Michel Foucault no seu livro Vigiar e punir, ao estudar o plano arquitetural do panóptico de Jeremy Bentham, inventa a concepção do panoptismo. Foucault tenta entender o panóptico dentro das problematizações do espaço, que para ele vão estar ligadas às dificuldades, no século XVIII, de lidar com o crescente aumento populacional e as transformações oriundas desta demanda. Segundo os escritos de Bentham, o panóptico é em sua estrutura física um prédio circular com uma torre central, de onde se pode observar as celas construídas a sua volta. Para empreender o estudo da invenção do panoptismo por Foucault, a pesquisa foi dividida em três capítulos. No Primeiro capítulo foi feita uma investigação sobre quais foram as prerrogativas do panoptismo, no sentido de inserir o pensador e sua obra dentro de um universo de produção. No segundo capítulo vai se falar de aproximações e divergências nas concepções de Foucault e Bentham do panóptico, em como Foucault o tomou como um indicativo de uma temporalidade. No terceiro capítulo foi feita uma divisão das fases do pensamento do autor, relacionando-as a arte e o ofício de historiar, para entender como é possível falar em invenção do panoptismo. / Michel Foucault in his book Discipline and Punish (Vigiar e punir) invents the concept of panoptic studying its architectural plan elaborated by Jeremy Bentham. Foucault tries to understand the panoptic inserted in problems about space that are, for him, connected to difficulties, in the XVIII century, to deal with population growth and its transformations. According to Bentham, the physical structure of panoptic is a circular building with a central tower, where someone can observe the cells constructed around it. To achieve the panoptism invention by Foucault, the dissertation was divided in three chapter. In the first was made an investigation about panoptism circumstances in order to inset the author and his work in a universe of production. The second deals with Foucault and Benthams approximations and divergences on conceptions about the panoptic. Besides this, the second chapter shows how Foucault takes the panoptic as an indicative of one temporality. The third chapter makes splitting in Foucaults thought in phases, connect them with the art and the métier of make history to understand how it can tell about panoptism invention.

Michel Foucault no seu livro Vigiar e punir, ao estudar o plano arquitetural do panóptico de Jeremy Bentham, inventa a concepção do panoptismo. Foucault tenta entender o panóptico dentro das problematizações do espaço, que para ele vão estar ligadas às dificuldades, no século XVIII, de lidar com o crescente aumento populacional e as transformações oriundas desta demanda. Segundo os escritos de Bentham, o panóptico é em sua estrutura física um prédio circular com uma torre central, de onde se pode observar as celas construídas a sua volta. Para empreender o estudo da invenção do panoptismo por Foucault, a pesquisa foi dividida em três capítulos. No Primeiro capítulo foi feita uma investigação sobre quais foram as prerrogativas do panoptismo, no sentido de inserir o pensador e sua obra dentro de um universo de produção. No segundo capítulo vai se falar de aproximações e divergências nas concepções de Foucault e Bentham do panóptico, em como Foucault o tomou como um indicativo de uma temporalidade. No terceiro capítulo foi feita uma divisão das fases do pensamento do autor, relacionando-as a arte e o ofício de historiar, para entender como é possível falar em invenção do panoptismo. / Michel Foucault in his book Discipline and Punish (Vigiar e punir) invents the concept of panoptic studying its architectural plan elaborated by Jeremy Bentham. Foucault tries to understand the panoptic inserted in problems about space that are, for him, connected to difficulties, in the XVIII century, to deal with population growth and its transformations. According to Bentham, the physical structure of panoptic is a circular building with a central tower, where someone can observe the cells constructed around it. To achieve the panoptism invention by Foucault, the dissertation was divided in three chapter. In the first was made an investigation about panoptism circumstances in order to inset the author and his work in a universe of production. The second deals with Foucault and Benthams approximations and divergences on conceptions about the panoptic. Besides this, the second chapter shows how Foucault takes the panoptic as an indicative of one temporality. The third chapter makes splitting in Foucaults thought in phases, connect them with the art and the métier of make history to understand how it can tell about panoptism invention.

The aim of this thesis is to explore how different competing discourses in the historical context of the Swedish education development have qualified and disqualified different constructions of national curriculum. How and after what kind of principles is the curriculum constructed? What qualify who are going to be recognized as the author and addressee of the curriculum? These key ques-tions of the study are discussed in the first part of the thesis. My point of depar-ture is that the curriculum can be understood as a relation between freedom and control. In an educational system this relationship reflects the problematic ten-sion between the external demands from an authoritative center and the local need to independently reflect over educational issues. How these concepts are defined by the prevailing social discourses affect specific relations and construc-tions of curricula as a steering tool and a producer of specific teacher identities. In this sense, I claim that curriculum is constructed in different ways depending on which of the didactic questions are emphasized and answered and who is judged as the legitimate author. Based on this, three models of curriculum con-struction are formulated; the content based, the result based and the process based. These models are subsequently used as an analytical tool to examine the historical development of Swedish national curricula. The second part of the thesis investigates the Swedish education system and the production of the national curriculum as a product of rival discourses. The historical investigation begins 1842 when the first state curriculum was issued and the inquiry concludes in 2008. The findings indicate that no one single con-struction has been totally dominant and that there has been an on-going discur-sive struggle between different alternative and opinions about what teachers must do and be.

The aim of this study is to describe and analyse three different discourses on elderly care, as they emerge in statements from care staff and research. Each discourse centres on a sign, or pair of signs: care, education/professional competence, and the elderly/ageing. Drawing its main inspiration from Laclau and Mouffe, and Foucault, the analysis is made with regard to how the discourses are constructed, what they include and exclude. The discourse on care interconnects family, homeliness and mutuality. Empathy, a good attitude, family ideals endow elderly care with distinctly feminine connotations. Theoretical concepts such as rationality of care and an almost exclusive research focus on women’s work have tended to construct the same nexus. Unknowingly, or sometimes despite intentions, the discourse in this way reproduces conservative gender roles. A discourse on ‘anti-care’, exemplified by disorganisation and incompetent management, is also created and invested with responsibility for shortcomings. The discourse on education and professional competence centres on claims to medical and executive tasks by nurses, the struggle against deprofessionalisation of assistant nurses, and the attempt of nurse aids to resist categorisation as ‘anybody’. Education/training are considered important to raise work status, but also leading to an instrumental attitude and distance from the core of the occupation – care. The discourse on the elderly and ageing characterises them as lonely and depressed. Also being violent and ungrateful, their behaviour undermine the notion of mutuality. Social interaction and outdoor walks are presented as means to improve their situation. Fundamental to the discourse is an ambiguous approach to ageing as both natural and something to be deferred. Ageing is further presented as decivilisation process, in which gradual loss of control over the body is also a loss of human-ness. The body is, paradoxically, what both defines and disqualifies the elderly as fully human. The depersonalising and biographing procedures of elderly care, sequential but overlapping, display its proximity to Goffman’s total institution and Foucault’s panopticon. Conversation plays an important disciplinary part in encouraging the elderly to want to do right, i.e., be socially active, and avoid amoral or asocial habits like drink, sex or solitude.

In what French philosopher Gilles Deleuze labelled Control Societies, mechanisms reminiscent of censorship – that is, restriction of information that administrators of power wish to regulate the spreading of – are present in the concept of copyright. This kind of censorship has theadvantage of not being scrutinized by public eyes in the way that the work of institutionalized censorship agencies such as the Swedish Statens Biografbyrå was. It is not unlikely that expanded possibilities for punishing anyone who spreads copyrighted material will result in larger and larger areas that may not be accessed, as the avoiding of conflict and repressive actions will emphasize the behaviour to take detours around information that is deemed taboo and therefore suspicious and dangerous. The ACTA trade agreement is one proposed tool for such extended possibilities for punishment. This essay does not however claim that copyright and censorship are the same – but rather that the institutional execution of power that was previously a matter of state censorship has a lot of similarities with current and prognosticated application of copyright laws by corporations. While claiming to protect the individual, the disciplinary power executed actually aims to protect the one executing it; the purpose of the power structure is to replicate itself.

Abstract Title: Watching eyes – for better or worse (Vakande ögon – på gott eller ont?) Number of pages: 34 (41 including enclosures) Author: Josefine Nyberg Tutor: Göran Svensson Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Autumn term 2007 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Purpose/Aim: The aim of this essay is partly to make a study about how people understand camera supervise, and partly discuss what their opinions are concering the subject. Key Questions: Which or what is the mainpurpose of camerasurveillance? What does the public think about the subject? When can there be an insult against the integrity while using the cameras? What is private and what is public? What is the posibilities and threats in the future? Material/Method: A qualitative method has been used. Four interviewes, one personale interview with a policeofficer from Uppsala and three focusgroupinterviwes with people from Stockholm, have been done. Then the results from the interviewes have been compared with earlier theories and reaserches. By reading publicdocuments, press releases and reports from the government, I have gather information for the essay. Main results: Even if the public are aware of the cameras and knows that they allmoust allways are whatched by the electronic eye, they don´t seem to care that much about the constant surveillance. Even if they observe the cameras at first they quickly forget about them. The cameras real purpose is working fairly good, even if the public thinks that thecameras should obstruct all the crimes. Allthough the cameras are preventing manycrimes and discourage people from committing minor crime, just by its appearance. Keywords: Attitudes, opinions, interviews, Panopticon, public, camera supervise, privacy and public.

Title:”Speed cameras - an prevention of crime and a standard forming instrument of control?” Authors: Markus Hansson Tutors: Bo Isenberg & Carl Hult Examinator: Ulf Drugge The School of Human Sciences University of Kalmar The studys purpose is to get a absorbed understanding for peoples attitude, and effect of speed cameras. The disposition for the study is to integrate earlier studies in the matter, combined with elevating interesting sociological conceptions. As an attempt to understand speed cameras as an instrument of force on the individual have Michel Foucaults concept Panopticon been used to see its effect, and it’s look upon how crime prevention will be formulated, which can give an explanation of why speed cameras are being used as an instrument of control on the traffic area. The study builds on questionnaire surveys that were made at two different surroundings around Kalmar. The places were chosen on the basis of being equivalent, with speed cameras in the traffic environment between the village and the bigger town of Kalmar. The basis for the study builds on 200 questionnaires that are distributed on the basis of sexes and age structure in the survey areas. The processing of data have been made with the statistics program SPSS. The framing of the questions that has been used to answer the purpose are 1)How is the attitude towards speed cameras?, 2)How does speed cameras effect road-users driving behaviour?, 3)The respondents view of causes for speed infringements. Some of the results that the study showed were that 41 percent had a positive attitude towards speed cameras. The study also pointed on a clear connection to the driving behaviour of the respondent have been calmer after the speed cameras have been introduced in the traffic environment, where particularly men experienced themselves to drive calmer. The cameras limited effect on the drive behaviour were obvious when 36 percent answered that they changed their driving behaviour by driving faster between the cameras and brake when they pass them. 1/5 of the respondents experience that the cameras disturb their concentration and make their driving poorer. The result can question the authorities purpose as “lifesavers”, and even turn the cameras into a increased traffic risk. The reason why road users exceed speed limits is among other things that the road users experience that the roads are suited for higher speed limits. This leads to a low acceptance towards the prevailing speed limits. The most common stated reason to why speed limits exceeds is that the road users don’t realize the risks that comes with driving to fast. This interprets that the speed cameras effect in order to change this view is not sufficient. In order to increase risk awareness other moves should be used like more information. In line with Brå:s report 2007:29 is criticism that is being emphasized in the study among other things a blind faith in cameras effectiveness in preventing crimes. The study shall be seen as an independent study that weighs authorities’ reports and results against this study's result. Keywords: Speed cameras, speeding offence, road users, questionnaire survey, panopticon, prevention, SARTRE, SPSS, Borgholm, Rälla, Ljungbyholm, Kalmar, Öland / Studien syftar till att få en fördjupad förståelse för individers inställning till, och påverkan av hastighetskameror. Upplägget för studien är att integrera tidigare studier i ämnet, i kombination med att lyfta fram intressanta sociologiska begrepp. Som ett försök att förstå hastighetskamerors som maktmedel på individen har Michel Foucalts begrepp Panopticon använt för att se dess verkan, samt Ingrid Sahlins syn på hur brottsprevention ska utformas, vilket kan ge en bild av varför hastighetskameror används som styrmedel på trafikområdet. Studiens bygger på en enkätundersökning som genomfördes vid två olika närområden till Kalmar. Platserna valdes utifrån förutsättningarna att vara likvärdiga, med hastighetskameror i trafikmiljön mellan orten och den större staden Kalmar. Underlaget för studien bygger på 200 enkäter som är fördelat utifrån kön- och åldersfördelningen i undersökningsområdena. Behandling av data har skett genom statistikprogrammet SPSS. De frågeställningar som använts för att besvara syftet är 1)Hur är inställningen till hastighetskameror? 2)Hur påverkar hastighetskameror trafikanters körbeteende? 3)Respondenternas syn på orsaker till hastighetsöverträdelser. Några av de resultat som studien visade var att 41 procent hade en positiv inställning till hastighetskameror. Studien visade också på ett tydligt samband till att respondenterna körbeteende blivit lugnare efter det att hastighetskameror införts i trafikmiljön, där främst män upplevde sig köra lugnare. Kamerornas begränsade inverkan på körbeteendet visade sig då 36 procent uppgav att de anpassat sitt körbeteende genom att köra fortare mellan hastighetskamerorna och bromsar in när de passerar dem. 1/5-del av respondenterna upplever att kamerorna stör koncentrationen och gör dem till sämre bilförare. Resultatet kan ifrågasätta myndigheternas syfte med kamerorna som ”livräddare”, till att även utgöra en ökad trafikrisk. Orsaken till varför trafikanter överskrider hastighetsöverträdelser beror bland annat på att trafikanterna upplever att vägarna är anpassade att köra fortare på än vad hastigheten tillåter. Detta leder till en låg acceptans för rådande hastighetsbegränsningarna. Att trafikanter inte inser riskerna med att köra för fort, är den vanligast angivna orsaken till varför hastighetsbegränsningar överskrids. Detta tyder på att hastighetskamerors inverkan för att ändra denna uppfattning inte är tillräcklig. För att öka riskmedvetenhet borde det förmodligen istället satsas på åtgärder som ökad information. I linje med Brå:s Rapport 2007:29 är kritik som lyfts fram i studien bland annat övertron på kamerors effektivitet för att förebygga brott. Arbetet ska ses som en oberoende studie som väger myndigheters rapporter och resultat, mot denna studies resultat.

In what French philosopher Gilles Deleuze labelled Control Societies, mechanisms reminiscent of censorship – that is, restriction of information that administrators of power wish to regulate the spreading of – are present in the concept of copyright. This kind of censorship has the advantage of not being scrutinized by public eyes in the way that the work of institutionalized censorship agencies such as the Swedish Statens Biografbyrå was. It is not unlikely that expanded possibilities for punishing anyone who spreads copyrighted material will result in larger and larger areas that may not be accessed, as the avoiding of conflict and repressive actions will emphasize the behaviour to take detours around information that is deemed taboo and therefore suspicious and dangerous. The ACTA trade agreement is one proposed tool for such extended possibilities for punishment. This essay does not however claim that copyright and censorship are the same – but rather that the institutional execution of power that was previously a matter of state censorship has a lot of similarities with current and prognosticated application of copyright laws by corporations. While claiming to protect the individual, the disciplinary power executed actually aims to protect the one executing it; the purpose of the power structure is to replicate itself.

<p>Title:”Speed cameras - an prevention of crime and a standard forming instrument of control?”</p><p>Authors: Markus Hansson</p><p>Tutors: Bo Isenberg & Carl Hult</p><p>Examinator: Ulf Drugge</p><p>The School of Human Sciences</p><p>University of Kalmar</p><p>The studys purpose is to get a absorbed understanding for peoples attitude, and effect of speed cameras. The disposition for the study is to integrate earlier studies in the matter, combined with elevating interesting sociological conceptions. As an attempt to understand speed cameras as an instrument of force on the individual have Michel Foucaults concept Panopticon been used to see its effect, and it’s look upon how crime prevention will be formulated, which can give an explanation of why speed cameras are being used as an instrument of control on the traffic area. The study builds on questionnaire surveys that were made at two different surroundings around Kalmar.</p><p>The places were chosen on the basis of being equivalent, with speed cameras in the traffic environment between the village and the bigger town of Kalmar. The basis for the study builds on 200 questionnaires that are distributed on the basis of sexes and age structure in the survey areas. The processing of data have been made with the statistics program SPSS. The framing of the questions that has been used to answer the purpose are 1)How is the attitude towards speed cameras?, 2)How does speed cameras effect road-users driving behaviour?, 3)The respondents view of causes for speed infringements.</p><p>Some of the results that the study showed were that 41 percent had a positive attitude towards speed cameras. The study also pointed on a clear connection to the driving behaviour of the respondent have been calmer after the speed cameras have been introduced in the traffic environment, where particularly men experienced themselves to drive calmer. The cameras limited effect on the drive behaviour were obvious when 36 percent answered that they changed their driving behaviour by driving faster between the cameras and brake when they pass them. 1/5 of the respondents experience that the cameras disturb their concentration and make their driving poorer. The result can question the authorities purpose as “lifesavers”, and even turn the cameras into a increased traffic risk. The reason why road users exceed speed limits is among other things that the road users experience that the roads are suited for higher speed limits. This leads to a low acceptance towards the prevailing speed limits. The most common stated reason to why speed limits exceeds is that the road users don’t realize the risks that comes with driving to fast. This interprets that the speed cameras effect in order to change this view is not sufficient. In order to increase risk awareness other moves should be used like more information. In line with Brå:s report 2007:29 is criticism that is being emphasized in the study among other things a blind faith in cameras effectiveness in preventing crimes. The study shall be seen as an independent study that weighs authorities’ reports and results against this study's result.</p><p>Keywords: Speed cameras, speeding offence, road users, questionnaire survey, panopticon, prevention, SARTRE, SPSS, Borgholm, Rälla, Ljungbyholm, Kalmar, Öland</p> / <p>Studien syftar till att få en fördjupad förståelse för individers inställning till, och påverkan av hastighetskameror. Upplägget för studien är att integrera tidigare studier i ämnet, i kombination med att lyfta fram intressanta sociologiska begrepp.</p><p>Som ett försök att förstå hastighetskamerors som maktmedel på individen har Michel Foucalts begrepp Panopticon använt för att se dess verkan, samt Ingrid Sahlins syn på hur brottsprevention ska utformas, vilket kan ge en bild av varför hastighetskameror används som styrmedel på trafikområdet.</p><p>Studiens bygger på en enkätundersökning som genomfördes vid två olika närområden till Kalmar. Platserna valdes utifrån förutsättningarna att vara likvärdiga, med hastighetskameror i trafikmiljön mellan orten och den större staden Kalmar. Underlaget för studien bygger på 200 enkäter som är fördelat utifrån kön- och åldersfördelningen i undersökningsområdena. Behandling av data har skett genom statistikprogrammet SPSS. De frågeställningar som använts för att besvara syftet är</p><p>1)Hur är inställningen till hastighetskameror? 2)Hur påverkar hastighetskameror trafikanters körbeteende? 3)Respondenternas syn på orsaker till hastighetsöverträdelser.</p><p>Några av de resultat som studien visade var att 41 procent hade en positiv inställning till hastighetskameror. Studien visade också på ett tydligt samband till att respondenterna körbeteende blivit lugnare efter det att hastighetskameror införts i trafikmiljön, där främst män upplevde sig köra lugnare. Kamerornas begränsade inverkan på körbeteendet visade sig då 36 procent uppgav att de anpassat sitt körbeteende genom att köra fortare mellan hastighetskamerorna och bromsar in när de passerar dem. 1/5-del av respondenterna upplever att kamerorna stör koncentrationen och gör dem till sämre bilförare. Resultatet kan ifrågasätta myndigheternas syfte med kamerorna som ”livräddare”, till att även utgöra en ökad trafikrisk. Orsaken till varför trafikanter överskrider hastighetsöverträdelser beror bland annat på att trafikanterna upplever att vägarna är anpassade att köra fortare på än vad hastigheten tillåter. Detta leder till en låg acceptans för rådande hastighetsbegränsningarna. Att trafikanter inte inser riskerna med att köra för fort, är den vanligast angivna orsaken till varför hastighetsbegränsningar överskrids. Detta tyder på att hastighetskamerors inverkan för att ändra denna uppfattning inte är tillräcklig. För att öka riskmedvetenhet borde det förmodligen istället satsas på åtgärder som ökad information. I linje med Brå:s Rapport 2007:29 är kritik som lyfts fram i studien bland annat övertron på kamerors effektivitet för att förebygga brott. Arbetet ska ses som en oberoende studie som väger myndigheters rapporter och resultat, mot denna studies resultat.</p>

This studies purpose is to analyse the representation of media in the television series Mr. Robot as well as to analyse the representation of the prominent conglomerate called E-Corp that is central to the narrative of the series.  Theories used in the study is mainly concerned with mapping out the semiotic signs as well as using theories of representation by Stuart Hall to further understand the meanings behind the signs that are distinguished in the analysis. Foucault theory about panopticons is implemented when looking at surveillance from E-Corp as well as Jones theory about techno- and grunge-economies.  The results of the study show that media is often represented as lying or being shallow. According to the series it’s easy to get stuck in a simulation of reality where you can’t tell the difference between what’s real and what’s hyperreal. The representation of the corporation shows little about the regular employee but emphasizes that those in charge often are bad or simply manipulative people.