to a multiple-occupation Thule site near McKellar Bay. A nearby site (McKellar 2) was also studied, but it was clearly an anomalous, eutrophic site, rather than a control for McKellar 1. Diatom assemblages and sedimentary 15N profiles were analyzed in sediment cores from all study sites. Selected paired sediment intervals were AMS radiocarbon dated using both humic acids and terrestrial macrofossils in an attempt to establish basal dates for each core. Significant differences between several of the paired AMS radiocarbon dates serve as a cautionary note for dating Arctic sediments using either humic acids or terrestrial macrofossils. Paleolimnological analyses revealed that at both multiple-occupation sites (Tanfield 1 and McKellar 1), the activities of the Dorset and the Thule influenced lake ecology, while at the short-term occupation site (Juet 1), the Dorset occupation was not sufficiently large to have a discernible impact. McKellar 1 showed a greater impact compared to Tanfield 1, consistent with the intense marine mammal hunting by Thule at the former, compared to the moderate marine mammal hunting by Dorset at Tanfield 1. The origin of marine-derived nutrients at McKellar 2 could not be ascertained with certainty. The influence of early Arctic population groups remains obvious in present-day nutrient- and production-related water chemistry variables. This research points to the value of collaborations between paleolimnologists and archaeologists and may provide insight into the future implications of current anthropogenic activities in the Arctic. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-04 15:52:18.29

Our knowledge of how Arctic freshwater ecosystems will respond to continued climate change and variability is fundamentally limited by logistical difficulties of such remote research, resulting in relatively sparse long-term baseline data on these systems. This research applies a unique paired-watershed approach (i.e., two similar, adjacent lakes and catchments) to help address these limitations, which provided an opportunity to identify how broad-scale factors are filtered or modified by site-specific characteristics. My first main objective was to document the seasonal hydrochemical variability of runoff and influences on lake chemistry. Both lakes appear to be relatively insensitive to seasonal hydroclimatic variability, largely because periods of high discharge were also characterized by lower concentrations of dissolved and particulate matter, but also because of the relatively long lake water turnover time that suggests the effects of climatic and environmental changes would be felt later in these systems than in lakes and ponds with smaller lake volumes. My second objective was to investigate spatial and temporal trends in the lake diatom communities in order to refine subsequent paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A critical aspect of this objective was testing how faithfully the whole lake diatom community was represented in deep lake surface sediments where sediment cores are routinely collected. Most differences between the two lakes were largely accounted for with micro-environmental conditions associated with the specific sampling location. Also, both lakes exhibited a degree of disconnection between littoral benthic and profundal zones that manifested as an under-representation of the benthic community in deep lake surface sediments, with implications for paleoenvironmental interpretations. Finally, I present a multi-proxy record of environmental conditions in adjacent lakes spanning the period from pre-industrial times. Biogeochemical records reflected major changes in lake primary productivity and terrestrial organic matter accumulation beginning prior to 1950 in both lakes, pointing to profound environmental changes that culminated with the establishment of an appreciable diatom community in both lakes in the 1980s. Differences in the timing of changes between the two lakes point to differing threshold capacities to external forcings, and suggest that East Lake’s response to post-industrial climate change is advanced compared to West Lake. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-26 09:34:01.144

The Tibbitt-to-Contwoyto Winter Ice Road (TCWR) is the sole overland route servicing diamond mines north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. The road is 568 km long, 85% of which extends over frozen lakes. As such, its operational season is highly dependent upon the length of the winter season. This was exemplified in 2006, when an El Niño event caused an unusually short ice road season and resulted in a costly reduction of shipments to the mines. For future use and development of the TCWR, a comprehensive understanding of past regional climate variability is required. This study is an integral component of a larger-scale study designed to develop a comprehensive database of high-resolution paleoclimate data for the NWT, using a variety of proxies. As part of the larger study, freeze cores were taken from numerous lakes along the TCWR and sliced at 1-mm intervals using a custom-designed sledge microtome. Bulk 13C and 15N isotope analysis was completed at preliminary 1-cm intervals through the cores of two lakes on opposite sides of the tree line. Results from this analysis show clear trends with distinct transitions in both cores, whose closely-matched timing suggests regional-scale climate events. These results indicate that the Early Holocene was warm and dry, with a sudden shift to wetter conditions around 7200-6900 cal yr BP. Another shift to cooler conditions occurred at 4000 cal yr BP, and a final transition to even cooler temperatures occurred around 755-715 cal yr BP, coinciding with the Little Ice Age. Additionally, a modern lake survey was completed using surface sediments of numerous lakes throughout the Arctic and Subarctic. This survey verifies the strong influence of boreal forest vs. tundra conditions in affecting various environmental properties within lakes, including carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Lastly, time-series analysis was completed on two sections of Danny’s Lake core at high resolution (up to 2 mm), in order to determine short-term climate cycles. These results highlight specific climate frequencies which may be related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. These results offer insight to short-term climate phenomena in the Northwest Territories which will allow future climate modellers to make more accurate predictions of future climate and its impact on the ice road.

Lake-rich thermokarst landscapes, such as Old Crow Flats (OCF) in northern Yukon, Canada have been identified as amongst the most vulnerable to climate change. This has raised concerns of the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation (VGFN) and Parks Canada (Vuntut National Park) about the ecological integrity of this significant wetland. The influence of climate change on the hydroecological conditions of thermokarst lakes are complex and vary across the landscape, thus long-term hydroecological monitoring is essential to adequately assess the ecological integrity of the aquatic ecosystem and how it is changing over time. In a genuine interdisciplinary and collaborative approach, this thesis establishes an integrated approach using isotope hydrology, aquatic ecology, and paleolimnology to develop a robust long-term aquatic monitoring program that has already been adopted by Parks Canada. In collaboration with Parks Canada, 14 of 58 lakes that were previously studied during the International Polar Year from 2007-09 were selected to represent monitoring lakes. Lakes were sampled in early June and late August/early September 2010-11. Water samples for analysis of hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition and chemistry (i.e., ions and nutrients) were collected to track hydrological and limnological conditions. Artificial substrates were deployed in June and accrued algae were collected at the end of the ice-free season to assess community composition and abundance. Sediment coring was conducted in a culturally-significant lake (Zelma Lake – OCF06) to reconstruct long-term baseline hydroecological conditions over the past three centuries. Radiometric dating techniques (137Cs, 210Pb) were used to develop a sediment core chronology. Baseline hydroecological conditions were reconstructed through analyses of loss-on-ignition, bulk organic carbon and nitrogen elemental and isotope compositions, and pigments. Meteorological data and a multi-year evaporation pan experiment were used to develop a robust isotope framework, which provides the basis for interpreting five years (2007-11) of lake water isotope measurements and deriving knowledge of hydrological conditions for the monitoring lakes. Using this framework and the coupled-isotope tracer method, isotopic compositions of input water (δI) and evaporation-to-inflow (E/I) ratios were calculated and provide key hydrological information for each sampling interval. δ¬I values distinguish snowmelt- and rainfall-sourced lakes, with δP representing a threshold between the two isotopic-based hydrologic regimes. A Mann-Kendall test showed that three lakes (OCF11, 26, and 49) displayed significant increasing trends in δI values indicating a potential transition from snowmelt-sourced to rainfall-sourced isotope-based hydrologic-regimes. E/I ratios >0.5 signifies lakes that are evaporation-dominated with positive water balances and E/I ratios >1 indicates lakes that are evaporation-dominated with negative water balances. Six lakes in OCF (OCF06, 19, 37, 46, 49, and 58) surpass the 0.5 threshold and three of these lakes (OCF06, 19, and 46) crossed the significant evaporation threshold (E/I > 1) during dry climatic conditions. Multi-proxy paleolimnology analysis conducted on Zelma Lake reveals different hydroecological transitions during the past ~330 years that include: phase 1 (~1678-1900) characterized by stable hydroecological conditions; thermokarst expansion (~1900-1943) marked by decreases in productivity; phase 2 (~1943-2007) distinguished by increasing productivity; and a post drainage phase following rapid drainage in 2007 characterized by further increases in productivity. The stratigraphy of Zelma Lake shows that hydroecological conditions in dynamic landscapes such as OCF are complex and require multi-proxy paleolimnological analysis. In particular, organic matter, δ13Corg, and pigment concentrations are important parameters to consider when interpreting past hydroecological conditions, thermokarst expansion, and lake drainage events.

This thesis resulted in the development of robust chironomid-based transfer-functions for February mean air temperature and the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in lake-water. The New Zealand transfer-functions for both variables compare favourably with chironomid-based transfer-functions for equivalent variables from elsewhere in the world, and diatom-based transfer-functions for nutrients and lake production from New Zealand. The application of the temperature and TN transfer-functions provided insight into New Zealand climate conditions during the last glacial and served as validation for the reconstructions. Chironomid-based Temperature reconstructions from lake silts preserved in the banks of Lyndon Stream indicate a maximum cooling of ca 4 ℃ between 26.6 and 24.5 ka BP, which is consistent with estimates based on beetles and plant macrofossils. A cooling of 4 ℃ is insufficient to explain the lack of canopy tree pollen in many New Zealand pollen records at this time. Other environmental parameters additional to temperature may have limited the expansion forest cover. The chironomid-based TN reconstructions infer a trend of rapidly deteriorating water-quality in a small doline in north-west Nelson, in the South Island of New Zealand following deforestation immediately surrounding the lake ca. 1970 AD. The overall trend and timing of eutrophication inferred from the chironomids was consistent with other biological proxies and actual observations of changes in lake water quality. The chironomid-based transfer-functions provide a valuable new tool for the study of longterm climate variability and improving our understanding of the response of aquatic ecosystems to long-term natural and human induced environmental change in New Zealand lakes. I have identified some possibilities for future research which should improve the performance of these transfer-functions. The improvement of the chironomid taxonomy and the expansion of the training set should be the highest priorities.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2005. / Principal faculty advisor: Ronald E. Martin, Dept. of Geology. Includes bibliographical references.

La lutte contre l'eutrophisation des grands lacs péri-alpins a permis une réduction des concentrations internes en phosphore, pour des réponses écologiques parfois mitigées. Dans le Léman, les concentrations en P ont été divisées par dix en trente ans pourtant la biomasse algale et la production primaire restent aussi élevées qu'au maximum de l'eutrophisation, malgré une augmentation de la transparence des eaux. Donc, bien que la concentration en phosphore soit une variable de forçage majeure des communautés planctoniques, il apparait nécessaire de considérer le rôle d'autres variables de forçage qui interagissent avec la concentration interne en nutriments pour comprendre les réponses écologiques des lacs aux mesures de reoligotrophisation. Les communautés planctoniques peuvent être impactées par les pratiques de la gestion appliquées d'autres compartiments du réseau trophique tels que les populations piscicoles. A l'effet de ces facteurs locaux s'ajoutent à l'impact du réchauffement climatique, un phénomène planétaire participant au changement global qui se manifeste à partir du début des années 1980, et dont l'impact est de mieux en mieux mis en évidence dans les lacs.Peu de lacs ayant fait ou font l'objet de suivis de routine, l'observation des effets de ces divers forçages anthropiques et la compréhension de leurs interactions se heurtent au faible nombre de base de données disponibles. En outre les données collectées ne permettent pas de remonter assez loin dans le temps pour couvrir entièrement la période au cours de laquelle les perturbations anthropiques se sont accrues. Elles ne permettent pas non plus d'étudier les conditions environnementales précédant cette période. La paléolimnologie à haute résolution (échelle annuelle et saisonnière) appliqué aux périodes récentes (dernier siècle) est une démarche alternative proposée pour palier cette absence de données instrumentales.Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre comment les modifications des concentrations en nutriments, la gestion piscicole d'une espèce zooplantonophage, le corégone, et le changement climatique contribuent à modifier la structure et la diversité des communautés planctoniques de diatomées et de rotifères des grands lacs péri-alpins français depuis la fin du XIXe siècle.Les communautés planctoniques choisies ont chacune un fort potentiel bio-indicateur et une très grande importance dans la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes lacustres. Les trois perturbations majeures et simultanées survenant lors de la période d'étude se présentent avec des intensités différentes dans les trois lacs. L'évolution temporelle de certains paramètres physico-chimiques au sein de ces lacs est déjà en partie connue grâce à un suivi de limnologie mis en place depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années.Les acquis de la thèse sont de divers natures. (i) développement méthodologique concernant la reconstruction paléolimnologique des communautés de rotifères à partir des banques d'œufs archivées dans les sédiments, (ii) reconstruction des les réponses écologiques des compartiments diatomiques et rotifèriens au cours du dernier siècle, (iii) de comparer ces trajectoires entre lacs afin de discriminer les réponses à des perturbations locales, de celles à des perturbations plus globales et (iv) d'améliorer notre compréhension des interactions entres toutes ces perturbations. / During the XXth century, lacustrine ecosystems have undergone deep changes due to increased human activities on lakes and their watershed. Although significant restoration efforts have been undertaken since the 1980's, their efficiency can be limited. For instance, although phosphorous concentrations of Lake Geneva have been cut by 10 in the last 30 years (for a total cost of four billlions euros), the algal biomass and the primary production remain as high as during the eutrophication maximum, even if water transparency increased. So, the counter-intuitive response of lakes to restoration measures emphasizes that although phosphorous concentration is a major driver of phytoplankton, there is a need to consider the interaction with other environmental drivers, such as climate or top-down controls. Another fence however to the understanding of lake recent response to restoration measures is the lack of long-term monitoring data.The objective of this Ph-D work is to investigate how three human perturbations, i.e. changes in nutrient concentrations, fisheries management practices and climate change, can explain the response of the planktonic communities of three peri-alpine lakes (Lakes Geneva, Annecy and Bourget), using a high-resolution paleolimnological approach conducted on recent time periods. More specifically, the objectives of this PhD are three-fold:(i) To perform the methodological development of the use of rotifer egg banks archived in sediment for paleolimnological reconstructions(ii) To perform methodological development of paleolimnolgical reconstruction of diatom sesaon variability(iii) To delineate ecological responses of diatom and rotifer communities facing anthropogenic perturbations over the last century(iv) To scale the impact of local versus global perturbations over these ecological trajectories

Abstract The study focused on geological and ecological development of ten lacustrine basins in the Hailuoto – Oulunsalo – Lumijoki siltstone and claystone area of Muhos, and two lacustrine basins in the Kuivaniemi – Simo area of Svecokarelian schists and gneisses. The study on water quality, soil and sediment geochemistry, and sediment diatom assemblages of natural lacustrine basins, provide background values, which can be used in assessing the state of the water body in environmental studies. Water quality of the ten water bodies was monitored for 14 years. Water samples were studied for 28 different parameters. Soil and sediment geochemistry was studied on seven lacustrine basins by three different extraction methods. Extracts were analysed for ten parameters. The sediment diatom species were examined from five water bodies in accuracy of 1 cm thick layers. In the study area new water bodies are forming mainly in two different ways: isolation of marine bights and damming of dune ponds. The water bodies could be classified into five different groups based on water quality, sediment geochemistry, and sediment diatom assemblages. These also represent the different developmental stages of the lacustrine basins of the land uplift coast. Parameters of the water quality data could be divided into two main groups: electrolyte group and nutrient group. The water bodies studied segregated into two main categories: coastal and inland water bodies. The concentrations of electrolytes and nutrients were characteristically higher in the coastal water bodies compared to the inland water bodies. During the monitoring period eutrophication of the water bodies and significant seasonal variations of water quality were observed. According to the water quality data and diatom indices the prevailing conditions in the coastal water bodies were eutrophic; and in the inland water bodies ranging from mesotrophic to oligotrophic. The lacustrine basins were grouped mainly in accordance with their geochemical provinces. The geochemical gradients of soil, water quality and sediment in the chronosequence of the catchments on Hailuoto Island showed that when marine influence decreased, the lacustrine basins of the land uplift coast were observed to be oligotrophying, acidifying, and terrestrializating naturally. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimus keskittyi kymmenen Hailuodon, Oulunsalon, ja Lumijoen Muhos-muodostuman hiekka- ja savikivialueen järvialtaan sekä kahden Iin ja Simon svekokarelisen liuske- ja gneissialueen järvialtaan geologisen ja ekologisen kehityksen selvittämiseen. Luonnonmukaisesti kehittyneen järviallassarjan veden laadun, maaperän ja sedimentin geokemian sekä sedimentin piileväkoostumuksen tutkimus tarjoaa tausta-arvoja, joita voidaan hyödyntää arvioitaessa vesialueen tilaa ympäristötutkimuksissa. Kymmenen vesialtaan veden laatua seurattiin 14 vuoden ajan. Vesinäytteistä analysoitiin 28 eri parametria. Seitsemän järvialtaan valuma-alueen maaperän ja sedimentin geokemiaa tutkittiin käyttäen kolmea erilaista uutosmenetelmää. Uutoksista analysoitiin 10 parametria. Viiden vesialtaan sedimentin piilevälajisto tutkittiin 1 cm:n kerrostarkkuudella. Tutkimusalueella uusia vesialtaita muodostuu pääasiassa kahdella tavalla: merenlahdekkeiden kuroutumisen ja dyynilampien patoutumisen seurauksena. Vesialtaat voitiin luokitella veden laadun, sedimentin geokemian ja piilevälajiston perusteella viiteen eri ryhmään, jotka edustivat myös maankohoamisrannikon järvialtaiden eri kehitystasoja. Vedenlaatuaineiston parametrit voitiin jakaa kahteen pääryhmään: elektrolyyttiryhmä ja ravinneryhmä. Tutkittavat altaat erottuivat kahteen pääluokkaan: ranta-altaat ja sisämaan altaat. Tunnusomaista ranta-altaille verrattuna sisämaan altaisiin oli korkeammat elektrolyyttien ja ravinteiden pitoisuudet. Seurantajaksolla havaittiin ranta-altaiden luontaista rehevöitymistä sekä merkitseviä veden laadun vuodenaikakohtaisia vaihteluita. Vedenlaatuaineiston ja piileväindeksien mukaan vallitsevat olosuhteet rannan vesialtaissa olivat eutrofiset ja sisämaan vesialtaissa mesotrofisista oligotrofisiin. Järvialtaat ryhmittyivät lähinnä geokemiallisten provinssiensa mukaisesti. Hailuodon valuma-alueiden maaperän, veden laadun ja sedimentin geokemialliset gradientit osoittivat, että merellisen vaikutuksen vähetessä maankohoamisrannikon järvialtaat luontaisesti karuuntuvat, happamoituvat ja soistuvat.

The Tibbitt-to-Contwoyto Winter Ice Road (TCWR) is the sole overland route servicing diamond mines north of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. The road is 568 km long, 85% of which extends over frozen lakes. As such, its operational season is highly dependent upon the length of the winter season. This was exemplified in 2006, when an El Niño event caused an unusually short ice road season and resulted in a costly reduction of shipments to the mines. For future use and development of the TCWR, a comprehensive understanding of past regional climate variability is required. This study is an integral component of a larger-scale study designed to develop a comprehensive database of high-resolution paleoclimate data for the NWT, using a variety of proxies. As part of the larger study, freeze cores were taken from numerous lakes along the TCWR and sliced at 1-mm intervals using a custom-designed sledge microtome. Bulk 13C and 15N isotope analysis was completed at preliminary 1-cm intervals through the cores of two lakes on opposite sides of the tree line. Results from this analysis show clear trends with distinct transitions in both cores, whose closely-matched timing suggests regional-scale climate events. These results indicate that the Early Holocene was warm and dry, with a sudden shift to wetter conditions around 7200-6900 cal yr BP. Another shift to cooler conditions occurred at 4000 cal yr BP, and a final transition to even cooler temperatures occurred around 755-715 cal yr BP, coinciding with the Little Ice Age. Additionally, a modern lake survey was completed using surface sediments of numerous lakes throughout the Arctic and Subarctic. This survey verifies the strong influence of boreal forest vs. tundra conditions in affecting various environmental properties within lakes, including carbon and nitrogen isotopes. Lastly, time-series analysis was completed on two sections of Danny’s Lake core at high resolution (up to 2 mm), in order to determine short-term climate cycles. These results highlight specific climate frequencies which may be related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. These results offer insight to short-term climate phenomena in the Northwest Territories which will allow future climate modellers to make more accurate predictions of future climate and its impact on the ice road.

This report aimed to investigate how chlorophyll-concentrations (Chl-a) in the water column and varved sediments were affected by changes in air temperature and precipitation and consequently how climate change will affect the sedimentation and productivity in boreal aquatic ecosystems. VRS (visible-reflectance-spectroscopy) was used to asses Chl-a and its derivates in sediment trap samples between 2002-2021 and in a series of freeze cores (1979-2021) from lake Nylandssjön, with annually laminated sediments. In order to evaluate how weather and climate change affected the sedimentation and productivity in the lake the results were compared with meteorological data from SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) and Chl-a data from seperate depths in the water column. The results indicate that the majority of the yearly sedimentation occur either in May or June, where a higher cumulative amount of precipitation in May lead to a higher sedimentation rate in May (r=0,49; p=0,03). The amount of precipitation in spring also had a significant impact on the primary production in spring and summer (r=0,59; p=0,01; r=0,73; p=0,002). Water column Chl-a and spectrally inferred Chl-a in sediments show similar trends in concentrations with deeper water sampling, however, water column Chl-a displayed significant differences in values between various depths (p=0,0004). Consequently, climate change will much likely increase the productivity of boreal aquatic ecosystems within years and the amount of sedimentation that occurs between years due to higher temperatures. An increased amount of precipitation will also enhance the primary productivity and the transportation of allochthonous- and minerogenic material to the lake.