A crescente preocupação mundial com o manejo dos recursos florestais tem exercido grande pressão nos ambientes extrativistas e industriais ligados à base produtiva silvícola. Em vista da dificuldade de se estabelecer quais empresas e produtores adotam padrões produtivos ambientalmente sustentáveis, o uso das certificações tem ganhado notoriedade, funcionando como mecanismo de sinalização de comportamento mercadologicamente valorizado. Este cenário representa empiricamente teorizações da Economia da Informação em um ambiente agroindustrial específico, apresentando ferramentas de emissão de sinais como potenciais redutores da assimetria de informação presente na estrutura econômica de comércio. Contudo, permanecem questionamentos sobre como este uso de certificações e conseqüente melhoria da disponibilidade informacional podem impactar sobre as firmas adotantes desta estratégia. Relacionando esta situação com elementos da Economia Industrial (abordagem Estrutura-Conduta-Desempenho) e caracterizando a sinalização como um elemento de Conduta, esta pesquisa se propõe a verificar empiricamente potenciais impactos desta estratégia de atuação no Desempenho resultante. Como objeto específico de estudo, elegeu-se, dentro da indústria silvícola brasileira, o setor de papel e celulose, dada a sua relevância econômica para o agronegócio brasileiro. O método de análise de desenvolve através de modelos econométricos que buscam estabelecer e mensurar relações de influência entre a evolução de adoção de certificações de manejo florestal sustentável no desempenho exportador agregado do setor para o período 1995- 2008 (dados mensais), visto que a prática de comércio internacional potencializa a disponibilidade assimétrica de informações. Os resultados encontrados são parcialmente conclusivos em direção à sustentação da hipótese de que o uso de certificações tem influências positivas sobre o desempenho de comércio exterior da indústria brasileira de papel e celulose. / World’s increasing concern regarding forest resources management has pressured the producers and industries connected to forestry activities. In face of the difficulty to differentiate agents’ productive patterns of behavior towards forests, the use of sustainable forest management certifications is becoming increasingly relevant, working as a supposedly market valued signaling device. This scenario represents empirically in a specific agroindustrial environment the theories developed in Information Economics, presenting signal emission tools as potential reducers of commercial information asymmetry. However, questions regarding how the use of these certifications and the consequent improvement of information availability impact on firms which adopt this strategy remain. Relating this situation with the elements of Industrial Economics (more specifically the Structure-Conduct-Performance approach) and defining the signaling behavior as a Conduct pattern, this research proposes an analysis of the possible impacts of this strategy in the resulting Performance. As object of study, the Brazilian Pulp & Paper (P&P) industry is chosen, given its economic importance for the country’s forest and agribusiness sectors. The methodology to develop this verification is based on econometric regression models, aiming to establish and measures influences between the sustainable forest management certifications implementation evolution in the aggregated exporting performance of the Brazilian P&P industry for the period 1995-2008 (monthly data), since the international trade is expected to rise the levels of information asymmetry and hence the value of signals. Results allow partial acceptance of the hypothesis that the use of certifications has positive influences on Brazilian P&P industry’s international trade performance.

Efluentes da indústria de papel e celulose (IPC) caracterizam-se por apresentar um alto conteúdo de compostos fenólicos que são prejudiciais para os microrganismos envolvidos nos tratamentos convencionais, necessitando a sua remoção por processos físicos e/ou químicos, antes do encaminhamento para as lagoas aeradas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a capacidade de degradação de fenol e de fenóis totais presentes no efluente da IPC, em cultivo submerso, pela linhagem de Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 utilizada comercialmente para a produção de cogumelos. Também foi avaliado a alteração na concentração de DQO de efluentes da IPC por sistemas bacterianos aerados, após o tratamento fúngico. Foram realizadas análises de atividade de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP, fenóis totais, pH, cor e DQO. Os estudos de crescimento de fungos e bactérias foram realizados em frascos agitados e em reator de bancada. A formulação do meio de crescimento fúngico continha 92% de efluente da IPC, suplementado com sais, glicose e proteína de soja. Em todos os ensaios observou-se uma diminuição da concentração de fenóis totais do meio, que foi interpretada como decorrente da ação do fungo pela atividade enzimática envolvendo degradação e precipitação, adsorção na massa fúngica e de atividade não biológica, desde que foram detectadas atividades de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP; foi observado adsorção de fenóis totais pelo micélio; e também diminuição de fenóis totais na ausência de microrganismos. As análises de DQO e fenóis totais dos efluentes referentes aos ensaios com bactérias aeróbias, após o tratamento fúngico, mostraram uma diminuição de DQO mais rápida em relação ao efluente não tratado pelo fungo. A remoção de fenóis totais no processo bacteriano também foi favorecida pela ação fúngica, visto que a remoção dos compostos fenólicos foi superior no efluente tratado pelo fungo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a atividade do fungo da degradação branca Pleurotus sajor-caju PS 2001 pode constituir-se como parte de um processo para tratamento de efluentes da IPC, associado ao tratamento bacteriano. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-05T19:14:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Bonfanti.pdf: 6891092 bytes, checksum: 7fae7d894ec3c821ab10cd2e363af938 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-05T19:14:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Patricia Bonfanti.pdf: 6891092 bytes, checksum: 7fae7d894ec3c821ab10cd2e363af938 (MD5) / Wastewaters originated at paper and cellulose industries (PCI) are characterized by the presence of the high content of phenolics compounds, which assign prejudicial for the microorganisms involved in the conventional treatments, imposing physical and/or chemical removal before the discharge to the aerobic (secondary) pond. This work deals with the degradation capacity of phenol and total phenols present in the PCI wastewater, in submerged cultivation, by the strain of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001, commercially utilized for the output of mushrooms. In addition, changes in the COD concentration in PCI wastewaters of aerobic bacterial systems treated with fungus were evaluated. Analyses of activity of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP, total phenols, pH, colour and DQO were carried out. The fungi and bacteria growth studies were carried out using shaking flask and bioreactor. The formulation of the medium for fungus growth had 92% of PCI wastewater, supplemented with salts, glucose and soy protein. In all trials was observed a reduction in the concentration of total phenols in the medium, that may be caused by the enzymatic activity of the fungus, which involves degradation and haste, adsorption in the fungus mass and non-biological activity due to the fact that activities of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP were detected; the adsorption of total phenols by the micelles was observed as well as a decrease in the total phenols in the absence of microorganisms. The COD and total phenols trial analyses of wastewaters with aerobic bacteria showed a faster decrease when treated with fungus, compared to the trials without fungus. Furthermore, the removal of total phenols in the bacterial trial was availed by the fungus action due to fact that the removal of the phenol compounds was higher in the wastewater treated with the fungus. Based in the obtained results, it was concluded that the white-rot fungus P. sajor-caju PS 2001 activity can be used as a part of the PCI wastewater treatment associated to the bacterial treatment.

CAPES / O processo kraft é o mais empregado em todo o mundo para produção de papel e celulose. Esse processo gera efluente com altas concentrações de matéria orgânica e compostos recalcitrantes, que podem causar impacto significativo no ambiente aquático. No Brasil, o tratamento mais difundido para este efluente são as Lagoas Aeradas Facultativas (LAFs). Este tipo de tratamento é eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica biodegradável, entretanto alguns contaminantes persistem devido à sua recalcitrância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tratamento de efluente kraft por processo biológico na presença de Lacase comercial (NOVOZYM 51003®) e enzimas ligninolíticas produzidas em laboratório por extrato de Fungos da Podridão Branca (FPB). Foi empregado delineamento experimental com sistema aerado em batelada, para determinar os efeitos do pH, temperatura e concentração da Lacase comercial, além de testes rápidos de batelada para verificar o efeito da inoculação associada a Lacase comercial, o efeito do sistema Lacase/mediador, o efeito da Lacase comercial inativa no tratamento do efluente, entre outros. Também foi estudado o desempenho da Lacase comercial e do Extrato Enzimático de Trametes sp. (EET) em fluxo contínuo, com LAFs em escala de bancada, sob condições de temperatura ambiente, operadas por 60 dias em Carga Orgânica Volumétrica (COV) de 0,2 kg DQO m-3 d-1. Numa segunda fase do experimento com as LAFs foram realizadas variações na COV e na biodegradabilidade do efluente kraft. O experimento fatorial mostrou que o uso da Lacase comercial influencia positivamente a remoção de lignina, cor e área espectral, sendo mais eficiente em pH 4 e temperatura de 37°C e 3,9 U mL-1 de atividade de Lacase. Os testes em batelada mostraram que a inoculação não interfere na atividade enzimática e que a enzima comercial é biodegradável. O experimento com as LAFs em sistemas contínuos em COV de 0,2 kg DQO m-3 d-1, mostrou que a LAF com Lacase comercial, removeu 86 %, 52 %, 20 % e 30 % de DBO5,20, DQO, Cor e Compostos Lignínicos (CL), respectivamente. A LAF com EET removeu 90 %, 50 %, 2 % e 20 % de DBO5,20, DQO, Cor e CL, respectivamente. No entanto, os resultados anteriores não foram estatisticamente diferentes daqueles obtidos nos sistemas sem enzimas (controles). Na LAF com Lacase comercial não se verificou remoção de Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT), enquanto na LAF com EET houve remoção de apenas 1 %, o qual foi importante, pois nos controles e LAF com enzima comercial ocorreu geração de CFT. O aumento da COV para 0,6 ou 1,2 kg⋅DQO⋅m-3⋅d-1 não diminuiu a eficiência das LAFs, chegando a aumentar a redução dos parâmetros de DQO e CFT. Já a redução da biodegradabilidade do efluente kraft impactou mais os sistemas do que as sobrecargas de matéria orgânica biodegradável. Por conta das características do efluente e condições utilizadas, a atividade da Lacase comercial reduziu em 58 % após 24 horas de contato dentro da LAF. Já o EET na LAF, apesar de diluído, manteve a Lacase ativa e permitiu catalisar a oxidação dos CFTs no efluente kraft, possivelmente pela presença de compostos que interagem mediando estas reações. A enzima Lacase associada a LAF se manteve ativa no tempo de operação, não sofreu influência do inóculo, porém não foi capaz de melhorar o desempenho observado no sistema controle nas condições de operação, especialmente na forma pura, como Lacase comercial, já o EET se mostrou promissor pelo seu desempenho sobre os CFT. / The kraft process is the most used in the world for the production of pulp and paper. This process was done with high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds, which can have a significant impact on the aquatic environment. In Brazil, the most widespread treatment for this effluent is as Facultative Aerated Lagoons (FALs). This type of treatment is efficient in the removal of biodegradable organic matter, however some contaminants persist because of its recalcitrance, attributing toxicity to the effluent even after treatment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the treatment of kraft effluent by biological process in the presence of commercial Laccase (NOVOZYM 51003®) and ligninolytic enzymes produced in the laboratory by extract of White Rot Fungi (WRF). An experimental study was carried out with the aerobic batch system to determine the effects of pH, temperature and commercial Laccase concentration, as well as the rapid batch tests to verify the effect of inoculation associated with commercial Laccase, the effect of Laccase/Mediator and the effect of Inactive commercial Laccase in the effluent treatment. We also study the performance of the commercial Laccase and the Enzymatic Extract of Trametes sp. (EET) in continuous flow, in lab scale FALs, under room temperature conditions, for 60 days in a constant Organic Load Rate (OLR). In a second phase of the experiment with FALs, a sudden increase in OLR was performed to verify the efficiency of shock systems. The factorial experiment showed that the use of commercial Laccase positively influences a lignin removal, color and spectral area, being more efficient at pH 4 and temperature of 37 ° C and 3.9 U mL-1 laccase. Batch tests show that an inoculation does not interfere with enzymatic activity and that a commercial enzyme is readily biodegraded within the system. The experiment with FALs at constant OLR of 0.2 kg COD m-3 d-1, showed that FAL with commercial Laccase removed 86%, 52%, 20% and 30% of BOD5,20, COD, Color and Lignin Compounds (LC), respectively with FAL with EET removed 90%, 50%, 2% and 20% of BOD5,20, COD, Color and CL, respectively. But the values of both FALs were not statistically different compared to their control. Also in the OLR of 0.2 kg COD m-3 d-1, the FAL with EET showed a 1% removal, which represents a reduction of the Total Phenolic Compound (TPC). The increase of OLR to 0.6 or 1.2 kg COD m-3d-1 does not negatively impact the efficiency of the FAL, leading to a weight increase in the removal of COD and TPC. A reduction of the BOD5,20/COD ratio caused a expressively more important shock them biodegradable organic matter overloads. Due to the effluent characteristics and conditions of use, the commercial Laccase had its activity reduced within the LAF system in 58% after 24 hours of contact. However, the FAL with EET it showed that, although diluted, the crude laccase present in the EET remained active and allowed to catalyze the removal of TPC present in the kraft pulp mill effluent, Due to the presence of other compounds Interacting with each other, mediating these reactions. This it seems expressively important, since the FAL used as control, absence of Laccase, promoted an increase of about 23% in the TPC content of the treated effluent.

CAPES / O processo kraft é o mais empregado em todo o mundo para produção de papel e celulose. Esse processo gera efluente com altas concentrações de matéria orgânica e compostos recalcitrantes, que podem causar impacto significativo no ambiente aquático. No Brasil, o tratamento mais difundido para este efluente são as Lagoas Aeradas Facultativas (LAFs). Este tipo de tratamento é eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica biodegradável, entretanto alguns contaminantes persistem devido à sua recalcitrância. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tratamento de efluente kraft por processo biológico na presença de Lacase comercial (NOVOZYM 51003®) e enzimas ligninolíticas produzidas em laboratório por extrato de Fungos da Podridão Branca (FPB). Foi empregado delineamento experimental com sistema aerado em batelada, para determinar os efeitos do pH, temperatura e concentração da Lacase comercial, além de testes rápidos de batelada para verificar o efeito da inoculação associada a Lacase comercial, o efeito do sistema Lacase/mediador, o efeito da Lacase comercial inativa no tratamento do efluente, entre outros. Também foi estudado o desempenho da Lacase comercial e do Extrato Enzimático de Trametes sp. (EET) em fluxo contínuo, com LAFs em escala de bancada, sob condições de temperatura ambiente, operadas por 60 dias em Carga Orgânica Volumétrica (COV) de 0,2 kg DQO m-3 d-1. Numa segunda fase do experimento com as LAFs foram realizadas variações na COV e na biodegradabilidade do efluente kraft. O experimento fatorial mostrou que o uso da Lacase comercial influencia positivamente a remoção de lignina, cor e área espectral, sendo mais eficiente em pH 4 e temperatura de 37°C e 3,9 U mL-1 de atividade de Lacase. Os testes em batelada mostraram que a inoculação não interfere na atividade enzimática e que a enzima comercial é biodegradável. O experimento com as LAFs em sistemas contínuos em COV de 0,2 kg DQO m-3 d-1, mostrou que a LAF com Lacase comercial, removeu 86 %, 52 %, 20 % e 30 % de DBO5,20, DQO, Cor e Compostos Lignínicos (CL), respectivamente. A LAF com EET removeu 90 %, 50 %, 2 % e 20 % de DBO5,20, DQO, Cor e CL, respectivamente. No entanto, os resultados anteriores não foram estatisticamente diferentes daqueles obtidos nos sistemas sem enzimas (controles). Na LAF com Lacase comercial não se verificou remoção de Compostos Fenólicos Totais (CFT), enquanto na LAF com EET houve remoção de apenas 1 %, o qual foi importante, pois nos controles e LAF com enzima comercial ocorreu geração de CFT. O aumento da COV para 0,6 ou 1,2 kg⋅DQO⋅m-3⋅d-1 não diminuiu a eficiência das LAFs, chegando a aumentar a redução dos parâmetros de DQO e CFT. Já a redução da biodegradabilidade do efluente kraft impactou mais os sistemas do que as sobrecargas de matéria orgânica biodegradável. Por conta das características do efluente e condições utilizadas, a atividade da Lacase comercial reduziu em 58 % após 24 horas de contato dentro da LAF. Já o EET na LAF, apesar de diluído, manteve a Lacase ativa e permitiu catalisar a oxidação dos CFTs no efluente kraft, possivelmente pela presença de compostos que interagem mediando estas reações. A enzima Lacase associada a LAF se manteve ativa no tempo de operação, não sofreu influência do inóculo, porém não foi capaz de melhorar o desempenho observado no sistema controle nas condições de operação, especialmente na forma pura, como Lacase comercial, já o EET se mostrou promissor pelo seu desempenho sobre os CFT. / The kraft process is the most used in the world for the production of pulp and paper. This process was done with high concentrations of organic matter and recalcitrant compounds, which can have a significant impact on the aquatic environment. In Brazil, the most widespread treatment for this effluent is as Facultative Aerated Lagoons (FALs). This type of treatment is efficient in the removal of biodegradable organic matter, however some contaminants persist because of its recalcitrance, attributing toxicity to the effluent even after treatment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the treatment of kraft effluent by biological process in the presence of commercial Laccase (NOVOZYM 51003®) and ligninolytic enzymes produced in the laboratory by extract of White Rot Fungi (WRF). An experimental study was carried out with the aerobic batch system to determine the effects of pH, temperature and commercial Laccase concentration, as well as the rapid batch tests to verify the effect of inoculation associated with commercial Laccase, the effect of Laccase/Mediator and the effect of Inactive commercial Laccase in the effluent treatment. We also study the performance of the commercial Laccase and the Enzymatic Extract of Trametes sp. (EET) in continuous flow, in lab scale FALs, under room temperature conditions, for 60 days in a constant Organic Load Rate (OLR). In a second phase of the experiment with FALs, a sudden increase in OLR was performed to verify the efficiency of shock systems. The factorial experiment showed that the use of commercial Laccase positively influences a lignin removal, color and spectral area, being more efficient at pH 4 and temperature of 37 ° C and 3.9 U mL-1 laccase. Batch tests show that an inoculation does not interfere with enzymatic activity and that a commercial enzyme is readily biodegraded within the system. The experiment with FALs at constant OLR of 0.2 kg COD m-3 d-1, showed that FAL with commercial Laccase removed 86%, 52%, 20% and 30% of BOD5,20, COD, Color and Lignin Compounds (LC), respectively with FAL with EET removed 90%, 50%, 2% and 20% of BOD5,20, COD, Color and CL, respectively. But the values of both FALs were not statistically different compared to their control. Also in the OLR of 0.2 kg COD m-3 d-1, the FAL with EET showed a 1% removal, which represents a reduction of the Total Phenolic Compound (TPC). The increase of OLR to 0.6 or 1.2 kg COD m-3d-1 does not negatively impact the efficiency of the FAL, leading to a weight increase in the removal of COD and TPC. A reduction of the BOD5,20/COD ratio caused a expressively more important shock them biodegradable organic matter overloads. Due to the effluent characteristics and conditions of use, the commercial Laccase had its activity reduced within the LAF system in 58% after 24 hours of contact. However, the FAL with EET it showed that, although diluted, the crude laccase present in the EET remained active and allowed to catalyze the removal of TPC present in the kraft pulp mill effluent, Due to the presence of other compounds Interacting with each other, mediating these reactions. This it seems expressively important, since the FAL used as control, absence of Laccase, promoted an increase of about 23% in the TPC content of the treated effluent.

Efluentes da indústria de papel e celulose (IPC) caracterizam-se por apresentar um alto conteúdo de compostos fenólicos que são prejudiciais para os microrganismos envolvidos nos tratamentos convencionais, necessitando a sua remoção por processos físicos e/ou químicos, antes do encaminhamento para as lagoas aeradas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a capacidade de degradação de fenol e de fenóis totais presentes no efluente da IPC, em cultivo submerso, pela linhagem de Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 utilizada comercialmente para a produção de cogumelos. Também foi avaliado a alteração na concentração de DQO de efluentes da IPC por sistemas bacterianos aerados, após o tratamento fúngico. Foram realizadas análises de atividade de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP, fenóis totais, pH, cor e DQO. Os estudos de crescimento de fungos e bactérias foram realizados em frascos agitados e em reator de bancada. A formulação do meio de crescimento fúngico continha 92% de efluente da IPC, suplementado com sais, glicose e proteína de soja. Em todos os ensaios observou-se uma diminuição da concentração de fenóis totais do meio, que foi interpretada como decorrente da ação do fungo pela atividade enzimática envolvendo degradação e precipitação, adsorção na massa fúngica e de atividade não biológica, desde que foram detectadas atividades de lacases, LiP, VAO e MnP; foi observado adsorção de fenóis totais pelo micélio; e também diminuição de fenóis totais na ausência de microrganismos. As análises de DQO e fenóis totais dos efluentes referentes aos ensaios com bactérias aeróbias, após o tratamento fúngico, mostraram uma diminuição de DQO mais rápida em relação ao efluente não tratado pelo fungo. A remoção de fenóis totais no processo bacteriano também foi favorecida pela ação fúngica, visto que a remoção dos compostos fenólicos foi superior no efluente tratado pelo fungo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a atividade do fungo da degradação branca Pleurotus sajor-caju PS 2001 pode constituir-se como parte de um processo para tratamento de efluentes da IPC, associado ao tratamento bacteriano. / Wastewaters originated at paper and cellulose industries (PCI) are characterized by the presence of the high content of phenolics compounds, which assign prejudicial for the microorganisms involved in the conventional treatments, imposing physical and/or chemical removal before the discharge to the aerobic (secondary) pond. This work deals with the degradation capacity of phenol and total phenols present in the PCI wastewater, in submerged cultivation, by the strain of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001, commercially utilized for the output of mushrooms. In addition, changes in the COD concentration in PCI wastewaters of aerobic bacterial systems treated with fungus were evaluated. Analyses of activity of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP, total phenols, pH, colour and DQO were carried out. The fungi and bacteria growth studies were carried out using shaking flask and bioreactor. The formulation of the medium for fungus growth had 92% of PCI wastewater, supplemented with salts, glucose and soy protein. In all trials was observed a reduction in the concentration of total phenols in the medium, that may be caused by the enzymatic activity of the fungus, which involves degradation and haste, adsorption in the fungus mass and non-biological activity due to the fact that activities of laccases, LiP, VAO and MnP were detected; the adsorption of total phenols by the micelles was observed as well as a decrease in the total phenols in the absence of microorganisms. The COD and total phenols trial analyses of wastewaters with aerobic bacteria showed a faster decrease when treated with fungus, compared to the trials without fungus. Furthermore, the removal of total phenols in the bacterial trial was availed by the fungus action due to fact that the removal of the phenol compounds was higher in the wastewater treated with the fungus. Based in the obtained results, it was concluded that the white-rot fungus P. sajor-caju PS 2001 activity can be used as a part of the PCI wastewater treatment associated to the bacterial treatment.

A partir da década de 1970, os impactos da sociedade de consumo industrial sobre o meio ambiente tornaram-se amplamente reconhecidos e debatidos em diversos setores da sociedade, inserindo-se nas agendas de lideranças mundiais. Central para o debate sobre meio ambiente e crescimento econômico tem sido o papel das empresas que, tendo sido historicamente parte do problema, passaram a incluir o meio ambiente em suas atividades e na gestão de seus negócios. Grandes acidentes envolvendo usinas nucleares e contaminações e outros de menor porte aumentaram a percepção pública quanto aos riscos decorrentes de um processo de produção predatório que ignora os limites da natureza. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir as estratégias de internalização da gestão ambiental à estrutura da empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos, com enfoque na gestão hídrica da empresa. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia baseada em análise documental e em um estudo de caso na empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada em materiais obtidos na CETESB, na sede da Empresa Suzano e na Associação Brasileira de Papel e Celulose (ABTCPBRACELPA), além de teses e dissertações. Os dados para análise foram levantados em revistas setoriais com foco em gestão ambiental e em papel e celulose e nos relatórios de Sustentabilidade da empresa Suzano dos últimos 10 anos. Nesta etapa buscou-se avançar na compreensão das alternativas tecnológicas do setor de papel e celulose com foco na gestão da água, conhecer os participantes no mercado de papel e celulose e suas iniciativas voltadas ao tema da sustentabilidade. Foram ainda realizadas visitas à fábrica e à sede da empresa Suzano, com realização de entrevistas com a gerência de meio ambiente e qualidade. Os resultados alcançados revelam que três fatores têm sido determinantes para as mudanças na gestão hídrica na empresa, a saber: a legislação, que estabelece padrões de emissão de efluentes hídricos em corpos dágua; a pressão da opinião pública, notadamente a partir de meados da década de 1980 com relação à presença de compostos organoclorados (dioxinas) em efluentes de papel e celulose; e as exigências dos mercados importadores, como, por exemplo, quanto à certificação ambiental dos processos produtivos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos passou de uma estratégia passiva com relação ao meio ambiente para uma estratégia proativa incorporando as exigências ambientais da legislação e de seus mercados no exterior. Conclui-se, portanto, que o meio ambiente tornou-se elemento-chave de competitividade e permanência no mercado para a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. / Since the 1970s, the impacts of the industrial production on the environment have become highly recognized and debated by ample sectors of society and taken over the agendas of leaders all over the world. Central to the debate between environmental protection and economic growth has been the role played by the business sector in the search for solutions to the environmental crisis by internalizing environmental demands. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies adopted by the Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose when interiorizing environmental concerns. Emphasis will be given to the industrial management of water resources in the last 30 years. To this effect, a case study method has been adopted. The bibliographic research was carried out through the use of materials, obtained at The State of São Paulo Environmental Agency), at ABTCP-BRACELPA (The Brazilian official Pulp and Paper Organization), and other studies on the pulp and paper sector. The data used in the analysis in environmental management magazines focused on the pulp and paper sector and the companys annual sustainability reports of the last 10 years. The aim was to acquire deeper understanding of the pulp and paper sector technological alternatives for cleaner production. In addition, interviews with the company´s Environment and Quality manager of the Suzano plant were also carried out. The results suggest that the company´s water management strategies have been determined by three key factors: the regulation, which sets the standards for effluent discharges; the pressure of public opinion, in the mid 1980s, particularly public demands for the elimination of the use of chlorine compounds (the dioxins); and the environmental demands of external markets such as those related to the environmental certification of production processes. The results reveal that, in the last 30 years, Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose has shifted from a passive strategy towards its environmental impacts to a proactive by interiorizing both the demands of the regulation and the demands of its overseas markets. In conclusion, the environment has become a key element both for the companys competitiveness and survival.

Pulp and paper industries in Sweden have since the end of the 19th century until late 70s been active in dumping wastewater into adjacent water bodies that have created fibrous sediments called fiberbank and fiber-rich sediment. Fiberbanks are large banks of predominantly organic material while fiber-rich sediment is fibrous sediment that has been mixed with bottom sediment. The fiberbanks comprise of high levels of processed wood fibres and contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It also produces carbon dioxide and methane gas by microbial activity and leaves the sediment with exit holes called pockmarks. These sediments have been proven to cause environmental harm to the benthic biological environment around it, also causing it to become anoxic/hypoxic. Some of the POPs bioaccumulate which also affect humans through fishing. If the fiberbanks are disturbed through e.g. mass movement, toxic contaminants could be released into the aquatic environment. Fiberbanks need to be remediated and more research is needed to characterise it. In-situ capping is a remediation technique that is being tested at the laboratory scale for its application to fiberbanks. It involves placing a layer of clean material on top of the sediment, in order to stabilize it and to limit contaminant release.Because of their high organic content and low density, these sediments might behave differently than typical natural sediments. Therefore, laboratory experiments are necessary to understand their key properties. This thesis focuses on the Sandviken site, for which the bearing capacity of fiberbanks, their thickness, and the compression rate of fiber-rich sediments are studied. The bearing capacity is the capacity for a sediment to hold a weight, and in the case of in-situ capping it is an important parameter to study. The thickness was interpreted from physical data collected by a fluid mud penetrometer (FluMu), from the University of Bremen to assess the fiberbank volume. Fiber-rich sediment is examined to expand the knowledge on its physical properties by testing consolidation and potential gas production.Bearing capacity was tested by placing sediment in a tank and placing a cap on top of it. The site thicknesses were interpolated in ArcMap into a visual topography where the volume could be calculated. Fiber-rich sediment consolidation was tested by placing the sediment in columns with different capping thicknesses. By monitoring bubbles and pockmarks, gas production was confirmed.Results show that the tank sediment construction kept its shape without collapsing or failing at the edges. Sediment/cap interface was sharp, it means little to no mixing between the layers. This proves that Sandviken fiberbank has enough bearing capacity to hold up a cap and that it contains contaminants well. FluMu interpretation resulted in a fiberbank volume of 51885 m3. The fiberbank thickest layer was interpreted as being in front of the sulphate factory which is a credible result. The fiberbank volume is not conclusive since the FluMu has not measured complete thicknesses of the layers. This can be said since thicknesses have been measured at a minimum of 6 m and the thickest point interpreted was 1,11 m. The fiber-rich sediment consolidation showed that a cap that is very thick will cause most consolidation and more rapid dissipation of pore water. Bubbles and pockmarks were observed and confirm gas production. / Papper- och massa-industrin i Sverige har varit aktiv fram till 1970-talet och har dumpat förorenat vatten i angränsande vattendrag. Detta har gett upphov till fibersediment som kallas fiberbank och fiberrikt sediment. Fiberbanker är stora banker av övervägande organiskt material och fiberrikt sediment är en blandning av fiberbank sediment och bottensediment. Fiberbankerna består mestadels av bearbetade träfibrer och föroreningar som tungmetaller och långlivade organiska föroreningar (POPs). Sedimentet producerar även växthusgaser genom mikrobiell aktivitet. Dessa sediment orsakat miljöskada på den biologiska bottenmiljön i omgivningen då den förlorat syreinnehåll. Samtliga POPs samlas i fisk vilket därav även påverkar människors hälsa. Om fiberbankerna skulle störas, släpps giftiga föroreningar ut i miljön. Fiberbanker måste åtgärdas och en saneringsteknik som undersöks i laboratorieskala är in-situ övertäckning. Detta innebär att placera ett lager av rent material ovanpå sedimentet för att stabilisera det och stoppa frigöring av föroreningar.På grund av sedimentets annorlunda karaktär är experiment i laboratorier nödvändiga för att förstå deras nyckelegenskaper. Detta arbete fokuserar på fiberbanken i Sandviken, fiberbankens bärförmåga, dess tjocklek och kompressionshastigheten för fiberrika sediment studeras. Bärförmågan är kapaciteten för ett sediment att hålla en vikt och när man ska belasta ett sediment med ett övertäckningslager är detta viktigt. Tjockleken av sedimentet undersöks för att bedöma fiberbankens volym i området. Fiberrikt sediment undersöks för att utöka kunskapen om dess fysiska egenskaper genom att testa konsolidering och om det producerar gas likt fiberbanksediment.Bärförmågan testades genom att placera sediment i en tank och placera ett lager av rent material på. Platstjocklekarna tolkades från fysiska data från en typ av sensor som penetrerar sediment och interpolerades därefter i ArcMap till en visuell topografi där volymen kunde beräknas. Fiberrik sedimentkonsolidering och gasproduktion testades genom att placera sedimentet i kolumner med olika locktjocklekar.Resultaten visar att bärförmågan av fiberbanksedimentet var tillräckligt för att klara av en grundlig belastning. Gränsen mellan sedimentet och övertäckningslagret var skarp i slutskedet, det innebär liten eller ingen blandning mellan skikten. Detta bevisar att sedimentet bibehåller övertäckningslager väl över sig då ytan är platt. Tolkningen av sensordata resulterade i en fiberbankvolym på 51885 m3. Fiberbankvolymen är inkomplett eftersom FluMu inte har uppmätt skiktens fullständiga tjocklekar eftersom tjocklekar har tidigare uppmätts till minst 6 m och den tolkade tjockaste punkten var 1,11 m. Den fiberrika sedimentkonsolideringen visade att ett övertäckningslager som är mycket tjock kommer att orsaka mest och snabbast konsolidering. Observationer bekräftade även gasproduktion i sedimentet.

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie syftade till att undersöka hur riskanalysmetoden Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) tillämpas och anpassas till pappers- och massaindustrin för att proaktivt hantera processrisker. Studien baserades på antagandet att Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustries (VDA) PFMEA-metod från år 2019 även kan användas för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. Data samlades in genom litteraturstudier, observationer, företagsdokument, intervjuer och workshops med processexperter. Processrisker analyserades med AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod och tematisk analys användes för att identifiera lämpliga anpassningar av metoden. Utifrån deltagande roller och tidsåtgången för PFMEA-aktiviteter analyserades även resurser för en PFMEA. Resultatet visade att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är tillämplig för en process där virke omvandlas till träflis, förutsatt att bedömningskriterierna för allvarlighetsgrad anpassas och fiskbendiagram, 5-varför och felträdsanalys inkluderas för en strukturerad analys av grundorsaker. Totalt identifierades 36 feltillstånd, varav grundorsaksanalyser prioriterades för fyra som hade effekter med en allvarlighetsgrad åtta eller högre. För prioriterade feltillstånd identifierades elva grundorsaker för vilka åtgärder kunde rekommenderas. För att genomföra analysen under en 16-veckorsperiod uppskattades kostnaden till cirka 212 571 kr i arbetstidskostnader. Studien visar att AIAG och VDAs PFMEA-metod är en strukturerad metod för att analysera processrisker även inom pappers- och massaindustrin, om anpassningar görs av bedömningskriterier och metoder för grundorsaksanalys inkluderas. Budgeteras kvalificerad personal kan en PFMEA genomföras inom 16 veckor på en process där virke omvandlas till träflis. / This qualitative case study aimed to investigate how the Process Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (PFMEA) methodology can be applied and adapted to the pulp and paper industry for proactive management of process risks. The study assumed that the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) och Verband der Automobilindustrie (VDA) PFMEA method from year 2019 could also be utilized for a process that transforms timber into wood chips. Data were collected through literature reviews, observations, company documents, interviews, and workshops with process experts. Process risks were analyzed using the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method, and thematic analysis was applied to identify suitable adaptations of the method. Resources required for a PFMEA were also analyzed based on the roles of the participants and the time for conducting PFMEA activities. The results revealed that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is applicable to a process that transforms timber into wood chips, provided that the severity assessment criteria are adjusted and fishbone diagrams, 5-why analysis, and fault tree analysis are included for a structured examination of root causes. A total of 36 failure modes were identified, where root cause analysis was prioritized for four failure modes exhibiting effects with a severity rating of eight or higher. Eleven root causes were identified for the prioritized failure modes for which recommended actions could be proposed. The estimated cost of labor for conducting the analysis over a 16-week period was approximately 212 571 SEK. This study demonstrates that the AIAG and VDA PFMEA method is a structured approach for analyzing process risks, even within the pulp and paper industry, if adjustments are made to the severity assessment criteria and methods for root cause analysis are included. With the allocation of sufficient resources and qualified personnel, a PFMEA can be completed within a 16-week timeframe for a process involving the conversion of timber into wood chips.

The pulp and paper industry is the most energy intensive industry in Sweden. Most of the energy usedaims to supply the large amount of heat to the production processes that is required to produce pulp andpaper . By increasing the energy efficiency of paper mills, there is great potential to reduce productioncosts and reduce its environmental impact. This project involves mapping, analyzing and investigation ofmeasures that can contribute to increased thermal efficiency of an internal heating network at Holmen’spaper mill, Braviken. The heating network, called VVG, utilises excess heat from the pulp and paperproduction and supplies heat to production processes and premises at the factory. When the heat demandof the VVG-system exceeds the available recovered heat, heat from live steam is transferred. This projectaim at identifying measures with potential to reduce demand of live steam supply. The project started bymapping the entire VVG-system to identify which consumers are included and how it is connected. Thenthe consumers were studied and data was collected to determine their power and energy demands. Basedon the mapping and collected data, proposals for measures that have the potential to increase thermalenergy efficiency were noted which in turn can reduce the need for live steam supply. The measures havebeen focused on reducing the return temperature of the VVG-system and reducing the heat demand of thesystem. Reduced return temperatures are achieved by more efficient use of the existing heat flow. Thisleads to increased heat recovery potential which means that more excess heat can be utilised.The proposed measures that were identified as having potential to contribute to reduction of the returntemperatures of the VVG-system are as follow: • Utilising return flows with high flow rates and high temperatures to provide other consumers inVVG with heat. This allows the hot flow to be used instead of going directly into the return line. • Eliminate short circuits in the system where the supply line goes directly into the return line. Thesewere detected in the forms of three-way valves and flows through consumers that were not running. The proposed measures that have been identified as having the potential to contribute to reduction of theheating demand of the VVG are as follows: • Turning off flows passing through consumers that are not in use to reduce unnecessary temperaturedrops which will result in decreased power losses. • Preheating via residual flows at consumers where raw water tempered circuits is heated. As theraw water is cold during large parts of the year, a lot of heat can be saved by preheating it with aflow of lower energy quality than VVG. • Shut down the VVG flow through heat exchangers in the heat recovery system when the heatrecovery process not are running to avoid negative heat transfer. By implementing these measures, large improvements regarding the thermal efficiency of the VVG-system can be achieved at Holmen Paper Braviken. How much the return temperatures decrease and howmuch the heat recovery potential increases with the proposed measures has not been quantified during thisproject. However, the measures aimed at lowering the heat demand in the VVG-system can be quantifiedto contribute to an predicted energy saving of at least 2.8 GWh annually, but the investigations of themeasures indicates that significantly larger energy savings can be achieved. To ensure the potential of theproposed measures to contribute to the reduction of the demand for live steam supply, Holmen needs tocarry out further studies of the VVG system where this work is intended to form the basis for their furtherwork.

No description available.