Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army, 1969. / "April 1969." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1997. / "April 1997." Computer-produced typeface. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

Begreppet organisatorisk tystnadskultur betyder att anställda inom offentlig och privat sektor inte vågar uttrycka sig kritiskt på arbetsplatsen på grund av exempelvis osäkra anställningsförhållanden, försämrade karriärmöjligheter samt rädsla för repressalier. Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur före detta anställda och anställda uppfattar att en eventuell tystnadskultur manifesterar sig och vilka konsekvenser det kan medföra inom rättspsykiatrin. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes med personal inom den rättspsykiatriska vården. Materialet analyserades tematiskt där fem huvudteman identifierades: Tystnad kopplat till meningslöshet, tystnad relaterat till repressalier, tystnad relaterat till ett bristande förtroende, tystnadens emotionella påverkan samt tystnadens påverkan kopplat till säkerhet. Resultatet visade bland annat att den upplevda tystnaden inom organisationen främst orsakas av faktorer som en känsla av meningslöshet, rädsla för repressalier och ett bristande förtroende för arbetsledningen. Känslomässig påverkan samt tystnadens säkerhetspåverkan indikerar att det finns arbetsmiljöbrister knutna till den organisatoriska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön.

Whistle-blowers have an important role as they reveals incongruities in organizations in order to enable improvement of working conditions. However, there is a risk of reprisals against the employees when expressing their discontent, which may prevent them from blowing the whistle. Since whistle-blowers in private sectors have less protection of freedom of expression against their employer, the protections of whistleblowing also become weaker in these organizations. Nowadays it is becoming increasingly common for businesses in the welfare sector to govern under private management, but still with public funding. A weak protection of whistleblowing therefore reduces the public's opportunity to gain insight into how public funds are used. Therefore the aim of the study is to examine the protection of whistleblowing in private sectors and especially highlight the problem with a weak protection in private organizations that are publicly funded. The Swedish law has no general regulation for the protection of whistle-blowers, which leads to a complex legal situation. It will additionally be new regulations introduced in this area, which might lead to further complexity. The second purpose of the study is therefore to analyse the new regulations and identify some possible consequences of the legislation. A legal dogmatic method is used in the essay with the purpose of investigating the current legislation. The study shows that employees in private sectors have a relatively expansive right to criticize their employer and the conditions at workplaces. The judgement depends on how the employee chooses to express their criticism and therefore there are several factors that must be taking into account. The new regulations will hopefully reduce the risk of reprisals related to whistleblowing. On the other hand there are some identified weaknesses in the legislation that might imply that the intention of the law not would be fulfilled. Therefore the question still stands if the whistle-blower’s situation in the private sector will be improved by the new regulations.

Pas de résumé / Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Στόχος της εργασίας μας ήταν η μελέτη, μέσα από πρωτογενείς κυρίως πηγές, της περιόδου κατοχής στην Αχαΐα. Ειδικότερα θελήσαμε να δείξουμε πως επηρεάστηκαν η ζωή του άμαχου πληθυσμού και η εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία από την κατάκτηση, την Κατοχή και την Αντίσταση. Υπό το πρίσμα αυτό διερευνήσαμε τις σχέσεις του άμαχου πληθυσμού με τους κατακτητές και την Αντίσταση και τη θέση του σχολείου,εκπαιδευτικών και μαθητών/φοιτητών στις νέες συνθήκες. Όπου κρίθηκε απαραίτητο αναφερθήκαμε σε άλλες περιοχές της Ελλάδας με στόχο την συγκριτική ανάγνωση των τεκταινομενων στην Αχαΐα. Η έρευνά μας περιστράφηκε γύρω από τρία βασικά ερωτήματα: τις επιπτώσεις της Κατοχής και της Αντίστασης στην καθημερινότητα των ανθρώπων, τις αντιδράσεις των Αχαιών στην προπαγάνδα και τα αντίποινα των κατακτητών και, τέλος, τα προβλήματα της εκπαίδευσης και τις πρακτικές του εκπαιδευτικού κόσμου. Από την έρευνά μας καταλήξαμε στα εξής συμπεράσματα: Α) Η αντίσταση στην Αχαΐα υπήρξε σχεδόν καθολική. Ήταν ηπιότερη απέναντι στους Ιταλούς, περισσότερο οργανωμένη και καλυμμένη απέναντι στους Γερμανούς. Αναλύονται διεξοδικά οι λόγοι της γενικευμένης αντίστασης και αναφορέρονται οι επιπτώσεις των αντιποίνων. Β)Στην αντίσταση κατά των κατακτητών, επισημαίνεται ο ιδιαίτερος ρόλος του ΕΑΜ, το οποίο κατάφερε να πλησιάσει τους πολίτες κάθε κοινωνικής ομάδας, μέσα από ένα πλήθος οργανώσεων οι οποίες κάλυπταν κάθε πτυχή του κοινωνικού βίουκαι απαντούσαν σε σύγχρονες και χρόνιες ανάγκες του πολίτη,ανάγκες στις οποίες το επίσημο κράτος δεν μπόρεσε ποτέ να ανταποκριθεί. Γ) Η κατάκτηση άλλαξε τα δεδομένα του σχολείου. Απάντηση στα τρέχοντα και τα χρόνια προβλήματα της εκπαίδευσης προσπάθησαν να δώσουν οι αντιστασιακές οργανώσεις ΕΔΕΣ και ΕΑΜ, κυρίως η δεύτερη. Το ΕΑΜ πρωτοστάτησε, επιπλέον, στην αντίσταση στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο. Η συμμετοχή των φορέων της εκπαίδευσης στην Αντίσταση ήταν σχεδόν καθολική. / The goal of our research is the investigation (through unpublished sources mainly) of the period of the Italian - German occupation in Achaia. In particular, we tried to show how people's everyday life and the educational process was affected by the occupation and the Resistance. In this light we investigated people's relation with the conquerors and the Resistance and the school's, teachers' and pupils'/students' situation under these circumstances. When it was needed, we was mentioned to the other regions of Greece, focusing on a comparative look of what happened in Achaia. Our investigation ran on three basic questions: the impact of the Italian-German occupation and the Resistance on people's everyday life, their reactions to the conquerors' propaganda and reprisals and, finally, the educationl problems and the acts of educational world. The conclusions of this study are: A) The resistance in Achaia was widespread. The struggle against Germans was orginized and clandestine. The resistance to the Italians was less intense. The reasons of this general resistance are analyzed in detail in this study and also the impacts of the reprisals. B) The exeptional role of EAM in the resistance to conquerors is pointed out. Eam managed to embrace people from every social class through a large number of organizations that covered every aspect of social life and addressed the current and chronic needs of the citizens, needs to which the official government could never respond. C) The conquest changed the school in many ways. EDES and EAM, mainly the second, tried to address the problems in education. In particular, EAM played a leading role in the organization of the resistance of teachers and other education authorities and achieved their board participation.

Abstract The aim of our study is to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of racismand exclusion that social workers with a foreign background may experience withinsocial services in Swedish municipalities. The focus will also be on the preventiveactions and solutions which social workers wish to be implemented in order totackle racism and exclusion. Our purpose is to contribute with deeper understandinginto how and which changes are desired for a safer and more welcoming workplace.Our questions for this study are the following: What experiences of racism andexclusion do social workers with a foreign background have in the social services?andWhat measures and solutions do social workers with a foreign background want toprevent the occurrence of racism and exclusion in their workplaces?To fulfill the purpose of our study, we used Goffman's theory of stigma, shame andthe concept of exclusion. We also used previous scientific research, both nationaland international. We interviewed eight social workers with foreign backgroundswithin the social services in Swedish municipalities. The eight interviews werequalitative semi-structured interviews which were later analyzed using qualitativecontent analysis.The results of this qualitative study were surprising as racism and exclusion seemsto be common problems in most of the workplaces. Racism and exclusion have hadnegative health effects for the social workers interviewed. There was a desire formore active and continuous work against racism and exclusion among theparticipants.