Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ensues from diminished insulin sensitivity and abated compensatory insulin secretion. While diminished insulin secretion has a strong genetic origin, environmental factors are central in the development of insulin resistance; these include hyperinsulinemia and lipotoxicity. Insulin resistance results in the dysregulation of hypothalamic neurons that mediate its central actions: a key intermediary neuron is the neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neuron. The hypothesis therefore was generated that insulin directly regulates NPY/AgRP neurons, and that prolonged insulin or palmitate, a prevalent free fatty acid (FFA), exposure inhibits neuronal insulin signaling. Using well characterized hypothalamic cell lines, mHypoE-46 or mHypoE-44, which express NPY, AgRP and insulin receptor signaling machinery, this hypothesis was examined in three studies. Correspondingly, insulin decreased NPY and AgRP mRNA expression in the mHypoE-46 cells, through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dependent mechanism; whereas prolonged exposure of NPY/AgRP cells to insulin or palmitate attenuated insulin signaling, determined by analysis of phosphorylated Akt. Insulin induced insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) serine 1101 phosphorylation in mHypoE-46 cells, utilizing the mTOR-S6K1 pathway, as the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. Insulin also decreased insulin receptor and IRS-1 protein levels; this was prevented by lysosomal and proteasomal pathway inhibitors, 3-methyladenine and epoxomicin, respectively. Importantly, rapamycin, epoxomicin or 3-methyladenine pre-treatment decreased the attenuation of insulin signaling during long-term insulin exposure. On the other hand, palmitate activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the apoptosis effector caspase 3, and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mHypoE-44 cells: JNK inhibition prevented ER stress. In an attempt to avert the deleterious effects of palmitate, the neuronal cells were treated with the 5`AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator AICAR, a possible insulin sensitizer. Interestingly, AICAR attenuated JNK and caspase 3 activation, and restored insulin signaling. These findings demonstrate that insulin directly regulates NPY/AgRP neuronal cells, and that insulin and palmitate provoke neuronal insulin resistance through different mechanisms. These findings substantiate the idea that environmental factors known to trigger peripheral insulin resistance may have consequences at the level of the individual hypothalamic neuron, which may ultimately contribute to the resulting pathophysiological states of obesity and T2DM.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ensues from diminished insulin sensitivity and abated compensatory insulin secretion. While diminished insulin secretion has a strong genetic origin, environmental factors are central in the development of insulin resistance; these include hyperinsulinemia and lipotoxicity. Insulin resistance results in the dysregulation of hypothalamic neurons that mediate its central actions: a key intermediary neuron is the neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neuron. The hypothesis therefore was generated that insulin directly regulates NPY/AgRP neurons, and that prolonged insulin or palmitate, a prevalent free fatty acid (FFA), exposure inhibits neuronal insulin signaling. Using well characterized hypothalamic cell lines, mHypoE-46 or mHypoE-44, which express NPY, AgRP and insulin receptor signaling machinery, this hypothesis was examined in three studies. Correspondingly, insulin decreased NPY and AgRP mRNA expression in the mHypoE-46 cells, through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) dependent mechanism; whereas prolonged exposure of NPY/AgRP cells to insulin or palmitate attenuated insulin signaling, determined by analysis of phosphorylated Akt. Insulin induced insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) serine 1101 phosphorylation in mHypoE-46 cells, utilizing the mTOR-S6K1 pathway, as the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin prevented IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. Insulin also decreased insulin receptor and IRS-1 protein levels; this was prevented by lysosomal and proteasomal pathway inhibitors, 3-methyladenine and epoxomicin, respectively. Importantly, rapamycin, epoxomicin or 3-methyladenine pre-treatment decreased the attenuation of insulin signaling during long-term insulin exposure. On the other hand, palmitate activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), the apoptosis effector caspase 3, and induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mHypoE-44 cells: JNK inhibition prevented ER stress. In an attempt to avert the deleterious effects of palmitate, the neuronal cells were treated with the 5`AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator AICAR, a possible insulin sensitizer. Interestingly, AICAR attenuated JNK and caspase 3 activation, and restored insulin signaling. These findings demonstrate that insulin directly regulates NPY/AgRP neuronal cells, and that insulin and palmitate provoke neuronal insulin resistance through different mechanisms. These findings substantiate the idea that environmental factors known to trigger peripheral insulin resistance may have consequences at the level of the individual hypothalamic neuron, which may ultimately contribute to the resulting pathophysiological states of obesity and T2DM.

La consommation chronique et modérée d'éthanol (CCME) est associée à une réduction de la<br />mortalité cardiaque et à une élévation des acides gras oméga 3 (ω3) dans le sang et les<br />cellules. Les ω3 d'origine alimentaire sont connus pour réduire la mortalité cardiaque chez<br />l'homme, induire une cardioprotection chez l'animal et s'incorporer dans les membranes<br />notamment de la mitochondrie, siège important de la cardioprotection. Comme l'éthanol et les<br />ω3 semblent induire des effets cardioprotecteurs similaires, nous avons déterminé si une<br />CCME pouvait mimer le remodelage lipidique mitochondrial induit par une supplémentation<br />en ω3. Ces modifications structurales pourraient modifier la fonction mitochondriale et<br />expliquer la cardioprotection par l'éthanol. A partir d'un modèle de coeur isolé perfusé de rat,<br />nous avons montré que l'éthanol et les ω3 protègent de manière similaire le myocarde en<br />limitant la taille de l'infarctus après une ischémie/reperfusion. Après avoir vérifié qu'une<br />supplémentation en ω3 induit un enrichissement en ω3 des membranes mitochondriales<br />cardiaques, nous avons démontré qu'une CCME induit une augmention des ω3 dans la<br />cardiolipine et la phosphatidylcholine mitochondriales mais sans conséquence sur la fonction<br />mitochondriale. Dans le plasma et les membranes cellulaires, une CCME augmente les<br />teneurs en ω3 et réduit la concentration en palmitate, un acide gras pro-apoptotique. En<br />conclusion, une CCME protège le myocarde contre la nécrose cellulaire, augmente la teneur<br />en acides gras cardioprotecteurs (ω3) et diminue la concentration en acide gras proapoptotique<br />(palmitate). La cardioprotection induite par une CCME pourrait donc résulter<br />d'une interaction entre l'éthanol, la voie des ω3 et celle de l'apoptose.

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Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-12T14:40:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrielle_Custódio2018.pdf: 1773314 bytes, checksum: 2eea15a0ee541c0d86fb3e257f910aeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T14:40:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Gabrielle_Custódio2018.pdf: 1773314 bytes, checksum: 2eea15a0ee541c0d86fb3e257f910aeb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / The oral administration of insulin stands out as the most convenient, simple and compatible way for patients, since it provides comfort and it can control the glucose homeostasis. This study produced and evaluated a polymer-lipid nanotransporter for the oral delivery of insulin by double emulsion and solvent emulsification/evaporation using ethyl palmitate and hyaluronic acid (HA) of 13 and 55 kDa. The nanoparticles showed an average diameter of 300 nm, negative surface charge, encapsulation efficiency of 35% and they were thermally stable when analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The in vitro release with simulated gastrointestinal fluids demonstrated the protection ability to encapsulated insulin. The nanoparticles have shown to be safe at potential therapeutic concentrations, since they did not cause cytotoxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. Finally, the permeability of nanoencapsulated insulin through Caco-2 monolayers and Caco-2/HT29-MTX model correlated with the slow release rates and did not show differences between them. These results indicated that the molar weight of HA did not show differences in both the characterization and the therapeutic response of the prepared nanoparticles, which could be considered as a good carrier for the oral administration of insulin. / A administração oral da insulina destaca-se como o modo mais conveniente, simples e compatível com o paciente, pois proporciona conforto e é capaz de controlar a homeostase glicídica. Neste estudo foi produzido e avaliado um nanotransportador lipídico polimérico para a entrega oral da insulina por meio de dupla emulsão e emulsificação/evaporação do solvente utilizando etilpalmitato e ácido hialurônico (HA) de 13 e 55 kDa. As nanopartículas apresentaram diâmetro médio em torno de 300nm, carga superficial negativa, eficiência de encapsulação de 35% e apresentaram-se estáveis termicamente quando analisadas pela calorimetria diferencial de varredura. A liberação in vitro com fluidos gastrointestinais simulados demonstrou a capacidade de proteção à insulina encapsulada. As nanopartículas mostraram-se seguras em potenciais concentrações terapêuticas, uma vez que não originaram citotoxicidade para as células epiteliais intestinais. Por último, a permeabilidade da insulina nanoencapsulada através de monocamadas Caco-2 e modelo Caco-2:HT29-MTX correlacionaram-se com as taxas de liberação lenta e não apresentam diferenças entre si. Esses resultados indicaram que o peso molar do HA não apresentou diferenças tanto na caracterização quanto na resposta terapêutica das nanopartículas preparadas, podendo estas serem consideradas como um bom transportador para administração oral de insulina.

Neste projeto, demonstramos a modulação da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase pela glicose, palmitato e interleucina - 1? através da análise da expressão protéica do componente p47PHOX e pela atividade dessa enzima via produção de superóxido e peróxido de hidrogênio. Demonstramos também a participação da enzima NAD(P)H oxidase no processo de secreção de insulina induzido pela glicose pois a inibição da enzima pelo DPI e oligonucleotídeo anti p47PHOX promoveu uma diminuição da secreção do hormônio. A partir desse dado passamos a avaliar o mecanismo de ação da enzima no processo secretório e demonstramos que a inibição dessa enzima promove uma inibição de genes essenciais no processo de secreção de insulina como GLUT-2 e glicocinase.Assim podemos concluir que a enzima NAD(P)H oxidase é modulada pela glicose, palmitato e interleucina 1? e que essa enzima participa do processo de secreção insulina modulando genes essenciais para o processo secretório como GLUT-2 e glicocinase. / The expression and activity of the componenents of NAD(P)H oxidase in pancreatic islets were described for the first time in our laboratory (OLIVEIRA, HR et ai, 2003). It was shown the gene and protein expression of the components of this enzyme in Seta cells and that enzyme activation is mediated by glucose. Glucose induced insulin secretion was followed by increase in EROS generation and this increase was in part mediated by NAD(P)H oxidase activation (the same mechanism observed in phagocytes). In this study, the modulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity by glucose, palmitate and interleukin 1ß as investigated through protein expression of p47phox vity of this enzyme through superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production. To determinate the role of NAD(P)H oxidase in the process of glucoseinduced insulin secretion the enzyme was inhibited by DPI and oligonucleotide anti p47phox, in the both cases the enzyme inhibition produced a decrease on insulin secretion. In order to investigated NAD(P)H oxidase mechanism of action in insulin secretion, we shown that the inhibition enzyme by DPI reduced the GLUT-2 and glucokinase gene expression. We can concluded hat NAD(P)H oxidase was modulated by glucose, palmitate and interleukin 1ß and that enzyme participed in process of glucoseinduced insulin secretion through modulation of GLUT-2 and glucokinase gene expression.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T10:23:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:49:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:49:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavorezendebelleideoliveira.pdf: 2916542 bytes, checksum: 307fa0e3fa1f842c7fbc463dd8a0a712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A obesidade é o resultado de diversas características do indivíduo, entre as quais se destacam os aspectos genéticos, ambientais e comportamentais. Sua ocorrência é devido ao acúmulo anormal ou excessivo de gordura, que pode resultar em risco de desenvolvimento de doenças graves e alterações lipídicas como dislipidemias e hipercolesterolemia. Vários tratamentos terapêuticos são utilizados para redução do peso corporal. Medicamentos com ação inibidora da lipase digetiva na região do lumen intestinal são utilizados para controlar o metabolismo lipídico, que propicia a redução da absorção de gordura. As plantas têm sido amplamente estudadas como recurso terapêutico, fundamentado no uso popular. Várias plantas apresentam ação antilipidêmica comprovada, devido à presença dos catecois. A Endopleura uchi, conhecida popularmente como uxi amarelo, apresenta em seus extratos, derivados fenólicos e flavonoídicos (catequinas). Este trabalho teve como objetivo, o estudo de avaliação da eficácia antilipidêmica da casca de Endopleura uchi, empregando método espectrofotométrico. A amostra de casca de E. uchi seca e triturada foi adquirida comercialmente. A metodologia envolveu a obtenção dos extratos; quantificação de derivados flavonoídicos e derivados fenólicos totais; avaliação da atividade antioxidante e determinação do efeito inibidor dos extratos na atividade enzimática da lipase pancreática. Foram preparados três extratos em solventes com polaridades diferentes, a partir de 200g de casca seca triturada de E. uchi. Para a determinação de derivados flavonídicos foi utilizado o método com cloreto de alumínio em meio ácido na presença de piridina e para derivados fenólicos totais o método com reagente de Folin-Ciocalteau. A atividade antioxidante foi realizada pelo ensaio de redução do radical DPPH. O efeito antilipidêmico dos extratos foi avaliado através da inibição enzimática da lipase pancreática utilizando como substrato o p-nitrofenolpalmitato. Os extratos obtidos apresentaram rendimento de 23,4 g (11,7%) para o extrato em água, 34,2g (17,1%) de extrato em etanol 80% e 26,6 g (13,3%) de extrato em acetona 80%. O conteúdo de derivados flavonoídicos equivalente em quercetina por grama de amostra foi de 1,35mg para extrato em água, 1,80mg para extrato em etanol 80% e 2,13 mg para extrato em acetona 80%. O conteúdo de derivados fenólicos expressos em equivalente em ácido tânico por grama de amostra foi de 0,639g para extrato em água, 0,950g para extrato em etanol 80% e 0,930g para extrato em acetona 80%. As concentrações efetivas 50% para o método de DPPH variaram de 12,4 μg/mL, 9,7 μg/mL e 7,9 μg/mL para os extratos em água, etanol 80% e em acetona 80% respectivamente. Foi encontrada forte correlação entre atividade antioxidante e o conteúdo de derivados fenólicos. O coeficiente de Pearson para os três extratos foi r > 0,9. Na avaliação dos extratos frente a inibição da lipase pancreática, o extrato aquoso mostrou atividade inibidora de 47,54% (106,90 UIL/g), em etanol 80% (1:1) 36,88% (96,06 UIL/g) e extrato em acetona 80% (1:1) 49,33% (112,14 UIL/g). Os resultados obtidos mostraram a presença das atividades antilipidêmica e antioxidante dos extratos de casca de E. uchi, importantes para o tratamento de redução de gordura corporal. / Obesity is the result of various individual characteristics, among which stand out the genetic, environmental and behavioral aspects. Its occurrence is due to abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may result in the risk of developing serious diseases and lipid disorders such as dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Many therapeutic treatments are used for reducing body weight. Drugs that inhibits the digestive lipase in the intestinal lumen region are used to control lipid metabolism, which promotes the reduction of fat absorption. Plants have been widely studied as a treatment method based on the popular use. Several plants have proven, due to the presence of catechols antilipemic action. The Endopleura uchi, popularly known as yellow uxi presents in their extracts, phenolic derivatives and flavonoids (catechins). This work aimed to study the efficacy assessment antilipemic bark Endopleura uchi, employing spectrophotometric method. A sample of E. uchi bark was dried and crushed commercially acquired. The methodology involved obtaining the extracts; quantification of flavonoid compounds and phenolic derivatives; evaluation of antioxidant activity and determination of the inhibitory effect of the extract on the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase. Three extracts were prepared in solvents with different polarities from 200g dry shredded bark of E. uchi. For the determination of the method flavonoid derivative with aluminum chloride in an acid medium in the presence of pyridine and phenolic derivatives with the method of Folin-Ciocalteau reagent was used. The antioxidant activity assay was performed by reduction of DPPH. Antilipemic effect of the extracts was assessed by enzymatic inhibition of pancreatic lipase using a substrate of p-nitrofenylpalmitate. The extracts showed yield 23,4 g (11,7%) for the water extract, 34,2 g (17.1%) of 80% ethanol extract and 26,6 g (13,3%) of 80% acetone extract. The content of flavonoid compounds in quercetin equivalent of gram of sample was 1,35 mg to water extract, 1,80 mg extract in 80% ethanol and 2,13 mg 80% extract acetone. The contents of phenolic derivatives expressed in equivalent of gram of tannic acid was 0,639 g sample to extract in water to 0,950 g in 80% ethanol extract and 0,930 g in 80% acetone extract. The effective concentration for 50% DPPH assay ranged from 12,4 μg/mL, 9,7 μg/mL and 7,9 μg/mL for the extracts with water, 80% ethanol and 80% acetone, respectively. Strong correlation between antioxidant activity and content of phenolic derivatives was found. The Pearson coefficient for the three extracts was r > 0,9. In the evaluation of the extracts against pancreatic lipase inhibition of the aqueous extract showed inhibitory activity of 47.54% (106,90 ALI/g) in 80% ethanol (1:1) 36,88% (96,06 ALI/g) and extract with 80% acetone (1:1) 49,33% (112,14 ALI/g). The results showed the presence of antilipemic and antioxidant activities of the extracts of bark of E. uchi, important for the treatment of body fat reduction.

In this project I sought to analyse the effects of different free fatty acids (FFAs) on INS-1E β-cells. The saturated fatty acid palmitate is considered toxic whereas the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate is harmless. In my working hypothesis I assumed an additional protective effect of oleate when used in combination with palmitate. Furthermore I aimed to explore in detail the possible causes and signalling pathways responsible for apoptosis or sustained cell survival. I examined the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress response, called unfolded protein response (UPR), as one essential criterion deciding about cell death or life. Analysis of viability and apoptosis confirmed the deleterious effect of palmitate on INS-1E β-cells after 24h of incubation. Oleate proved not to be harmful and even reversed the toxicity of palmitate. When the main components of the UPR were assessed using Western blot analyses and quantitative PCR was performed I found positive proof that palmitate activated the UPR and ultimately led to apoptosis. By contrast, oleate completely prevented UPR signalling. I conclude that oleate rescues INS-1E β-cells by inhibiting ER stress and its signalling.

Preventing oxidative deterioration of fish oil is a significant challenge for the food industry. Natural antioxidants are widely incorporated into foods and oils to prevent oxidation and extend shelf life. The goal of the study is to investigate the activity of novel antioxidants in menhaden oil and to develop optimum formulations containing mixed tocopherols to control oxidation of menhaden oil. Alpha tocopherol, gamma tocopherol, and delta tocopherol in menhaden oil were found at 0.18mg/g, 0.37mg/g, and 0.14mg/g, respectively, using HPLC analysis. Teng Cha extract effectively delayed oxidation of menhaden oil (MO) when stored at 40°C for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. The combinations of Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract and combinations of ascorbyl palmitate, citric acid, Teng Cha extract and rosemary extract more effectively improved stability of MO containing mixed tocopherols than Teng Cha extract alone at 40°C storage for eight days by measuring primary oxidation products and secondary oxidation products. From this study, Teng Cha extract can be used as a potential natural antioxidant in food industry, especially in combinations with rosemary extract and tocopherols, extending shelf life of menhaden oil. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Many cancers, including breast cancer, often develop resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs over a course of treatment. Many factors, including ABC transporter-mediated drug efflux, have been shown to play a role in acquired drug resistance. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the key enzyme of lipid synthesis pathway, was found to be over-produced in an Adiamycin resistant breast cancer cell line MCF7/AdrVp3000, compared to its parental drug sensitive MCF7 cell line. Inhibition of FASN expression increased the drug sensitivity in breast cancer cells (MCF7/AdrVp3000 and MDA-MB-468), but not in the normal breast epithelia cell line MCF10A1. Enforced overexpression of FASN in MCF7 breast cancer cells decreased its drug sensitivity. These results indicated that FASN overexpression can induce drug resistance in breast cancers. Ectopic overexpression of FASN in MCF7 cells did not affect cell membrane permeability, transporter activity, nor did it affect cell proliferation rate. However, FASN overexpression protects cancer cells from drug-induced apoptosis by decreasing caspase-8 activation. In FASN over-expressing MCF7 cells, I discovered the positive feedback relationship between FASN and activation of Akt as previously reported. However, activation of Akt did not mediate FASN-induced drug resistance. Together with the findings that FASN expression associates with poor prognosis in several types of cancers, my investigations suggest that FASN overexpression is a novel mechanism of drug resistance in breast cancer chemotherapy. Inhibitors of FASN can be used as sensitizing agents in breast cancer chemotherapy.