Le but principal de ce manuscrit est de montrer que certaines familles de graphes sont des graphes plongeables dans l'hypercube. Un problème d'une autre nature sera traité, il concerne la partition de l'hypercube en des cycles sommet-disjoints de longueur paires. Nous prouvons que l'hypercube de dimension n peut être partitionné en k cycles sommet-disjoints si k

Nombre de nuages contiennent de la glace, même à basse altitude. Or, son influence sur leur rôle dans la chimie troposphérique est très mal connue et ne peut être étudiée sans comprendre d'abord la répartition des gaz entre les différentes phases du nuage. Afin d'étudier cette répartition, la collecte des gaz et aérosols interstitiels, de l'eau surfondue et de la glace précipitante a été associée à la mesure des contenus en eau et en glace de nuages mixtes à l'observatoire du Puy de Dôme. L'équilibre de Henry entre les gouttelettes et l'atmosphère n'est pas respecté. Les écarts à l'équilibre les plus importants apparaissent à pH élevé pour les espèces les plus solubles (HCI, HN03). Ces écarts sont corrélés avec le pH, ne sont pas influencés par la présence de glace et sont trop importants pour être expliqués seulement par des limitations de transfert de masse. La rupture de surfusion qui accompagne l'accrétion de ces gouttelettes sur les cristaux de glace provoque la réémission de certains gaz solubilisés (S02 et probablement acide acétique). La caractérisation microphysique du nuage a permis une évaluation théorique de la captation dynamique des aérosols par la neige précipitante et de son taux de givrage. Celui-ci est également estimé par comparaison des concentrations d'espèces caractéristiques des noyaux de condensation dans la neige et dans l'eau surfondue. Ces 2 estimations concordent et permettent, la captation dynamique dans le nuage se révélant négligeable, de distinguer dans les neiges collectées les contributions du givrage et de la solubilisation directe des gaz aux concentrations totales observées. Les acides forts sont incorporés dans la glace essentiellement par le givrage, alors que pour les acides faibles, la solubilisation directe peut être importante, son importance dépendant des caractéristiques physiques du nuage.

<p>Wireless communication has grown very popular, and communication is the key</p><p>to success in many situations. However, most of the common technologies today</p><p>rely on infrastructure and in disaster situations infrastructure might be lost or</p><p>get severely overloaded. This master thesis concerns intermittently connected</p><p>mobile ad hoc networks. A network in which the devices may move freely in any</p><p>direction and still be able to communicate. To be able to demonstrate a network</p><p>protocol called random-walk gossip-based manycast (RWG) my assignment has been</p><p>to implement this protocol using off-the-shelf hardware and software.</p><p>RWG is a multi-hop and partition-tolerant mobile ad hoc manycast network</p><p>protocol. Multi-hop refers to information being able to hop between more than</p><p>two nodes in a network and partition-tolerant means that the protocol works even</p><p>though a network is partitioned. Manycast means that the information should</p><p>be successfully delivered to K of all the potential nodes in the area. The RWG</p><p>protocol makes use of four different packet types, request to forward (REQF), ac-</p><p>knowledgement (ACK), ok to forward (OKTF) and be silent (BS). The actual data</p><p>being sent is carried by REQFs, and is referred to as messages. When a message</p><p>is sent it takes what could be described as a random walk among the nodes in the</p><p>network, hence the name.</p><p>The implementation of the RWG protocol resides in user-space and depends on</p><p>the IEEE 802.11b standard and the raw socket that is specified in the BSD socket</p><p>API. It is written in C and was developed on a machine running Ubuntu. It runs</p><p>on systems that use Linux 2.6 kernels and it supports cross-compiling for ARM</p><p>based devices such as the Nokia N810 internet tablet and the Android dev phone</p><p>1. To be able to demonstrate the protocol I developed my own client application.</p><p>Moreover, an already existing application for Android, Portable Open Search and</p><p>Identification Tool (POSIT), was successfully extended to run on top of the RWG</p><p>implementation. The extension was developed by people in the POSIT project</p><p>and tested in a physical experiment covering five devices.</p><p>The report covers the RWG protocol, the system choice, the implementation</p><p>and the testing of the implementation.</p>

<p>Software testing is complex and time consuming. One way to reduce the effort associated with testing is to generate test data automatically. This thesis is divided into three parts. In the first part a mixed-integer constraint solver developed by Gupta et. al is studied. The solver, referred to as the Unified Numerical Approach (una), is an important part of their generator and it is responsible for solving equation systems that correspond to the program path currently under test.</p><p>In this thesis it is shown that, in contrast to traditional optimization methods, the una is not bounded by the size of the solved equation system. Instead, it depends on how the system is composed. That is, even for very simple systems consisting of one variable we can easily get more than a thousand iterations. It is also shown that the una is not complete, that is, it does not always find a mixed-integer solution when there is one. It is found that a better approach is to use a traditional optimization method, like the simplex method in combination with branch-and-bound and/or a cutting-plane algorithm as a constraint solver.</p><p>The second part explores a specification-based approach for generating tests developed by Meudec. Tests are generated by partitioning the specification input domain into a set of subdomains using a rule-based automatic partitioning strategy. An important step of Meudec’s method is to reduce the number of generated subdomains and find a minimal partition. This thesis shows that Meudec’s minimal partition algorithm</p><p>is incorrect. Furthermore, two new efficient alternative algorithms are developed. In addition, an algorithm for finding the upper and lower bound on the number of subdomains in a partition is also presented.</p><p>Finally, in the third part, two different designs of automatic testing tools are studied. The first tool uses a specification as an oracle. The second tool, on the other hand, uses a reference program. The fault-detection effectiveness of the tools is evaluated using both randomly and systematically generated inputs.</p>

Concurrency is concerned with systems of multiple computing agents that interact with each other. Bisimilarity is one of the main representatives of these. Concurrent Constrain Programming (ccp) is a formalism that combines the traditional and algebraic view of process calculi with a declarative one based upon first-order logic. The standard definition of bisimilarity is not completely satisfactory for ccp since it yields an equivalence that is too fine grained. By building upon recent foundational investigations, we introduce a labeled transition semantics and a novel notion of bisimilarity that is fully abstract w.r.t. the observational equivalence in ccp. When the state space of a system is finite, the ordinary notion of bisimilarity can be computed via the partition refinement algorithm, but unfortunately, this algorithm does not work for ccp bisimilarity. Hence, we provide an algorithm that allows us to verify strong bisimilarity for ccp, modifying the algorithm by using a pre-refinement and a partition function based on the irredundant bisimilarity. Weak bisimilarity is a central behavioral equivalence in process calculi and it is obtained from the strong case by taking into account only the actions that are observable in the system. Typically the standard partition refinement can also be used for deciding weak bisimilarity simply by using Milner's reduction from weak to strong; a technique referred to as saturation. We demonstrate that the above-mentioned saturation technique does not work for ccp. We give a reduction that allows us to use the ccp partition refinement algorithm for deciding this equivalence.

In this dissertation I analyze the figure of the East-Bengali refugee woman in Indian literature on the Partition of Bengal of 1947. I read the figure as one who makes visible, and thus opens up for critique, the conditions that constitute the category women in the discursive terrain of post-Partition/post-Independence India. The figure of the refugee woman, thereby, allows us to map the relationship between the category women and the collective imaginary, specifically the nation. I argue that the figure of the refugee woman explicates, interrupts, and critiques the relationship of women to the nation in the normative patriarchal nationalist discourse, which constructs women as a sign of the nation. The representational import of the refugee woman pushes the signification of women in relation to the collective from a sign to that of a subject. My analysis of the refugee woman is, thus, a critical engagement with the tension between women as figurative and women as historical-material categories, although both are imagined within the field of discursive signification. I develop my argument by analyzing three major texts from West Bengal, India that respond to the Partition to critically apprehend the radical charge inherent in the figure of the refugee woman. These texts are the film Meghe Dhaka Tara (Cloud-Capped Star; 1960) by Ritwik Ghatak, and the novels Epar Ganga, Opar Ganga (The River Churning; 1967) by Jyotirmoyee Devi and Swaralipi (The Notations; 1952) by Sabitri Roy. The larger argument of the dissertation is that the Partition, as a historical event, lies in contiguity and continuity with the normative regime of the gendered everyday world. Therefore, the Partition allows us to examine the historical configurations of power that make the gendered everyday but that cannot be easily discerned from within the everyday. Within the rubric of this larger argument lies my contention that the figure of the refugee woman has the radical potential to make visible the traumatic relationship between the extraordinary violence of the Partition and the gendered, ordinary, everyday life.

Lipodisks, also referred to as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-stabilized bilayer disks, have previously been demonstrated to hold great potential as model membranes in drug partition studies. In this study, an HPLC-MS system with stably immobilized lipodisks is presented. Functionalized lipodisks were immobilized on two different HPLC support materials either covalently by reductive amination or by streptavidin-biotin binding. An analytical HPLC column with immobilized lipodisks was evaluated by analysis of mixtures containing 15 different drug compounds. The efficiency, reproducibility, and stability of the system were found to be excellent. In situ incorporation of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) in immobilized lipodisks on a column was also achieved. Specific binding of COX-1 to the immobilized lipodisks was validated by interaction studies with QCM-D. These results, taken together, open up the possibility of studying ligand interactions with membrane proteins by weak affinity chromatography. / <p>De två (2) första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.</p>

This thesis consists of three empirical chapters that examine issues in development economics. Chapter 1 focuses on the effects of civil wars on the welfare of individuals. I use a unique data set that contains information on war casualties of the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, and exploit the variation in war intensity and birth cohorts of children, to identify the effects of the war on schooling attainment. I find that cohorts affected by war are less likely to complete secondary schooling, if they resided in municipalities that endured higher levels of war intensity. Ancillary evidence suggests that my estimates are most likely picking up immediate, rather than long-term effects. Furthermore, direct mechanisms such as the destruction of infrastructure and the out-migration of teachers do not seem to matter; instead, the ancillary evidence suggests that youth soldiering may be more important. Chapter 2 studies the impact of the partition which ended the Bosnian War on the post-war provision of public goods at the municipality-level. Comparing trends in the provision of public schooling across partitioned and unpartitioned municipalities during the 1986-2006 period, I find that partitioned municipalities provide 58 percent more primary schools and 37 percent more teachers (per capita). I also find evidence which suggests that convergent preferences - operating via ethnic politics - for ethnically oriented schools may be an important driver of the results, although I cannot rule out the possibility of mechanical explanations. In addition, as the increase in public goods provision may be ethnically oriented, only the ethnic majority profits from this arrangement. Chapter 3 provides an estimation of network effects among rural-urban migrants from Nang Rong, Thailand, by using heterogeneous migration responses to regional rainfall shocks among villagers as exogenous variation affecting network size. I find that social networks significantly reduce the duration of job search, and surprisingly, draw new migrants into the agricultural sector. I argue that this is not because agricultural jobs are more attractive than non-agricultural ones, but rather that my estimates are essentially local average treatment effects that are estimated off agricultural workers who are most affected by rainfall shocks.

This thesis consists of three empirical chapters that examine issues in development economics. Chapter 1 focuses on the effects of civil wars on the welfare of individuals. I use a unique data set that contains information on war casualties of the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, and exploit the variation in war intensity and birth cohorts of children, to identify the effects of the war on schooling attainment. I find that cohorts affected by war are less likely to complete secondary schooling, if they resided in municipalities that endured higher levels of war intensity. Ancillary evidence suggests that my estimates are most likely picking up immediate, rather than long-term effects. Furthermore, direct mechanisms such as the destruction of infrastructure and the out-migration of teachers do not seem to matter; instead, the ancillary evidence suggests that youth soldiering may be more important. Chapter 2 studies the impact of the partition which ended the Bosnian War on the post-war provision of public goods at the municipality-level. Comparing trends in the provision of public schooling across partitioned and unpartitioned municipalities during the 1986-2006 period, I find that partitioned municipalities provide 58 percent more primary schools and 37 percent more teachers (per capita). I also find evidence which suggests that convergent preferences - operating via ethnic politics - for ethnically oriented schools may be an important driver of the results, although I cannot rule out the possibility of mechanical explanations. In addition, as the increase in public goods provision may be ethnically oriented, only the ethnic majority profits from this arrangement. Chapter 3 provides an estimation of network effects among rural-urban migrants from Nang Rong, Thailand, by using heterogeneous migration responses to regional rainfall shocks among villagers as exogenous variation affecting network size. I find that social networks significantly reduce the duration of job search, and surprisingly, draw new migrants into the agricultural sector. I argue that this is not because agricultural jobs are more attractive than non-agricultural ones, but rather that my estimates are essentially local average treatment effects that are estimated off agricultural workers who are most affected by rainfall shocks.

Since the end of the Second World War, the location of most interstate borders has been fixed.This suggests that the common phenomenon of ethnic groups partitioned by internationallyrecognized state borders is permanent. Nevertheless, a recurrent dream of 'redemption' (i.e. thebuilding of a self-ruling polity which unifies the separate segments) is capable of inciting patrioticmobilization even in the face of a very long period of unbroken partition. Little is knownabout this clash between dream and reality. How can an ethnoterritorial group which is apparentlypermanently partitioned between separate, sovereign states be redeemed? In seeking asolution to this puzzle, I attempt a Machiavellian type of analysis, defined as an approach whichcombines a patriotic perspective with a strategic view of the choice of specific means and endsin a way which is free of state-centrism. I also employ Machiavelli's theory-building method,which is a form of abduction.This study focuses on six aspects of the problem of partition and redemption: the territorialsetting, the historical process, partitioning state contexts, perceptions of partition and homelandmythology, strategies, and outcomes. Two instances are selected for case study and comparison:the Sami in northernmost Europe, and the Basques in Spain and France. Both groups arepartitioned between separate states, are a minority in each one, and lack control over all existingstate governments.The analysis reveals the unexpected result that the less numerous, greater dispersed, morepartitioned, and generally weaker Sami have been more successful in redemption than have theBasques. While the Sami have built common bodies which officially represent Sami in all fourpartitioning states, the Basques have only a limited transborder cooperation between the BasqueAutonomous Community (BAC) in Spain and non-Basque regional authorities in France. It ismore important to have compatible building blocks in each state (like the three Nordic SamiParliaments), than to have a single powerful one (like the BAC). Without fairly similar andharmonized partitioning states, like the Nordic countries, it is extremely difficult for transborderpolity-building to succeed. Another main conclusion, which disputes the findings of other research,is that redemption is possible even when a group remains partitioned, given that thegoal of statehood is abandoned in favour of a less ambitious transborder homerule. In order torealize this goal, the most generally applicable method is a stepwise strategy aimed at creatingcompatible building blocks in each state. A variant of this is the blueprint strategy, that is, usingan achievement in one state as a model for the struggle in other states. In contrast to nonparti -tioned groups, partitioned groups can refer to their own achievement in other states.The subject of interest here transcends the domestic-international divide. Similarly, theanalysis transcends academic boundaries, mainly those of political theory, international politicsand comparative politics. This combination provides a starting-point for further inquiry into thepattern of overlapping polities which is emerging, and of partition and redemption in particular. / digitalisering@umu