Parental control applications were introduced to regulate and avoid the negative effects of adolescents’ technology usage. However, parental control apps lack focus on promoting adolescents' autonomy and parent-adolescent collaboration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to research how parental control apps can be designed to support adolescents’ development towards adulthood and to enhance the active participation from both parties. The research was conducted by interviewing parents (N=7) in which a provocative prototype was used to prime discussions around the topic. This study generated five design implications which are parent-adolescent collaboration, communication support for parental understanding, communication support customized for different cultures, incentivizing healthier habits, and adapting the design for different literacy levels. These implications were extracted from the results which show that parents respect their adolescent’s digital privacy and autonomy. However, there are indications that although parents value insight into their adolescent’s online activities, they are concerned about the infringement of their privacy. Our results suggest that parent-adolescent collaboration is essential for meeting the requirements of parents and adolescents. We conclude that parental control apps could be designed in alternative ways with less focus on surveillance functionality and instead strive for aspects of collaboration, communication, and autonomy.

This study investigated the relationship of parents' achievement-oriented and self- development goals (for their children) on youth reported anxiety, while taking parents' psychological control and responsiveness into account as possible mediating factors. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to further investigate the direct/indirect effects of (a) parents' reported achievement-oriented goals on youth anxiety via parental psychological control in two types of schools (key school for more academically advanced students and typical school for students with lower academic achievement); and (b) parents' reported self-development goals on youth anxiety via parental psychological control in key and typical schools. The current study also introduced parents' responsiveness as a new mediator and single-child family/ multiple- child family (family type/size) as a new moderator to investigate their effect on the overall model as related to youth anxiety. is study included 1,044 participants, reflecting 522 dyads (student and primary caregiver) from an urban city in Eastern Mainland China. Participating students were enrolled in the 11th grade in senior high school. Due to the high correlations of parents' achievement- oriented goals and parents' self-development goals (r = 0.975, p < 0.001), we combined and created one new variable--parents' achievement/self-development goals. Therefore, in the final multigroup SEM analyses we used this new variable in place of the previously hypothesized two goal-related variables. Additionally, rather than the initially proposed two types of schools, due to constricting limitations in the data, we were limited to making comparisons between single- child and multiple-child families. In our data analyses, no indirect effects were found among the identified variables. However, data analyses indicated a direct effect from parents' psychological control on youth anxiety in the key school regardless of family composition (single-child or multiple-child families), and in youth attending the typical school and from a single-child family. In general, the data analyses identified two major findings: (a) We found a positive relationship between parents' psychological control and youth anxiety for youth attending a typical school and living in a single-child family and for youth attending a key school, regardless of family type/size (single-child or multiple-child family); and (b) A marginally significant relationship (p = 0.053) was identified between parents' reported achievement/self-development goals and youth reported parent responsiveness. Some concerns were voiced among research team members about cultural sensitivity to one of the parents' survey questions. For example, one question referred to students being interested in and joining extracurricular activities. Students in China may or may not have had opportunities to participate in these types of activities. Data were reanalyzed after seven items were removed. In post hoc exploratory analyses, a new variable was defined and created, parents' reported achievement goals. Parents' reported achievement goals were found to be youth reported parents' psychological control only in (a) the typical school and single child family model and (b) the key school and multiple-child family model. Youth reported parents' psychological control is positively related to youth anxiety in all the models. Indirect paths were found from parents' achievement goals on youth anxiety via youth reported parents' psychological control were only found in (a) the multiple child model, (b) the multiple child and key school model, and (c) the single child and typical school model. We acknowledge that our data were collected in China during the COVID-19 global pandemic. During this pandemic, professionals note that youth, including youth in China, reported significantly higher levels of anxiety, making our current data more difficult to compare with pre-COVID-19 data collected in China. Future research should further explore the development of youth anxiety across time (longitudinal studies). To inform prevention and intervention efforts targeting youth anxiety, researchers must consider numerous variables that may directly or indirectly mitigate or exacerbate youth anxiety. Future research may consider and investigate the following variables: family composition; parenting styles and cultural factors that are embedded in parenting styles; parents' goals for and expectations of their children's academic achievement; family composition, including sibling relationships; and the type of school youth attend.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Alkohol används ofta av ungdomar och kopplas med skadliga hälsorelaterade utfall (t ex skada, beroende). Denna uppsats undersökt unga kvinnors attityder till alkoholkonsumtion. Valet av unga kvinnor som studiegrupp motiverades av det faktum att unga kvinnor börjar vanligtvis att konsumera alkohol vid en tidigare ålder än unga män i samma åldersgrupp. Studien bestod av två fokusgrupper med totalt nio unga kvinnor i nionde klass från en kommunal skola i en liten stad i södra Sverige. Resultatet visade att de unga kvinnorna ansåg att konsumtionen av alkohol med andra unga kvinnor inträffade på grund av en kombination av grupptryck och effekten av föräldrars påverkan på sina barn. De unga kvinnorna tänkte att om det fanns tydliga regler i hemmet barnen skulle veta vad som förväntades från själva. Resultatet visade också att ett behov av att bli accepterad av andra jämnåriga ansågs utgöra ytterligare en viktig orsak bakom alkoholkonsumtion. Sammanfattning utav denna studie är att både tidigare forskning och denna studies resultat visade att föräldrars påverkan på sina ungdomar och grupptryck har stor påverkan på hur ungdomar väljer att agera kring olika hälsorelaterade val. / Alcohol are commonly used by adolescents and linked with harmful health-related outcomes (e.g. injury, dependence). This study explored young women’s attitudes to alcohol consumption. The choice of young women as a study group was motivated by the fact that young women typically start to consume alcohol at an earlier age than young males in the same age group. The study consisted of two focus groups with a total of nine young women in ninth class from a public school in a small town in the south of Sweden. The result showed that the young women believed that the consumption of alcohol with other young women occurred due to a combination of peer pressure and the effect that parents have on their child. The young women thought that if there were clear rules in the home the children would know what was expected from themselves. The result also showed that a need to be accepted by other peers were believed to constitute an additional important reason behind alcohol consumption. In sum, both previous research and the results of this study converge to indicate that parents' influence on their youth and peer pressure have a major impact on how young people choose to act on various health related life-style choices.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-04T13:35:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAINARA SILVA DA CUNHA.pdf: 4382186 bytes, checksum: 5903094e0138ceaa973c86523ff0f8d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T13:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KAINARA SILVA DA CUNHA.pdf: 4382186 bytes, checksum: 5903094e0138ceaa973c86523ff0f8d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / Child overweight and obesity have been growing at a significant rate, and studies point towards family participation as crucial to reach an efficient treatment, by its virtue as the main influence on the child. This study analyzed a few parental variables related to adherence to overweight/obesity (OOB) treatment of children between 5 and 11 years, such as the family?s psychosocial risk, feeding control standards, the stressors and the strategies for coping with Pediatrics and Endocrinology outpatient treatment of a university teaching hospital. There were 19 participants, most of them mothers of children with obesity. The participants had 37 years on average, and most were married or in a stable relationship, and also presented obesity. They individually answered these instruments: Research Participant Characterization Form, Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT2.0), Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CPFQ), and Parental Coping Protocol for Child Overweight/Obesity, specially elaborated for the study, based on Coping Motivational Theory. For weight and height measurements, the instruments used were a portable scale and a stadiometer. The results show that all families are at psychosocial risk, especially the single mothers. Most families were forwarded to professional interventions, such as Targeted (52,6%) and Clinical (21,1%). The biggest risk set families apart at the average PAT2.0 score and especially with regards to social support, problems in family structure and resources, and problems in the family and with the child. A positive, moderate-to-high relation between the mother?s physical activity and the child?s was observed. Reported parental practice of feeding control was one of incitement towards experimentation and healthy consumption, and towards quantitative and qualitative restriction of food choices; although families at ?clinical? psychosocial risk use food as reward more often. The bigger the psychosocial risk, the less the child is involved in family meals. The most common stressor is feeding control. Those guardians deal with child obesity with more adaptive coping strategies, such as: Self-Confidence, Support-Seeking, Information-Seeking and Problem Resolution. However, significant correlations between higher psychosocial risk and maladaptive Opposition coping were observed, such as a reaction to a perceived threat to the guardian?s need for autonomy. The most common emotional reactions are sadness and fear, with correlations between reactions of anger and sadness, indicating that negative affect is the coping basis of the guardians, making problem resolution and adherence to treatment more difficult. All sample participants are at psychosocial risk, but set apart by risk, indicating a necessity of specific interventions. The study results provide information for an intervention directed by social, emotional and coping characteristics of the families? obesity treatment. / O sobrepeso e a obesidade infantil v?m crescendo de forma significativa, e estudos apontam ? participa??o da fam?lia como crucial para atingir um tratamento eficaz, pelo fato da mesma ser a principal fonte de influ?ncia da crian?a. Este estudo analisou algumas vari?veis parentais relacionadas ? ades?o ao tratamento do sobrepeso/obesidade (SOB) dos filhos com idade entre cinco e 11 anos, como os riscos psicossociais da fam?lia, o padr?o de controle alimentar, os estressores e as estrat?gias de enfrentamento do tratamento ambulatorial de Pediatria e Endocrinologia de um hospital universit?rio. Participaram 19 familiares, a maioria m?es de crian?as com obesidade. Os participantes tinham 37 anos, em m?dia, sendo a maioria casada ou em rela??o est?vel, e apresentavam tamb?m obesidade. Responderam individualmente os instrumentos: Ficha de Caracteriza??o do Participante para Pesquisa; Instrumento de Avalia??o Psicossocial (PAT 2.0), Question?rio de Pr?ticas Alimentares (CFPQ) e Protocolo de Enfrentamento Parental do Sobrepeso/Obesidade Infantil, especialmente elaborado para o estudo, com base na Teoria Motivacional do Coping. Para medidas de peso e altura, foram usados uma balan?a port?til e estadi?metro. Os resultados mostram que todas as fam?lias est?o em risco psicossocial, especialmente as m?es solteiras. A maioria das fam?lias foi indicada para interven??o profissional, como Alvo (52,6%) e Cl?nico (21,1%). O maior risco diferenciou as fam?lias na m?dia geral do PAT 2.0 e especialmente em rela??o ao suporte social, problemas na estrutura familiar e recursos, problemas na fam?lia e com a crian?a. Constatou-se uma rela??o positiva e moderada-alta entre a atividade f?sica da m?e e do filho. A pr?tica parental de controle da alimenta??o relatada ? de incentivo ? experimenta??o e consumo saud?vel, e ? restri??o de escolha quantitativa e qualitativa de alimentos; mas fam?lias em risco psicossocial ?cl?nico? usam mais a comida como recompensa. Quanto maior o risco psicossocial, menor ? o envolvimento da crian?a com as refei??es em fam?lia. Os estressores mais frequentes s?o o controle alimentar. Esses cuidadores lidam com a obesidade do filho com estrat?gias enfrentamento mais adaptativas, como: Autoconfian?a, Busca de Suporte, Busca de Informa??o e Resolu??o de Problemas. Contudo, observou-se correla??es significativas entre maior risco psicossocial e coping mal adaptativo de Oposi??o, como uma rea??o a uma percep??o de amea?a ? necessidade de autonomia do cuidador. As rea??es emocionais mais comuns s?o de tristeza e medo, havendo correla??es entre rea??es de raiva e tristeza, indicando que o afeto negativo ? a base do enfrentamento dos cuidadores, dificultando a resolu??o do problema e a ades?o ao tratamento. Todos os participantes da amostra est?o em risco psicossocial familiar, mas diferenciados quanto ao risco, indicativo da necessidade de interven??es espec?ficas. Os resultados do estudo fornecem subs?dios para uma interven??o direcionada ?s caracter?sticas psicossociais, emocionais e de enfrentamento do tratamento da obesidade pelas fam?lias.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Studien syftar till att besvara frågeställningarna: Hur och varför används läxor i matematikundervisningen på det sätt som det görs idag? Hur uppfattar svenska lärare internationell forskning kring läxor i matematikämnet? Detta görs genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där verksamma matematiklärare i årskurserna 4-6 intervjuats gällande deras uppfattningar och erfarenheter kring läxor i matematik och internationell forskning. Resultatet är tolkat utifrån den fenomenologiska tolkningsprocessen och analyserat med hjälp av en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet av studien visar att väldigt få läxor används i svenska skolan, där mängdträning är det som står i fokus. Detta för att det anses att läxor ska användas för att befästa befintlig kunskap och inte skapa ny kunskap. Lärarna visade delade åsikter gällande den internationella forskning som presenterades under intervjuerna. Den internationella forskningen som presenterades tog upp problematiken gällande läxläsning i olika länder och en forskning skapade en lösning på problematiken. Majoriteten av de svenska lärarna tyckte att lösningen som forskning föreslog lät bra i teorin men fann flera problematiska punkter för att det skulle kunna appliceras i praktiken. De punkter de svenska lärarna tar upp blir en fråga för skolorganisationen och blir därför grunden i den forskning som behöver göras inom forskningsområdet.

In this thesis, we investigate how multinational (MNC) parents can use the way they finance their subsidiary firms in order to constrain subsidiary management. In the first essay, we develop a theoretical framework in which we consider a number of alternative decisions related to the financing of MNC subsidiary firms. We show that, from the MNC parent's perspective, the optimal choice is to delegate the monitoring of the subsidiary to host-country banks and finance the subsidiary using short-term and short-term external debt. This arrangement will guarantee that the MNC subsidiary management exerts an optimal amount of effort and abides by the objectives set by the MNC parent. In the second essay, we propose and test four hypotheses addressing how MNC parents can use short-term and short-term external debt to constrain the rent-seeking behaviour of subsidiary management. One set of hypotheses analyses the use of short-term debt. The second set of hypotheses investigates the use of short-term external debt. Moreover, we investigate these two hypotheses in two different settings to measure: (i) the subsidiary effect by comparing between UK domestic and UK subsidiary firms and (ii) the location effect by comparing UK and US subsidiary firms. We find support for our hypotheses, namely that UK subsidiaries have more short-term debt and more short-term external debt as compared to equivalent UK domestic firms, and that US subsidiaries have more short-term debt and less short-term external debt compared to equivalent UK subsidiaries. Our results are both statistically and economically significant and are robust to the use of a matched sample approach to test our hypotheses. The third essay investigates the relationship between the bargaining power of MNC subsidiary firms and the way these firms are financed by analysing the source and the maturity of financing arrangements. We argue that the financing arrangements used to finance the subsidiary are linked to its ability to engage in rent-seeking behaviour and the latter depends on the amount of bargaining power that the subsidiary possesses. We use four different measures of bargaining power, namely age, size, presence of foreign sales and percentage of foreign sales. Using data relating to UK and US MNC subsidiaries between 2001 and 2010, we test two sets of hypotheses linking the bargaining power of the MNC subsidiary firms with the use of short-term debt and the use of external short-term debt. Our results provide strong support for our short-term debt hypotheses while support for our external debt hypotheses is more limited. The results are also economically significant when using the percentage of foreign sales as a bargaining power proxy. We also notice that the use of debt to constrain subsidiary management behaviour appears to differ across UK and US MNC subsidiary firms.

This study examined the connection between household type and delinquency and depressive symptoms for female adolescents. The present study draws its claims from Power-control theory which, at its most abstract level, predicts gender differences in delinquency based on the level of patriarchy in the family and the theoretical works of Sarah Rosenfield, who argues that it is the over control of females that causes them to have higher rates depression than males. This study hoped to build on research that links differences in family type and parental control to sex differences in delinquency by using the Power-control theory to look depressive symptoms among female adolescents. Past studies looking at female delinquency attempt to understand why females are under representative in crime statistics when compared to their male counterparts. These studies focus most of the attention on the social control placed over females. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, the findings showed that, contrary to claims made by power-control theory, patriarchal family did not predict delinquent behavior or depressive symptoms for female adolescents. Further analysis included an instrument of control, parental attachment, risk perceptions and found significant results. Race was also significant in several models. The parent-daughter relationship was most significant in predicting outcomes of depressive symptoms and delinquent behavior. Those who reported close relationships with their parents were less likely to report depressive symptoms and delinquency behavior.