Manito Lake is a large, perennial, Na-SO4 dominated hypersaline lake located in the northern Great Plains of western Canada. Significant water level decrease over the past several decades has lead to reduction in volume and surface area. Today, the lake is 15% of its mid -20th century volume and 46% of its former area. This decrease in water level has exposed large areas of nearshore microbialites. These organosedimentary structures have various external morphologies, vary in mineralogical composition, and show a variety of internal fabrics from finely laminated to massive and clotted. These features range from small, mm-scale, finely laminated encrustations to large, reef-like structures up to 5 m high and over 500 m long. Although there is relatively little consistent lateral variability in terms of morphology, the structures do vary significantly with elevation in the basin. Petrographic evidence confirms a strong biological involvement in the formation of these structures. Nonetheless, inorganic and trapping mechanisms may also play a role. Dolomite, aragonite, and calcite are the most commonly found minerals in these structures, however, monohydrocalcite, magnesian calcite, hydromagnesite, dypingite, and nesquehonite are also present. The calcite is a pseudomorph after ikaite, which forms an open porous dendritic and shrub-like fabric, comprising the interiors of massive shoreline microbialite mounds and pinnacles. These ikaite pseudomorphs are encased in millimeter to centimeter-scale laminated dolomite-aragonite rinds. Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis have indicated microbialite formation began about 2200 yBP in a shallow, productive, saline and cold lake. Over the next 900 years, the microbialites record a transgressing lake in a cool climate, which corresponds to a period not previously documented in this region but is referred to as the Dark Ages Cold Period, which has been documented in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This is followed by 500 years of warmer conditions coinciding with the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Starting about 600 years ago the lake experienced a dramatic decrease in level resulting in formation of extensive carbonate pavements, cemented siliciclastics, rinds, and coatings.

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) production strongly influences the ecosystems, cultures and economies of the Northeast Pacific. Historical variability in population sizes is complex, reflecting natural and human drivers. The nature and extent of such ‘exogenous’ controls on salmon and their nursery ecosystems are poorly understood, a significant impediment to sustainable fisheries management. Novel applications of paleolimnology demonstrate that past sockeye salmon abundances and nursery system ecology can be reconstructed from lake sediments. This thesis focuses on employing these techniques to establish the forcing mechanisms underlying salmon population and ecosystem dynamics, and determine the effects and interactions of fisheries management. I provided the first reconstruction for a southern North American stock, which demonstrated the influences of both conspicuous (e.g. commercial fishery, main-stem damming) and uncertain human impacts (e.g. local damming) on endangered salmon declines. By reconstructing ecological variability at multiple trophic levels, I established that rehabilitative management (e.g. fish stocking) may have permanently altered nursery lake rearing capacity, a change potentially reinforced by recent atmospheric changes. This work highlights significant impediments to ongoing recovery efforts. I extended my analysis of salmon management by exploring the interactive impacts of exotic salmon stocking on a remote northern lake. I demonstrated the utility of long-term data in pre-emptively understanding the complex impacts of stocking by documenting the long-term trajectories in limnological conditions. Integrating modeling, limnological and paleolimnological analyses, I determined that climate change and salmon introductions compound to alter chemical, physical and biological lake variables, ultimately altering ecosystem structure and functioning. Finally I reconstructed salmon abundances over the past six millennia, the longest record and the first Canadian example to date, demonstrating salmon production is cyclical and far more variable than observed in the monitoring record. My analyses established that North Pacific salmon production is forced by ocean-atmospheric teleconnections ultimately linked to climatic variability in the tropical Pacific. Further analyses provided the first evidence for a possible solar forcing of Holocene salmon production on both orbital and higher frequency time scales. Cumulatively this research improves our understanding of the processes underlying variability in Pacific salmon and their natal ecosystems, important to ecologically-informed future management. / Thesis (Ph.D, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-27 02:41:54.576

Manito Lake is a large, perennial, Na-SO4 dominated hypersaline lake located in the northern Great Plains of western Canada. Significant water level decrease over the past several decades has lead to reduction in volume and surface area. Today, the lake is 15% of its mid -20th century volume and 46% of its former area. This decrease in water level has exposed large areas of nearshore microbialites. These organosedimentary structures have various external morphologies, vary in mineralogical composition, and show a variety of internal fabrics from finely laminated to massive and clotted. These features range from small, mm-scale, finely laminated encrustations to large, reef-like structures up to 5 m high and over 500 m long. Although there is relatively little consistent lateral variability in terms of morphology, the structures do vary significantly with elevation in the basin. Petrographic evidence confirms a strong biological involvement in the formation of these structures. Nonetheless, inorganic and trapping mechanisms may also play a role. Dolomite, aragonite, and calcite are the most commonly found minerals in these structures, however, monohydrocalcite, magnesian calcite, hydromagnesite, dypingite, and nesquehonite are also present. The calcite is a pseudomorph after ikaite, which forms an open porous dendritic and shrub-like fabric, comprising the interiors of massive shoreline microbialite mounds and pinnacles. These ikaite pseudomorphs are encased in millimeter to centimeter-scale laminated dolomite-aragonite rinds. Radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis have indicated microbialite formation began about 2200 yBP in a shallow, productive, saline and cold lake. Over the next 900 years, the microbialites record a transgressing lake in a cool climate, which corresponds to a period not previously documented in this region but is referred to as the Dark Ages Cold Period, which has been documented in other parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This is followed by 500 years of warmer conditions coinciding with the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Starting about 600 years ago the lake experienced a dramatic decrease in level resulting in formation of extensive carbonate pavements, cemented siliciclastics, rinds, and coatings.

Les écosystèmes lacustres sont de plus en plus soumis à de multiples perturbations mais leur réponse est encore trop rarement considérée de façon globale. En effet, au travers d'un jeu d'interactions complexes, chaque perturbation peut moduler l'intensité de l'impact des autres sur les lacs, et de ce fait, leur réponse. Dans ce contexte, ce travail doctoral est axé sur l'approfondissement de notre compréhension de la réponse des lacs à un contexte de perturbations multiples, sur le long terme. Pour cela, trois grands lacs profonds (le lac Léman, du Bourget et d'Annecy), soumis à une perturbation régionale similaire (i.e., le réchauffement climatique) et à deux perturbations locales (i.e., les changements dans le statut trophique et dans les pratiques de gestion piscicole) d'intensités différentes, ont été choisis. La réponse de ces lacs à ces changements a été abordée au travers d'une approche paléolimnologique, basée sur les cladocères. En effet, la capacité de ceux-ci à intégrer les changements temporels dans le réseau trophique pélagique en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales en fait un modèle adéquat pour reconstruire les changements à l'échelle de la communauté pélagique. Plus précisément, nous avons abordé (i) les changements dans les communautés de cladocères, au cours du siècle dernier, en réponse aux trois perturbations environnementales et (ii) l'impact de ces perturbations sur les stratégies de reproduction des Daphnies. Cependant, le manque de connaissance dans les grands lacs profonds sur la représentativité des communautés sources de cladocères par les assemblages de restes archivés dans les sédiments a tout d'abord conduit à faire un point méthodologique. Ce dernier a abouti à la mise en évidence de différences dans le niveau de représentation de communautés sources de cladocères selon le type de restes utilisés. La composition taxonomique et la structure en taille des restes parthénogénétiques (i.e., exosquelettes) reflètent relativement bien celle des communautés sources. Quant aux éphippies (œufs de dormance), elles se révèlent des indicateurs fiables pour reconstruire les comportements de reproduction. Suite à ces résultats, les reconstructions paléolimnologiques des communautés de cladocères montrent que leur trajectoire écologique était contrôlée par des interactions complexes entre les trois pertubations différentes, selon les périodes de temps et entre les lacs. De plus, la réponse des communautés de cladocères au climat était différente entre les trois lacs comme une fonction de l'intensité des forçages locaux. Ces observations suggèrent qu'il est important d'inclure le rôle des perturbations locales dans la prédiction de l'impact futur des changements climatiques sur les lacs. L'impact des perturbations environnementales sur le comportement de reproduction des Daphnies est tel que des évènements d'hybridation interspécifique ont été observés. Cependant, ces évènements d'hybridation sont issus de sensibilité aux trois perturbations environnementales différentes entre les espèces de Daphnies. / Lake ecosystems are increasingly subjected to multiple perturbations but their response is too rarely considered in overall. But, though a complex set of interactions, each perturbation can modulate the intensity of the impact of each other on lakes, and thus their response. In this context, this work is focused on deepening our understanding of the response of lakes in a context of multiples perturbations, over the long-term. We studied this response performing a paleolimnological approach (based on cladoceran) on three large, deep lakes (Lakes Geneva, Bourget and Annecy) submitted to a similar regional perturbation (i.e., climate warming) and varying intensities of two local perturbations (i.e., changes in nutrient inputs and fisheries managment practices). The ability of cladoceran to integrate the temporal changes in the pelagic food web in response to three environmental perturbations makes them a suitable model to reconstruct changes in the whole pelagic community. Specifically, we addressed (i) changes in cladoceran communities, during the last century, in response to three environmental perturbations and (ii) the impact of these perturbations on reproductive behavior of Daphnia. However, the lack of knowledge in large, deep lakes on the representativity of source cladoceran communitites by fossil assemblages in sediments firstly led to a methodological calibration. This last showed that the represention level of source communities was different according to the type of remain. Parthenogenetic remain assemblages (i.e., exoskeleton) reflect accurately the taxonomical and size structure of source communities in contrast to ephippia which are reliable proxy to reconstruct reproductive behavior. Following these results, the paleolimnological reconstructions of cladoceran communities showed that their ecological trajectories are controlled by complex interactions between the three perturbations, according to time periods and lakes. Moreover, the response of cladoceran communties to climate was different between the three lakes as a function of the intensity of local forcings. These observations suggest that it is important to include the role of local perturbations in predicting the future impact of climate change on lakes. The impact of environmental perturbations on the reproductive behavior of Daphnia is such that interspecific hybridization events were observed. However, these hybridization events were the result of different sensitivity to perturbations among Daphnia species.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-03-02T15:13:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Doutorado - Ana Luiza S. Albuquerque.pdf: 10411243 bytes, checksum: 308122ad3ba579085141ae2876acca7e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-02T15:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Doutorado - Ana Luiza S. Albuquerque.pdf: 10411243 bytes, checksum: 308122ad3ba579085141ae2876acca7e (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Na região estudada foi formado um sistema lacustre através do barramento dos tributários do Rio Doce durante o final do Pleistoceno. Vários estudos anteriores nesta região têm apontado a sua grande importância para a compreensão da evolução paleoambiental do Quaternário do centro-sul brasileiro. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo principal contribuir para este entendimento através de uma abordagem espaço-temporal. Utilizou-se cinco testemunhos longos e seis curtos retirados ao longo de um transecto batimétrico no Lago Dom Helvécio, o qual constitui-se num dos maiores do sistema lacustre regional. Foram utilizados traçadores múltiplos (C:N, δ13C, δ15N, petrografia da matéria orgânica deposicional, dentre outros) a fim de reconstituir a evolução climática regional, além da Paleolimnologia do Lago Dom Helvécio. Os sedimentos coletados foram identificados como representantes de três fácies sedimentares, a saber: (1) fácies do aluvião do paleo-rio Doce, formada por depósitos datados até cerca de 9.000 anos AP, representando o barramento do paleo-Rio Doce e seus tributários que veio por fim formar o Lago Dom Helvécio; (2) fácies marginal-lacustre, que consiste de sedimentos depositados a partir de cerca de 8.500 anos AP, num ambiente francamente lacustre. A variação espaço-temporal das fácies marginal-lacustre permitiu o estabelecimento da curva de variação do nível do Lago Dom Helvécio, pela qual foi possível verificar que a ação neotectônica foi um importante controlador do nível lacustre até cerca de 8.200 anos AP, e que após esta data o fator climático deve ter prevalecido. Foi possível observar, também, que o nível do lago apresentou-se crescente ao longo de sua história, sem necessariamente ter sido contínuo. Neste contexto, as mudanças morfométricas ocasionadas pela variação do nível do lago promoveram um desenvolvimento marginal crescente, o que foi corroborado por outros estudos que demonstram que a maior abundância de remanescentes animais de ambientes litorais é maior atualmente do que já foi ao longo da evolução do lago. A comparação entre a reconstituição batimétrica do Lago Dom Helvécio e a abundância de diatomáceas centradas no caso representadas por um único gênero (Aulacoseira), permitiu o estabelecimento do padrão de evolução da estratificação térmica do lago. Neste sentido, verificou-se que o lago apresentou um padrão de circulação frequente de sua coluna d’água (talvez polimítico) até cerca de 4.200 anos AP, condicionando, assim, uma boa distribuição dos nutrientes na coluna d’água e por consequência uma alta produtividade primaria fortemente baseada em diatomáceas. Esta fase do lago foi classificada como homotérmica e eutrófica. A partir de 4.200 anos AP, a profundidade máxima do lago ultrapassou o limite para a ocorrência de circulação frequente naquele lago, ou seja, entre 12-15 metros. O padrão de circulação foi se tornando casa vez mais infrequente, indisponibilizando, por consequência, a distribuição de nutrientes no lago, limitando, assim, a produtividade primária. Esta tendência seguiu até cerca de 2.000 anos AP, quando o lago parece ter alcançado o padrão de estratificação atual. Esta fase foi, então, classificada como estratificada e oligotrófica. A parte destas classificações, o confronto entre os aportes de fragmentos microscópicos de origem autóctone e alóctone para os sedimentos do lago, mostrou três momentos de aumento proporcional no aporte de matéria alóctone, sendo, assim, caracterizadas três crises distróficas qye, por fim, apresentaram correlações com as mudanças climáticas à nível regional. A contagem dos fragmentos microscópicos de origem alóctone, ou seja, os fragmentos ligno-celulósicos opacos e os micro-carvões permitiu o estabelecimento da dinâmica climática ao longo do Holoceno. A análise de frequência de tamanho dos micro-carvões mostrou que cerca de 90% dos carvões encontrados nos sedimentos lacustres são menores do que 4,5μm, sugerindi um transporte predominantemente aéreo e uma origem regional, enquanto que nos sedimentos aluviais observou-se yna nauir cibtribuição de partículas maiores, indicando um transporte aquoso. A abundância, em termos de fluxos, destas partículas alóctones mostraram a ocorrência de quatro fases secas durante o período qye abrangeu os sedimentos amostrasdos, são elas: (1) abtes de 8.500 anos AP, que representa a fase de clima seco do final do Pleistoceno, o qual produziu a agradação do paleo-Rio Doce, e culminou com o barramento de seus tributários e a formação do lago Dom Helvécio; (2) 7.000-5.500 anos AP, que representou a mais intensa fase seca de início Holocênico, (3) 4.000-3.000 anos AP e (4) 2.000-1.500 anos AP. Estas fases secas identificadas foram total ou parcialmente coincidentes com outros locais do Brasil / During the end of the Pleistocene a lacustrine system was formed in the studied region by damming of the tributaries of the Doce River. The studies carried out in this area point out great importance of this region for the comprehension of the Quaternary paleoenvironmental evolution in southern-center Brazil. The major aim of the present study is to extend the contribution for the understanding of the Quaternary paleoenvironmental in the middle Doce River Valley, using a spatial-time scale approach. Five long and six short cores were collected along a bathymetric transect withins the Dom Helvecio Lake, one of the largest lakes among those in the lacustrine regional system. For the reconstruction of the climatic regional evolution together with the paleolimnology of the Dom Helvecio Lake were used multiple sedimentary organic matter tracers, including C:N, δ13C, δ15N, deposicional organic matter petrography, among others. The collected sediments were identified as representing three sedimentary facies: (1) facies of the paleo-Doce River alluvium, whose deposits were dated in ca. of 9.000 years BP, representing the damming of the paleo-Doce River and their tributaries, which was responsible for the initial formation of the Dom Helvecio Lake; (2) lacustrine-shore facies characterized by sediments deposited from about 8.500 years BP, probably, in a water column ranging from 0 to 3 meters; and (3) lacustrine facies, representing deposition that effectively occurred in a lake environmental since about 8.200 years BP. Using the time-spatial dynamics of the lacustrine-shore facies, it was possible to propose a variation curve fir the water level of Dom Helvecio, which evidence the neotectonic action as the main controller of the lake level until ca. 8.200 years BP, whilst the climatic factor should have prevailed since then. It was possible to evidenced that the lake water-column-level increased throughout their history, however, not necessarily continuously. These results and the great abundance of rests of shoreline animals nowadays than throughout the evolution of the lake, suggest that the morfometric changes due to the water level variation have leaded to a continuous increase in the shoreline deveploment. The centrales diatoms were represented by Aulacoseira. A pattern of thermic stratification evolution of the lake was brought about by the compariosion between the bathymetric reconstruction of the Dom Helvecio Lake and the abundance of Aulacoseira. It was then proposed a frequent circulation pattern of the water column ( maybe polymitic) until ca. 4.200 years BP, and also hypothesized that until ca 4.200 year BP the nutrients were evenly distributed through the water column. As a consequence, a high productivity should have occurred due mainly to diatoms. Since 4.200 years BP the maximal depth of the water column surpassed the limit for occurrence of frequent circulation in the Dom Helvecio Lake, i.e., between 12 to 15 meters, reaching a more infrequent pattern. For that reason, scarcity of nutrients probably limited the primary productivity. This trend might have occurred until 2.000 years BP, when the lake apparently reached the stratification pattern observed nowadays. This phase was then classified as oligotrophic-stratified. The input of microscopic fragments from authoctonous and alloctonous sources to the sediments showed three periods of a proportionally higher income of alloctonous material. Therefore, three distrophic crises were characterized, which correlated to regional climatic changes. It was proposed an establishment of the climatic dynamics throughout the Holocene by counting the microscopic fragments from alloctonous sources. The analysis of micro charcoals size frequency showed that almost 90% of charcoals obtained from the lacustrine sediments were finer than 4.5 μm. These results suggest the atmosphere as main path of transport, charactering a regional source. In the alluvium sediments were observed a greater contribution of lager particles, suggesting a water transport into the lake. It was evidenced the occurrence of four drier phases: (1) before 8.500 years BP, which represents the drier climatic phase of the end of the Pleistocene, when the agradation of the paleo-Doce River occurred, resulting in the damming of their tributaries and the formation of the Dom Helvecio Lake; (2) 7.000-5.500 BP, represents the driest phase of the onset of the Holocene; (3) 4.000-3.000 years BP and (4) 2.000-1.500 years BP. These identified drier phases were totally or partially coincident with other ones identified at different localities in Brazil.

Paleoenvironmental investigations establish important baseline knowledge of the natural variability of lake systems, to better understand human impacts on the landscape, and the effects of climate change on water resources. By combining long-term environmental history with investigations into modern land use patterns and climatological events, a wider perspective can be reached that has practical applications in water governance. This thesis presents a case study of Lake Basotu (4.37°S, 35.07°E), a crater lake in the Hanang district of north-central Tanzania, which acts as an important source of freshwater for local people. A three-meter long sediment core from an interior crater of Lake Basotu was investigated using proxy records (diatoms, magnetic parameters, and carbon content) and radiometric dating (14C and 210Pb). The Lake Basotu record was then compared to other sediment-based reconstructions from East Africa and records of historical famines to better place it into the timeline and understanding of regional climate dynamics. This work was extended into modern times (1973–2015) by examining lake extent variations in the Landsat satellite archive. Shoreline boundaries for dry-season images were delineated and lake extent was calculated using GIS techniques. This remote sensing record was compared to climatological patterns, meteorological records, and the history of land-use changes in the surrounding district. As a whole, the Lake Basotu record indicates that major fluctuations in lake level are not abnormal; however, human influence has likely increased the lake’s sensitivity to climatic fluctuations. The timing of historical famines in East Africa were linked to periods of shallow lake conditions in Basotu, and the duration of the most extreme lake level changes correlate to a reversal in the 14C age-depth model. Recent variations in lake extent are likely connected to a mechanized wheat farming program implemented in the district as a foreign aid project in the early 1960s. To support the work done in Basotu, a preliminary investigation of sediment from the nearby Lake Babati was undertaken. Sediment from the two lakes indicates that their geographical location may be in a transition zone towards dryer conditions to the south during the Little Ice Age in East Africa. The results of this thesis support that Lake Basotu is an important location for understanding the potential impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in this region. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

Fossil midge remains from a sediment core from Lake Stowell, Saltspring Island (48°46’54”N, 123°26’38”W) were used to produce quantitative estimates of mean July air temperature over the last 14,000 years. Chironomid and Chaoborus remains were identified, and multiple models of past temperatures based on transfer functions of northern North American calibration datasets were evaluated. The selected model was used to create the first quantitative paleotemperature estimates for the Gulf Islands region. Inferred paleotemperatures at Lake Stowell varied between 12.1 °C and 18.6 °C over the last 14,000 calendar years. Several major climate phases were identified based on changes in paleotemperature. The base of the record is characterised by a cool lateglacial interval with a minimum inferred July temperature of 12.1 °C. Inferred temperatures generally increased by ~4 °C between ~14,200 and 10,300 cal yr BP but this warming was interrupted by cooling, coincident with the Younger Dryas Chronozone, when inferred temperatures drop ~2 °C from the temperatures immediately preceding this interval. A warm early Holocene extends from ~10,300 to 8100 cal yr BP with temperatures regularly exceeding 16 °C. Following the early Holocene, inferred temperatures decreased to approximately 14.9 °C in the mid-Holocene. After a brief warm peak in the late Holocene, inferred temperatures cooled towards the present. Inferred changes in paleotemperature from Lake Stowell are consistent with other paleoenvironmental studies conducted in southern British Columbia and throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Temperature changes at Lake Stowell are muted in comparison to continental sites, which may be due to the influence of marine conditions. This research provides context for other studies in the region, and contributes to our understanding of environmental change since the last glacial maximum. / Graduate / 2017-08-17 / 0426 / 0793 / 0353 / jillian.lemmen@gmail.com

In Antarctica, diatoms inhabit multiple limno-terrestrial habitat types, which may each individually offer unique ecological information for use in biomonitoring, paleoecology, and biogeography. However, we are still at the initial exploration stage of documenting the diversity among habitat types from different Antarctic regions, which is necessary to serve as baseline data for the aforementioned scientific disciplines, and ultimately inform conservation decisions. To gain insight into the spatial and habitat controls on Antarctic diatom communities, the importance of habitat type and island aspect was investigated by studying diatoms living in ponds, mosses, streams, and seepage areas on two opposite sides Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula. A diverse flora of 136 taxa belonging to 31 genera was revealed, which was dominated by the genus Nitzschia, and suggests that the flora of Vega Island is biogeographically influenced by both continental and Maritime Antarctic bioregions. Habitat type was found to be a crucial factor for diatom community composition, and was stronger than the influence of island aspect. In ordination analyses, moss samples were separated primarily by their abundances of the diatom Chamaepinnularia krookiformis, while pond samples were separated by Nitzschia paleacea and stream...

The Quaternary Paleoecological Analysis of the Soos National Nature Reserve The aim of this proposed diploma thesis is to describe the structure of diatom communities in the diatomite deposits of the Soos National Nature Reserve and compare the finding of this thesis with those of older publications. Another aim was to reconstruct the history of the basin trough with the outputs of diatom analysis accomplished in the 3,4 m long sediment profile. The similarity of diatom communites in individual diatomite types was also tested. Key words: subfossil diatoms, Soos National Nature Reserve, paleolimnology, Late Glacial, Holocene

No description available.