Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Tolbert, Laren; Committee Member: Collard, David; Committee Member: Lyon, Andrew; Committee Member: Srinivasarao, Mohan; Committee Member: Wilkinson, Angus

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 240-269).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-102).

No description available.

Any composite material is made up from two or more materials and therefore contains interfaces, which usually represent planes of weakness. Interfacial fractures are effectively constrained to propagate along these interfaces as mixed-mode fractures with all three opening, shearing and tearing actions (i.e. mode I, mode II and mode III), instead of kinking to maintain pure-mode-I conditions at the advancing crack front, as would typically happen in an isotropic material. This is significant because mixed-mode fracture toughness is load-dependent and not a purely intrinsic material property (although clearly the pure mode fracture toughnesses are indeed intrinsic material properties that can be determined experimentally). Therefore, in order to know the fracture toughness under general loading conditions, it is necessary to know both the interface failure criterion (that describes the fracture toughness as a function of the mode mixity), and the mode mixity of the crack under the specified loading conditions. This is a complex problem that has occupied researchers in the fracture mechanics community for decades. Consequently, the literature contains a large number of different mixed-mode partition theories. This work appears to show that, of all the partition theories assessed, Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory is able to most accurately predict the fracture toughness of a mixed-mode delamination in a fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminate. This statement is based on the outcomes of three separate studies: The first study uses data reported in the literature from a thorough programme of mixed-mode fracture testing of unidirectional and multi-directional laminates. The Euler beam partition theory is able to accurately predict the fracture toughness in all cases. Furthermore, the Euler beam partition theory, which is completely analytical, closely agrees over a large domain with Davidson et al. s (2000) independently-derived non-singular field partition theory, which was derived with the aid of experimental test results. In general, the singular-field approach based on 2D elasticity and the finite element method give poor predictions. In the second study, an original programme of mixed-mode fracture testing is carried out, which incorporates several novel aspects including new test apparatus and a methodology for testing with a wide range of applied pure bending moments. Eighty five fracture tests are performed on unidirectional glass/epoxy laminates to determine the initiation and propagation fracture toughnesses. Although the second study was inconclusive with respect to the correctness of any particular partition theory, the development of the test apparatus and test methodology are considered to be major contributions that will be useful for both design engineers and academic researchers, not only working with fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminates, but also working with other composite materials containing interfacial cracks. The third study uses digital image correlation to investigate the near-crack tip strain fields of mixed-mode delaminations to try to discover the underlying mechanics that govern the selection of a mixed-mode partition theory. The new testing apparatus is used again, and another novel testing methodology is developed. The work appears to confirm (with some caveats) that two sets of pure modes exist, that is, two pure mode I modes, and two pure mode II modes, with their numerical values roughly corresponding to those from Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory. It should be noted that, as far as the author s knowledge is concerned, Euler beam partition theory is the only one in the literature to predict the existence of two sets of pure modes. Although this work set out to conclusively determine which mixed-mode partition theory is able to most accurately predict the fracture toughness of a mixed-mode delamination in a fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminate, and also, to discover why, the outcomes cannot truly be called conclusions . Rather, they only offer strong support for Wang and Harvey s (2012a) Euler beam partition theory for predicting the fracture toughness fibre-reinforced polymer composite laminates against delamination. Despite this, the work makes major contributions that will be useful for both design engineers and academic researchers in the field, as described in the above.

The objectives of this thesis were: (1) to develop a mass balance partitioning model of the natural uranium-238 series comprising radium-226, lead-210 and polonium-210 and (2) to apply the model to estimate the source and fate of these radionuclides in freshwater lakes and streams. Samples were collected from Ottawa River watershed tributaries and measured for lead-210 and polonium-210 content to determine the water concentrations that were input to the model. The radium-226 partitioning model was developed by reconstructing and analyzing Quantitative Water, Air, Sediment Interaction (QWASI) models of lead for Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour and selecting parameters for an updated QWASI model of lead for a Lake Ontario basin. This study gave insight about model basis definition, and partition coefficient and sediment particle constraint. The radium-226 series model was formulated by connecting separate QWASI modules for radium-226, lead-210 and polonium-210 with decay and ingrowth terms. The radium-226 model was applied to studies of Crystal Lake, Wisconsin; Bickford Pond, Massachusetts; and Clinton River, Michigan, using parameters reported in these and other studies. Model error was evident in the applications to Crystal Lake due to underlying lake heterogeneity, to Bickford Pond due to unidentified sources of lead-210 from sediment diffusion or watershed runoff, and to Clinton River from watershed runoff. The model was applied to seven Laurentian Shield lakes in the Ottawa River watershed using the sample measurements as the basis for water concentration inputs. The application showed that hydrologic flushing rate may be a factor in the proportion of watershed atmospheric deposition and overall Pb-210 input to the water. Laurentian Shield Lakes with the lowest hydrologic flushing rates (<3 a-1) had proportions of Pb-210 losses to sediment greater than 85%. In another application to Judge Sissons Lake, Nunavut, the model indicated that the watershed was the source of about 85% of Pb-210 and 98% of Po-210 input to the water, and that a significant geologic component of Pb-210 input to the lake was likely. The model indicated that most of the Pb-210 in Judge Sissons Lake was lost to outflow, and that most of the Po-210 was lost to sediment. The model showed that sedimentation is a better proxy measurement for atmospheric deposition of Pb-210 to the Laurentian lakes than originally estimated. The model also showed that watershed contributions to Judge Sissons Lake could explain the observed background concentrations of Pb-210 and Po-210.

Sidman's (2000) theory of stimulus equivalence states that all positive elements in a reinforcement contingency enter an equivalence class. The theory also states that if an element from an equivalence class conflicts with a programmed reinforcement contingency, the conflicting element will drop out of the equivalence class. Minster et al. (2006) found evidence suggesting that a conflicting element does not drop out of an equivalence class. In an effort to explain maintained accuracy on programmed reinforcement contingencies, the authors seem to suggest that participants will behave in accordance with a particular partitioning of the equivalence class which continues to include the conflicting element. This hypothesis seems to explain their data well, but their particular procedures are not a good test of the notion of "dropping out" due to the pre-establishment of equivalence classes before the conflicting member entered the class. The current experiment first developed unpartitioned equivalence classes and only later exposed participants to reinforcement contingencies that conflicted with pre-established equivalence classes. The results are consistent with the notion that a partition developed such that the conflicting element had dropped out of certain subclasses of the original equivalence class. The notion of a partitioning of an equivalence class seems to provide a fuller description of the phenomenon Sidman (1994, 2000) described as "dropping out" of an equivalence class.

O uso do gesso acartonado é uma das estratégias para a racionalização do sistema de vedação vertical, porém ainda é usado em pequena escala no Brasil, se comparado com outros países como os Estados Unidos e a Austrália. Para que cada vez mais este sistema seja implantado é necessário saber como o usuário direto final o avalia. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho visa avaliar o nível de satisfação destes usuários em unidades comercias e institucionais que utilizam este sistema na cidade de Passo Fundo. Isso será realizado através do uso de métodos e técnicas de avaliação pós-ocupação. Deste modo, apresentam-se e discutem-se os problemas e qualidades apontadas pelos clientes em relação ao gesso acartonado, analisa-se o conhecimento dos consumidores sobre o produto e relata-se o que deve ser superado em termos de conhecimento e informação por parte dos agentes envolvidos: revendedores de chapa de gesso, construtoras e empresas de projeto, para total atendimento às satisfações dos usuários. Ao final, constata-se que o sistema de vedação vertical em gesso acartonado é bem aceito pelos usuários das tipologias analisadas na cidade de Passo Fundo. Porém, algumas adaptações e melhorias devem ser realizadas. Estas devem começar pelos projetos, especificações e detalhamentos das paredes, treinamento e capacitação de mão-de-obra especializada e desenvolvimento de meios de comunicação com os usuários de maneira a sanar suas dúvidas e apresentar claramente as vantagens, características e limitações do sistema. / The use of gypsum plasterboard is one of the strategies to partition rationalization but it is still used in small scale in Brasil if compared with other countries, like United States and Australia. For a larger implantation of this system is necessary to know how the final direct user evaluates it. The present work aims to evaluate the satisfaction level of users in commercial and institutional units that use this system in Passo Fundo city. It will be performed through post-occupancy evaluation technics. The research presents and discusses the problems and qualities pointed out by the clients concerning gypsum plasterboard walls. We analyze the consumers knowledge on the product and relate what must be overcome in terms of knowledge and information by the involved agents: gypsum plasterboard resellers, building and project companies for total assistance to users satisfactions. Finally, the research verifies that gypum plasterboard wall is well accepted in Passo Fundo city. However, some adaptation and improvement must be performed. These must begin by projects, walls specification and detailment, especialized workers training and qualifying and development of communication ways with users, healing their doubts and presenting system advantages, characteristics and limits.

O grande magmatismo intracontinental ocorrido a 133 Ma na Bacia do Paraná foi desenvolvido por um sistema fissural no qual a interação da Pluma Tristão da Cunha na base da litosfera (com ou sem contaminação crustal) gerou derrames, diques e sills no Brasil, nos Estados do RS, SC, PR, SP, MT, MS e GO, e em parte do Paraguai, Argentina e Uruguai. Na Formação Serra Geral, representativa deste intenso magmatismo, foram coletadas amostras de sills (RS, PR, SP e GO) cristalizados entre os sedimentos Paleozóicos pré-vulcânicos da Bacia do Paraná. Já haviam sido realizados diversos estudos geoquímicos a partir da década de 80 com objetivo de identificar as variações químicas de diques, derrames e sills da Formação Serra Geral. No entanto, a utilização de novas técnicas analíticas (EPMA e LA-ICP-MS), utilizadas no presente estudo, proporcionaram o entendimento das variações químicas de forma pontual em minerais ígneos. A geoquímica dos sills estudados caracteriza-os como sub-alcalinos toleíticos continentais que variam de basaltos a andesitos basáltico. Assim, podendo ser divididos em dois grupos químicos: sills do Rio Grande do Sul (baixo TiO2 < 2 wt.%, com concentrações inferiores de P2O5, Nb, Sr, Zr, Zn, Y e Pb e concentrações superiores de Rb, Th, U, e Cs) e sills do Paraná, São Paulo e Goiás (alto TiO2 >2 wt.%, de geoquímica oposta). Petrograficamente, os sills do RS possuem granulação mais fina, ocorrência restrita de cobre nativo e distribuição modal elevada para plagioclásios cálcicos, quando comparados ao sills do PR, SP e GO. A determinação geoquímica por micro-análise em plagioclásios e clinopiroxênios demonstra que as variações químicas identificadas em rocha total são relatas as modificações químicas ocorridas nestes minerais. Variações do coeficiente de partição (KD) de elementos traços compatíveis em diversas zonas de cristais de plagioclásio e clinopiroxênio possuem correlação na substituição dos elementos Ca, Na, Al, Fe e Mg nos sistemas NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8 e Mg2Si2O6-CaMgSi2O6-CaFeSi2O6- Fe2Si2O6, respectivamente. Coeficientes de partição de cristais de plagioclásio e clinopiroxênio agora são determinados em diferentes porções de núcleo, intermédio e borda aprimorando o conhecimento da variação do KD até então determinado como um único valor apenas para o cristal. / The large intracontinental magmatism occurred at 133 Ma in the Paraná Basin was developed by a fissure system in which the interaction of Tristan da Cunha plume at the base of the lithosphere (with or without crustal contamination) caused lava flows, dikes and sills in the RS, SC, PR, SP, MT, MS and GO and part of Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. In the Serra Geral Formation, representative of intense magmatism, sills crystallized samples were collected (RS, PR, SP and GO) between the Paleozoic prevolcanic sediments of Paraná basin. Several geochemical studies have been carried out since the 80's in order to identify the chemical variations of dikes, sills and lava flows of the Serra Geral Formation. However, the use of new analytical techniques (EPMA and LA-ICP-MS) provided the study of chemical variations in a timely manner in igneous minerals. The geochemistry of the sills studied characterized them as sub-alkaline continental tholeiitic basalts ranging from the basalt to basaltic andesites. Divided into two chemical groups: sills of Rio Grande do Sul (low TiO2 <2 wt.%, With lower concentrations of P2O5, Nb, Sr, Zr, Zn, Y and Pb and higher concentrations of Rb, Th, U, and Cs) and sills of Parana, Sao Paulo and Goiás (high TiO2> 2 wt.%, geochemical opposite). Petrographically the sills of the RS have finer grain, restricted occurrence of native copper and modal higher to calcic plagioclase, compared to the sills of the PR, SP and GO. Geochemical determination by micro-analysis in plagioclases and clinopyroxenes show that the chemical variations identified in whole rock we describe the chemical changes occurring in these minerals. Variations of the partition coefficient (KD) of compatible trace elements in various parts of crystals of plagioclase and clinopyroxene were correlated in the replacement of Ca, Na, Al, Fe and Mg systems NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8 and Mg2Si2O6-CaMgSi2O6-CaFeSi2O6-Fe2Si2O6, respectively. Partition coefficients of crystals of plagioclase and clinopyroxene are now determined in different portions of core, intermediate and rim enhance knowledge of the variation of KD previously determined as a single value only to the crystal.

Os macroinvertebrados bentônicos constituem uma importante comunidade em riachos, pois participam do fluxo de energia, sendo um importante recurso alimentar para níveis tróficos adjacentes e superiores. Formam uma fauna bastante diversificada e a estrutura desta comunidade pode ser influenciada por diversos fatores ambientais, os quais variam no tempo, no espaço e na escala analisada. O presente estudo objetivou: a) analisar a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em uma bacia hidrográfica gaúcha, a saber bacia do rio Forqueta (RS, Brasil) em nível taxonômico e de grupos funcionais; b) investigar a variação sazonal (verão e inverno) e a variação espacial da estrutura da comunidade em função de diferenças espaciais nas características morfo-fisiográficas dos trechos amostrados; c) identificar a variabilidade da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em três escalas espaciais (rio, segmento de rio e mesohábitat), enfatizando quais escalas espaciais melhor explicam a estrutura da comunidade nesta bacia; d) investigar quais os descritores ambientais mensurados influenciam na estrutura da comunidade e e) qual a porcentagem da variabilidade na riqueza de organismos pode ser explicada pelos descritores ambientais locais mensurados. Realizou-se amostragens de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e descritores ambientais nos períodos de inverno de 2007 e verão de 2008 em oito sítios de amostragem na bacia do rio Forqueta (RS, Brasil). A estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi caracterizada por uma baixa diversidade, presença de muitas famílias raras e poucas abundantes. Houve predomínio do grupo funcional de coletores nos ambientes analisados. Observou-se maior diversidade nos locais amostrados localizados na unidade geomorfológica Serra Geral, denotando a importância da geomorfologia na estruturação das comunidades aquáticas. Para a análise da estrutura da comunidade em escalas espaciais, as amostragens seguiram um delineamento amostral hierárquico. Foram analisados oito segmentos de rio, considerando os mesohábitats: corredeira e remanso, no verão de 2008. A análise nested Anova mostrou que a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos varia nas escalas analisadas, sendo que a comunidade está estruturada principalmente de acordo com a escala de mesohábitat. 46,5% da variação na riqueza foi explicada pelas diferenças entre os mesohábitats. Nesta escala houve maior variação na estrutura da comunidade, segundo a Permanova. A Análise de Redundância parcial (pRDA) evidenciou pH, largura do leito do rio, velocidade da corrente e alcalinidade como os descritores que mais contribuiram para explicar a estrutura espacial da comunidade. A partilha da variância mostrou que 12,5% da variabilidade da comunidade foi explicada puramente pelos descritores ambientais. Os resultados mostraram a correspondência entre a distribuição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e os descritores ambientais, demonstrando a importância das variações em mesoescala para o estudo da distribuição destes organismos nesta bacia. / The benthic macroinvertebrate constitute an important community in streams, as part of the flow of energy, being an important food resource for adjacent and higher trophic levels. Form a very diverse fauna and the structure of this community can be influenced by several environmental factors, which vary in time, in space and on the scale considered. This study aimed to: a) analyze the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrate in Forqueta river basin (RS, Brazil) in level taxonomic and functional groups, during winter 2007 and summer 2008, b) investigate the seasonal variation (summer and winter) and the spatial variation of community structure due to spatial differences in morpho-physiographic, d) identify the variability of the macroinvertebrate community at three spatial scales (river, river segment and mesohabitat), emphasizing spatial scales which best explain the community structure in this basin, e) investigate the descriptors which measured environmental influences on community structure and f) what percentage of the variability in the richness of organisms can be explained by local environmental descriptors. The structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was characterized by a low diversity, the presence of many rare and few abundant families. There was a higher of the functional group of collectors in the environments analyzed. There was greater diversity in Serra Geral geomorphological unit, emphasizing the importance of geomorphology in structuring aquatic communities. For the analysis of community structure in spatial scales, the sampling followed a hierarchical sampling design. We analyzed the eight segments of the river, considering the mesohabitats: riffles and pools, in the summer of 2008. The nested ANOVA showed that the benthic macroinvertebrate community changes in scales, and that the community is organized mainly according to the scale of mesohabitat. 46.5% of the variation in richness was explained by differences between the mesohabitats. This scale was greater variation in community structure, according to Permanova. Partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA) showed pH, width of the river bed, flow and alkalinity as the descriptors that contributed most to explain the spatial structure of the community. The partition of variance showed that 12.5% of the variability of community was explained by purely environmental descriptors. The results showed the correlation between the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and environmental descriptors, demonstrating the importance of variations in mesoscale to study the distribution of these organisms in this basin.