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During World War Two, the European Jewish population was faced with this during Shoah (the Holocaust). From Kristallnacht in November 1938 to the collapse of the Nazi Regime in May 1945, they relied heavily on each other and their instincts to discover ways to survive while in the ghettos, labor camps, and partisan units, if they managed to escape and head for the forests. Even with some Jews turning on their own to help the Nazis, the vast majority stuck together and did everything they could to persist and survive. While only two uprisings were viewed as successes, the ghetto and camp revolts that failed still showed the Jewish people were not going to lie down to the Germans and that they were never going to give up. This thesis details some of the ways Jews fought for survival in the ghettos, concentration/extermination camps, and as partisan fighters.

<p>This dissertation proposes that party identification, as a social identity, fundamentally alters individual processing of and reactions to political information and events. I present a <italic>party identity linkage theory</italic> in which I argue party identity can lead to heightened, specific emotional responses to threatening political competition and biased, polarized perceptions of politicalized objects if the link between self and party is sufficiently strong. Because people are strongly motivated to protect the positive perceptions they have of themselves, they should be motivated to maintain and protect their positive perceptions of groups that are linked to their self-concept through social identities. Furthermore, because people tend to engage in self-serving biases that result in a degree of positive illusions about themselves, especially when the positive self-view is threatened, evaluations of closely linked groups should also be subject to a degree of positive bias, especially when the positive image of the group is threatened. Drawing on both experimental and survey data, I provide evidence that strong partisans are fundamentally different from weak partisans and independents in the degree a party is included in their self-concepts, in their responses to candidates' changed party status, and in their responses to threatening inter-party competition.</p> / Dissertation

1 Abstract The thesis titled Partisans perception of controversial topics in online news and influence of hostile media effect is dedicated to a modern phenomenon from the field of media effects and media audience research called hostile media effect. Its theory has been shaping since the mid 80s of the previous century and it is defined as a tendency of polarized partisans to perceive even-handed and balanced media coverage of a controversial topic as biased against their own opinion. With this effect, both polarized groups evaluate unbiased media content as more favorable towards the contrary point of view. Theoretical part includes the history of the phenomenon, its context within development of new digital media and social media, factors that influence its impact and how it affects cognitive processes, therefore why there is a tendency of such perceptions within polarized partisans. The last chapter of theory covers a summary of major studies and their findings. In the research part, I conducted a questionnaire inspired by an American study from 2012 that observes different perceptions of media coverage among partisans in the topic of mandatory children vaccination. This is the first research that confirmed a tendency of hostile media phenomenon on Slovak online population.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les jeux combinatoires sousdifférentes contraintes. Un jeu combinatoire est un jeu à deux joueurs, sanshasard, avec information complète et fini acyclique. D’abord, nous regardonsles jeux impartiaux en version normale, en particulier les jeux VertexNimet Timber. Puis nous considérons les jeux partisans en version normale, oùnous prouvons des résultats sur les jeux Timbush, Toppling Dominoeset Col. Ensuite, nous examinons ces jeux en version misère, et étudionsles jeux misères modulo l’univers des jeux dicots et modulo l’univers desjeux dead-endings. Enfin, nous parlons du jeu de domination qui, s’il n’estpas combinatoire, peut être étudié en utilisant des outils de théorie des jeuxcombinatoires. / In this thesis, we study combinatorial games under differentconventions. A combinatorial game is a finite acyclic two-player game withcomplete information and no chance. First, we look at impartial gamesin normal play and in particular at the games VertexNim and Timber.Then, we consider partizan games in normal play, with results on the gamesTimbush, Toppling Dominoes and Col. Next, we look at all these gamesin misère play, and study misère games modulo the dicot universe and modulothe dead-ending universe. Finally, we talk about the domination game which,despite not being a combinatorial game, may be studied with combinatorialgames theory tools.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les jeux combinatoires sousdifférentes contraintes. Un jeu combinatoire est un jeu à deux joueurs, sanshasard, avec information complète et fini acyclique. D'abord, nous regardonsles jeux impartiaux en version normale, en particulier les jeux VertexNimet Timber. Puis nous considérons les jeux partisans en version normale, oùnous prouvons des résultats sur les jeux Timbush, Toppling Dominoeset Col. Ensuite, nous examinons ces jeux en version misère, et étudionsles jeux misères modulo l'univers des jeux dicots et modulo l'univers desjeux dead-endings. Enfin, nous parlons du jeu de domination qui, s'il n'estpas combinatoire, peut être étudié en utilisant des outils de théorie des jeuxcombinatoires.

Στόχος της εργασίας μας ήταν η μελέτη, μέσα από πρωτογενείς κυρίως πηγές, της περιόδου κατοχής στην Αχαΐα. Ειδικότερα θελήσαμε να δείξουμε πως επηρεάστηκαν η ζωή του άμαχου πληθυσμού και η εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία από την κατάκτηση, την Κατοχή και την Αντίσταση. Υπό το πρίσμα αυτό διερευνήσαμε τις σχέσεις του άμαχου πληθυσμού με τους κατακτητές και την Αντίσταση και τη θέση του σχολείου,εκπαιδευτικών και μαθητών/φοιτητών στις νέες συνθήκες. Όπου κρίθηκε απαραίτητο αναφερθήκαμε σε άλλες περιοχές της Ελλάδας με στόχο την συγκριτική ανάγνωση των τεκταινομενων στην Αχαΐα. Η έρευνά μας περιστράφηκε γύρω από τρία βασικά ερωτήματα: τις επιπτώσεις της Κατοχής και της Αντίστασης στην καθημερινότητα των ανθρώπων, τις αντιδράσεις των Αχαιών στην προπαγάνδα και τα αντίποινα των κατακτητών και, τέλος, τα προβλήματα της εκπαίδευσης και τις πρακτικές του εκπαιδευτικού κόσμου. Από την έρευνά μας καταλήξαμε στα εξής συμπεράσματα: Α) Η αντίσταση στην Αχαΐα υπήρξε σχεδόν καθολική. Ήταν ηπιότερη απέναντι στους Ιταλούς, περισσότερο οργανωμένη και καλυμμένη απέναντι στους Γερμανούς. Αναλύονται διεξοδικά οι λόγοι της γενικευμένης αντίστασης και αναφορέρονται οι επιπτώσεις των αντιποίνων. Β)Στην αντίσταση κατά των κατακτητών, επισημαίνεται ο ιδιαίτερος ρόλος του ΕΑΜ, το οποίο κατάφερε να πλησιάσει τους πολίτες κάθε κοινωνικής ομάδας, μέσα από ένα πλήθος οργανώσεων οι οποίες κάλυπταν κάθε πτυχή του κοινωνικού βίουκαι απαντούσαν σε σύγχρονες και χρόνιες ανάγκες του πολίτη,ανάγκες στις οποίες το επίσημο κράτος δεν μπόρεσε ποτέ να ανταποκριθεί. Γ) Η κατάκτηση άλλαξε τα δεδομένα του σχολείου. Απάντηση στα τρέχοντα και τα χρόνια προβλήματα της εκπαίδευσης προσπάθησαν να δώσουν οι αντιστασιακές οργανώσεις ΕΔΕΣ και ΕΑΜ, κυρίως η δεύτερη. Το ΕΑΜ πρωτοστάτησε, επιπλέον, στην αντίσταση στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο. Η συμμετοχή των φορέων της εκπαίδευσης στην Αντίσταση ήταν σχεδόν καθολική. / The goal of our research is the investigation (through unpublished sources mainly) of the period of the Italian - German occupation in Achaia. In particular, we tried to show how people's everyday life and the educational process was affected by the occupation and the Resistance. In this light we investigated people's relation with the conquerors and the Resistance and the school's, teachers' and pupils'/students' situation under these circumstances. When it was needed, we was mentioned to the other regions of Greece, focusing on a comparative look of what happened in Achaia. Our investigation ran on three basic questions: the impact of the Italian-German occupation and the Resistance on people's everyday life, their reactions to the conquerors' propaganda and reprisals and, finally, the educationl problems and the acts of educational world. The conclusions of this study are: A) The resistance in Achaia was widespread. The struggle against Germans was orginized and clandestine. The resistance to the Italians was less intense. The reasons of this general resistance are analyzed in detail in this study and also the impacts of the reprisals. B) The exeptional role of EAM in the resistance to conquerors is pointed out. Eam managed to embrace people from every social class through a large number of organizations that covered every aspect of social life and addressed the current and chronic needs of the citizens, needs to which the official government could never respond. C) The conquest changed the school in many ways. EDES and EAM, mainly the second, tried to address the problems in education. In particular, EAM played a leading role in the organization of the resistance of teachers and other education authorities and achieved their board participation.

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This theses analyzes the partisan movement during World War II in the regions of Žďársko a Novoměstsko in the years 1944-1945. It defines the concept of the "partisan" with regard to the matter in question. It further outlines the positions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union on partisan resistance and comments on this type of resistance activity on the Eastern Front. Integral to this thesis is also a survey into the development of resistance organisations in the region of interest. Finally, it devides the partisans and their overall activities into different categories.