In February 2022 the lives of millions of people all over Europe have been divided into two parts – before and after the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. Fearing for their lives, 5,2 million Ukrainians were forced to relocate to neighbouring countries, women and children accounting for about 90% of all refugees leaving Ukraine, as with few exceptions men are prohibited from leaving Ukraine by law. The law has created an advantage and an ethical dilemma for numerous women: they can either seek safety outside Ukraine, meaning they would have to leave their husbands, brothers, and fathers, or stay together but risk their own lives instead. This thesis aims to investigate the effect of the war on women’s rights and the nature of artificially created gender advantage. It aims to answer the following research questions: what current implications does the war in Ukraine have on women’s rights and how do these implications affect women’s decision to leave Ukraine? Through interviewing volunteers who work with Ukrainian refugees it was discovered that what creates a gender difference and a foundation of an advantage to a certain extent is that women are much more exposed to the danger of sexual violence and human trafficking. They also experience larger financial difficulties resulting in poverty and health complications. But it is the parenthood and the desire to protect their children that actually drives women’s decision to leave Ukraine and seek shelter in other countries, even if it means that they will be separated from their families. By creating a gender advantage, government is trying to rescue children and future generations. They cannot leave alone because someone has to take care of them, and it is usually a mother who would do this in Ukraine due to an existing gender order, so women gain an advantage by proxy, while an actual advantage is given to children.

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[pt] O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o fim da conjugalidade na transição para a parentalidade, a partir da vivência feminina. Como referencial teórico, nos embasamos na psicanálise, na abordagem sistêmica e em estudos psicossociais, de modo a abarcar o fenômeno em suas dimensões psicodinâmicas, relacionais e sociais. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa, por meio de entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado, com 12 mulheres das camadas médias cariocas, com idades entre 30 e 40 anos. Para analisar os dados utilizamos o método de análise de conteúdo na sua vertente categorial. Emergiram dez categorias das narrativas: dependência absoluta e ilusão de onipotência, relativas ao período da formação do casal; conflitos conjugais pré-existente, tristeza e depressão na gravidez e sentimentos de rejeição, relativas ao período da gravidez; filho e primeiros cuidados, e, motivações para a separação, relativas ao período após o nascimento do primeiro filho; paternidade após a separação conjugal, adaptação ao novo arranjo familiar e imaginário social, relativas ao período após a separação conjugal. As percepções relatadas ressignificaram as experiências passadas e apontaram que as motivações para a separação na transição para a parentalidade se manifestaram desde a formação do casal conjugal, sendo percebidas na gravidez e nas primeiras relações com o filho. Seus efeitos apresentaram-se complexos e repercutiram em todos os membros da família, individual e coletivamente. / [en] The present study aimed to investigate the end of conjugality in the transition to parenthood, based on the female experience. We conducted a qualitative research, through interviews with a semi-structured script, with 12 middle-aged women from Rio de Janeiro, aged between 30 and 40 years. To analyze the data we use the method of content analysis in its categorical aspect. Ten categories of narratives emerged: absolute dependence and illusion of omnipotence, relative to the period of formation of the couple; pre-existing marital conflicts, sadness and depression in pregnancy and feelings of rejection, relating to the period of pregnancy; child and first care, and, motivations for separation, relating to the period after the birth of the first child; paternity after marital separation, adaptation to the new family arrangement and social imaginary, related to the period after the marital separation. The reported perceptions reassigned past experiences and pointed out that the motivations for separation in the transition to parenthood have manifested themselves since the formation of the conjugal couple and can be perceived in pregnancy and in the first relations with the child. Its effects were complex and had repercussions on all members of the family, individually and collectively.

This thesis investigates how norms regarding good parenting and ideas about the best interest of the child interact with race and whiteness. It explores different themes found in the main government report (SOU) conducted by the state appointed committee  (Inseminationsutredningen) in a qualitative discourse analysis. The focus has been to discern how race and whiteness is presented through its non-disclosure in the material. The main body of theory consists of work surrounding critical race theory, critical adoption studies, parenting as white privilege, discourse analysis and critical studies of Swedish reproductive politics. This thesis sets out to investigate how the report discusses race, but also how whiteness is constructed in relation to parenting. The general conclusion is that the reports reluctance to talk about race and the analogy with adoption both helped establish a view on insemination as a practice for white parents. Since the report repeatedly said that insemination could not be viewed as a human right, it would imply that only those best qualified would be entitled to insemination. The vagueness of the criteria put forth by the report, indicates that not all people will have the same ability to qualify as parents, since parents with immigration background often are seen as less adequate parents, because of their lack of Swedishness. While the report does in fact not deny people of non-Swedish status access to insemination, this thesis shows that ideas about who can be viewed as both Swedish and adequate parents are closely related to race and whiteness. Combined with the reluctance to mention race and how the analogy with adoption positioned the insemination couple as white, I suggest whiteness can be viewed as an unspoken criteria, an invisible hurdle that only non-white Swedes will encounter.

Les séries familiales, qui connaissent un franc succès aux États-Unis depuis les années 1950, ne sont aujourd’hui toujours pas considérées comme un genre fictionnel à part entière. Ce travail de recherche s’attache à en dessiner les contours et à en définir les caractéristiques. Après avoir effectué un historique de la série familiale et de son évolution, il analyse les constantes sociologiques, culturelles et politiques de la famille télévisée contemporaine et la manière dont elle reflète les évolutions de la société américaine, à travers l’étude de quatre séries télévisées de 2000 à 2015 représentatives de sa diversité : Malcolm in the Middle, Gilmore Girls, Six Feet Under et Parenthood. / Family TV shows, hugely successful in the United States since the 1950s, are still not considered today a genre in it’s own right. This research work focuses on shaping its contours and defining its characteristics. After presenting a history of family TV shows and its evolution, it analyzes the sociological, cultural and political constants of the contemporary TV family, and the way it reflects the changes in American society, through the study of four TV shows from 2000 to 2015 representative of its diversity : Malcolm in the Middle, Gilmore Girls, Six Feet Under and Parenthood.