This thesis explores Russell’s Paradox and the comparative analysis of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory, and Russell’s Type Theory from a mathematical Platonist perspective, focusing on the ontology of sets. Our conclusion posits that, although these theories have made significant attempts in addressing Russell’s paradox and other inconsistencies of naïve set theory, we currently lack a proper language for expressing set theory that fully captures the underlying Platonic world of sets. Consequently, it is impossible to definitively refute or accept any of the given theories as the ultimate solution the paradox.

Individanpassad marknadsföring blir ett allt mer kraftfullt verktyg för företag. Den fortsatta framväxten av digitala medier leder till en ökad insamling av konsumenters persondata som används för att skräddarsy individuella erbjudanden. Företagens användande av individanpassad marknadsföring ger dock upphov till problematik gällande konsumentens integritet. Marknadsförare måste beakta flertalet faktorer för att undvika en integritetskränkande respons hos konsumenterna och istället frambringa marknadsföring som upplevs gynnande. Genom fokusgruppsintervjuer ämnar denna studie att undersöka diverse faktorer som påverkar hur konsumenter upplever individanpassad marknadsföring. Med teoretisk grund rotad i privacy paradox och privacy calculus, undersöker denna studie faktorerna som påverkar konsumenters inställning ur ett integritetsperspektiv. Resultaten belyser hur en majoritet av intervjudeltagarna anser att individanpassad marknadsföring medför vissa gynnande aspekter, dock i ganska låg utsträckning, samt hur allt för personlig och direkt marknadsföring upplevs integritetskränkande i större grad.

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Throughout the early Platonic dialogues, Socrates repeatedly tells his interlocutors that if, as they claim, they truly have knowledge concerning some morally significant property, then they should be able to define the nature of that property. Invariably, the interlocutors fail to furnish him with such definitions, leading him to conclude that they, and all humankind, are ignorant of any knowledge about such property. This leads him to encourage his interlocutors, and us, to adopt a sense of intellectual humility and to dedicate their lives to studying these properties in an effort to gain moral insight. Many scholars have cited Socrates' demand for definition as evidence that he accepts a Priority of Definition principle - an epistemological principle asserting that a person must first know the definition of a property before she can know anything else about the property. Many of the scholars who make this ascription also argue, for various reasons, that such a principle is erroneous. If these scholars are correct and Socrates does accept a flawed Priority of Definition principle, then his epistemology, along with his whole philosophy, suffers devastating harm. Students of the early dialogues must consider whether Socrates does, in fact, accept the principle and, if so, whether the principle is incorrect. The thesis will examine the issues that arise from the ascription of a Priority of Definition principle to Socrates. The study will first examine textual evidence supporting the ascription along with texts that bring the ascription into question. It will then outline three general philosophical criticisms of the principle. Finally, this study will examine a number of different understandings of Socrates' conception of knowledge. Hopefully, an understanding can be discovered that preserves his philosophy by effectively showing that either (1) Socrates does not accept the principle, or (2) he does accept the principle but the principle is not philosophically problematic. If such an understanding can be discovered, then Socrates' conception of knowledge is saved from the criticisms raised by scholars. Otherwise, his whole philosophy will be placed in a very troubling light. / Master of Arts

The superhuman is a notion of mankind's relationship between himself and his tools. This bound condition of dependence with ingenuity both liberates his body from mortal perils and binds him to indefinite dependence with the complex, the external, and inhuman. Architecture as an extension of mankind's agency which asserts and protects his will against unknown forces contends with this implicit contract; a contract and paradox most poetically considered in our earliest Western myths. / Master of Architecture / The superhuman is a notion of mankind's relationship between himself and his tools. This bound condition of dependence with ingenuity both liberates his body from mortal perils and binds him to indefinite dependence with the complex, the external, and inhuman. Architecture as an extension of mankind's agency which asserts and protects his will against unknown forces contends with this implicit contract; a contract and paradox most poetically considered in our earliest Western myths.

The large environmental issues that are confronting modern society underscore that a critical shift is needed and there is an increasing demand for sustainable solutions to tackle these challenges. Agenda 2030 for sustainable development, outlined by the United Nations, encompasses 17 universal goals and 169 transformative targets that address the global challenges and emphasise the urgency of environmental degradation. In addressing the substantial environmental challenges, radical solutions are needed where eco-innovations will play a pivotal role. Eco-innovations are characterized by novelty and often new to the market, representing a risky and costly activity for companies. Managing environmental and financial performance becomes complex where addressing both goals simultaneously becomes conflicting.      To address the identified research gap the purpose of this study is to analyse how companies manage environmental and financial performance in eco-innovation, especially early in the innovation process. Conflicting perspectives and scattered research underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of how companies manage the tensions inherent in financial and environmental performance in eco-innovation. Paradox theory served as a theoretical lens to gain a deeper understanding of how companies manage the conflicting perspectives that can arise when balancing environmental and financial performance simultaneously. To address the research question and understand the complex interplay that organisations working with eco-innovation are facing, a qualitative method with an inductive approach was chosen. Semi-structured interviews were held with companies mainly working on reducing environmental impact through innovative activities.  The data collected from the semi-structured interviews were analysed through thematic analysis, it resulted in two main strategies that companies use to balance environmental and financial performance in eco-innovation: (1) Buying time through money (2) Future-proof customer demand which we interpret with the resolution strategy from paradox theory. The result indicated that companies that are buying time through money are facing a tension between saving the budget or saving the planet. The tension arises from the absence of strict regulations resulting in a market where demand is lacking and is not yet ready to embrace the radical eco-innovation. This time gap resulting in a lack of demand and our findings indicated that companies are handling this time gap by finding external resources until the market is ready which is coherent with a separation strategy from paradox theory.   The second strategy of future-proof customer demand indicates that companies are facing tension between being commercial or being sustainable. Companies are facing a mature market with price sensitive customers, suffering from fear of regulations and regulations that are not fit for purpose. The solution is to secure sales with an end-customer to reduce the financial uncertainty to be able to balance environmental and financial performance early in the innovation process before (if at all) the innovation starts generating profit. This aligns with a synthesis strategy from paradox theory.

Bakgrund: Sociala medier ses ha en kraftfull effekt vad det gäller spridning av budskap. Det digitala landskapet skapar nya förutsättningar för företag att interagera med sina intressenter. På senare år har socialt ansvar inom näringslivet kommit att ligga i hetluften och ses alltmer som en skyldighet. För företag i alkoholindustrin ses en motsättning mellan att ta ett socialt ansvar med fokus på ansvarsfull konsumtion och att sända ut budskap för att sälja och ha ett vinstdrivande syfte. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att pröva följande tes; Som företag, inom en bransch som säljer produkter som kan vara skadlig för hälsan och skapa ett beroende går det att använda sociala medier som verktyg för att hantera paradoxen; marknadsföring för försäljning och att ta ett aktivt socialt ansvar, avgränsat till ansvarsfull konsumtion. Genomförande: Genom personliga intervjuer kartläggs ölproducenterna Carlsberg Sverige samt Spendrups generella syn på socialt ansvar och sociala medier samt hur de arbetar med dessa idag och ser på framtiden och de möjligheter som ges där. Teori: Med empiriskt material som grund argumenteras det för och emot tesen med hjälp av teorier inom socialt ansvar, paradoxhantering samt kommunikationsteorier för spridning av budskap för att avgöra huruvida den är att anses som styrkt eller ej. Slutsats: Tesen anses som styrkt givet att företaget hanterar paradoxen genom att separera motsättningarna på olika nivåer, ser till det delade värdet mellan företaget och samhället, tillämpar en proaktiv strategi och utnyttjar sin kompetens inom kommersiell marknadsföring. / Background: The diffusion of messages through social media is considered effect full. Today’s digital landscape creates new prerequisites for companies to interact with their stake holders. Social responsibility has come to be a hot topic and is looked upon as mandatory for companies. A contradiction can be seen in the alcohol industry when companies are initiating actions to be socially responsible, but at the same time communicate marketing messages for increased sales. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to test the following thesis; as a company, in an industry that offers products that may negatively affect health and cause addiction, it is possible to use social media as a tool to manage the paradox; active social responsibility and marketing for increased sales, limited to the area of responsible drinking. Method: Through personal interviews, this study maps out the brewery companies Carlsberg Sweden and Spendrup’s general view of social responsibility and social media, how they work with the concepts today as well as their view of future possibilities. Theory: With empirical materials at hand, and a theoretical framework consisting of social responsibility theories, paradox management and theories of diffusion of communication, this study will argue for both sides of our thesis strength. Conclusions: Our thesis is strengthened given that the companies manage the contradiction by separating each pole at different levels, acknowledge the shared value between the company and the society, apply a proactive strategy and use its competences in commercial marketing.

This thesis focuses on the analysis and description of the causes of trends in the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in three selected Asian economies, China, Singapore and Hong Kong. In the analysis are examined selected factors whose relationship with the foreign reserves, based on their merits and in the work of this association subsequently investigated on empirical data, mainly from the balance of payments and the statement of net investment position to identify and specify the main causes of accumulation of foreign exchange reserves in individual economies. The general framework of work consists of the theories of international movement of capital, specifically called Lucas's paradox, whose presence adds insight about other possible causes of some capital flows.

THE EMOTION-PARADOX 1 Abstract The emotion-paradox in schizophrenia describes a dissociation between the grossly impaired perception of emotion and relatively preserved experience thereof. Most posit that the emotion-paradox arises from a generalized emotion perception impairment. Others counter that it represents an artefact of methodological restrictions or a separate dissociation between explicit and implicit emotion. This thesis aimed to explain the emotion-paradox in schizophrenia and resolve the competing interpretations of its root. Two studies were conducted to this end. The studies drew from the same sample, including 45 persons with schizophrenia of various symptomatology, and 45 controls with no psychiatric anamnesis or familial history of schizophrenia. The groups did not differ in age, gender, education or music education. In Study 1, the participants listened to musical stimuli and rated their perception and experience of the valence and arousal that these stimuli relayed. In Study 2, the participants completed a newly developed emotional Stroop task, in which they identified the colour of a series of neutral and negative descriptors of positive, negative, or no symptoms of schizophrenia. Findings of Study 1 indicated: a) that persons with schizophrenia recognize musical emotions as accurately...