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In 2002, 28.9% of women reported experiencing some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) in their lifetime (Coker et al., 2002). Previous literature has linked IPV with negative mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and low self esteem (Coker et al., 2002). Few studies have examined the relationship between different types of IPV (physical, psychological, sexual abuse and assault) and outcomes. The studies on IPV types to date have examined their links with mental illnesses and pathologies (i.e. Coker et al., 2002; Hazen et al., 2008; Hedtke et al., 2008), but less so to broader psychosocial variables such as perceived control. In a previous study of ours, we examined perceived control as a possible mediator between IPV in general and outcomes of anxiety and self-esteem (Taylor & Williams, 2009). The present study extends this prior work by assessing the relation between different types of IPV (i.e., physical, psychological, sexual abuse by a partner, and sexual assault including self-identification as rape victim) and perceived control and anxiety. Participants consisted of 424 female college students at a southeastern university who completed an online survey about various life events they may have experienced and their self-related beliefs. Multiple regression analysis was conducted with all IPV types examined simultaneously, to determine the type(s) the unique relations between each type of IPV and sexual assault and low perceived control and anxiety among women. Results revealed that psychological IPV was significantly related to lower perceived control (b =.250, p<.01) and greater anxiety (b =.386, p<.001). In addition, self identification as a rape victim was significantly related to greater anxiety (b =.252, p<.05). Thus, psychological abuse consistently emerged as uniquely predictive of psychosocial outcomes. Future research should further assess the relations between types of IPV and other psychosocial variables such as self-esteem, and self-efficacy.

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Background: Research shows that a total of 38,700 cases of intimate partner violence occurred in Sweden in 2021. Where 81% of the cases were against women. Many of the vulnerable women seek help by turning to the healthcare system. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate and illustrate nurse ́s experiences of caring for women who have been exposed to violence in close relationships. Knowing the signs of violence is important for healthcare professionals to detect cases of violence. Method: The study is a literature review, where 11 qualitative scientific articles have been used with Cinahl’s and Pubmed’s database to find relevant articles. The articles have been reviewed using SBU's review template to ensure high quality of the articles and Popenoe's (2021) article has been used as a guide for data analysis. Result: Results show that there is a lack of knowledge on the part of the nurse about women who have been exposed to violence in close relationships, a lack of training on violence in close relationships and a lack of routines and cooperation between different professions. In addition, several articles highlight the nurse's emotional impact in the care of women who are exposed to violence in a close relationship. Conclusion: Different factors can affect the nurse's experience of caring for women who are exposed to violence in a close relationship. In response, there may be feelings of anger, sadness, frustration. There should be collaboration between different professions to facilitate and support the nurse's work, for example when it comes to the emotional part.

Recent research indicates that pregnant women in rural communities are at increased risk of experiencing IPV and comorbid illicit opioid use compared to urban-residing pregnant women. Few studies of the interactions among rurality, substance use, and victimization in pregnant women exist. The current study sought to examine the relationship between IPV and opioid use and the interaction effects of rurality in Appalachian pregnant women. A convenience sample of pregnant women who were enrolled in a smoking cessation research study was used for this analysis. Participants included 488 pregnant women from five prenatal clinics in South-Central Appalachia. Data were from self-reported assessments and semi-structured interviews on substance use and IPV conducted from first trimester of pregnancy through eight months postpartum. Four hundred and ten participants reported experiencing any form of IPV in the past year. Logistic regression results indicated that physical IPV was associated with opioid use, but sexual and psychological IPV were not. The moderation model indicated direct effects between IPV and opioid use, but were not moderated by rurality. This study suggests a need to further understand the relationship between substance use, IPV, and rurality in pregnant women. The specific subtopic of opioid use by pregnant women living in rural communities, and its relationship to IPV victimization and adverse fetal and maternal health outcomes, continues to be an understudied, but critically important area. Limitations and future directions pertaining to IPV screenings and interventions for pregnant women are discussed.