<p>Tobacco smoking remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by governments, researchers and communities to educate women about the dangerous effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine, smoking during pregnancy continues to be a common habit and accounts for a significant percentage of fetal morbidity and mortality. The offspring is, as a result, exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is therefore expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use Nicotine Replacement therapy for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include / intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. The main objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring, 2) if there is evidence of premature aging of the lungs of the lungs of the nicotine exposed offspring, and 3) whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung development and function in the offspring. From the study, it was established that maternal nicotine exposure had no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. However, it results in the late onset of gradual parenchymal damage which resembles premature aging. The study also found that the consumption of tomato juice may have protective effects on the premature aging of the lungs of the offspring.</p>

Folkhälsa berör många samhällsområden och det är mycket viktigt att alla människor tar del av information och kunskap om hälsa. Rökning är en stor fara för folkhälsan som ständigt är aktuell och många projekt påbörjas just för att få en minskning av tobaksanvändning och förhindra ohälsa på grund av rökning. Särskilt viktigt är det att studera rökning bland unga. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är studera hur rökvanor ser ut och förändras bland ungdomar vid 11 och 15 års ålder och hur rökvanorna kan relateras till alkoholvanor, socioekonomi och fysisk aktivitet. Metoden innebar användning av enkätdata från Statens folkhälsoinstituts färdigställda enkäter. Undersökningen handlar om Skolbarns hälsovanor och genomförs vart fjärde år sedan 1985/1986. De utvalda ungdomarna i studien var de som var födda år 1994 och det var 3465 som svarade. De var då 11 respektive 15 år när de svarade på enkäterna. Resultatet efter bearbetning i programmet SPSS visade att fler flickor än pojkar röker men att pojkarna hade en tidigare rökdebut. De som röker trivdes i mindre grad med livet än icke rökare. Även minskat intresse från föräldrar, brist på fysisk aktivitet och ökad stress var faktorer som gick hand i hand med barnens rökning.  Resultatet påpekar att det är viktigt att börja med insatser i tidiga tonåren då det kan förhindra början på tonåringarnas rökvanor. Även att koppla ihop denna insats mot rökning med alkohol då faktorerna tycks hänga samman. En viktig faktor för som relaterar till lägre andel rökande tonåringar är föräldraengagemang.  Att arbeta för en ökad fysisk aktivitet på fritiden kan också vara en faktor som kan medföra en minskning av rökning. / Public health touches many areas of society and it is vital that all people are taking note of the information and knowledge about health. Smoking is a major public health hazard that constantly exists and many projects are launched just to get a decrease in tobacco use and prevent ill health due to smoking. It is particularly important to study smoking among young people. The purpose of this paper is to study how smoking behavior change among young people between 11 and 15 years of age and  how smoking behavior can be related to alcohol consumption, socioeconomic and physical activity. The method implicated the usage of survey data from the Public health Agency of Sweden completed questionnaires. The survey is about schoolchildren’s health habits and is conducted every four years since 1985 / 1986. The selected youth in the study were those who were born in 1994 and there were 3465 respondents. They were then 11 and 15 years old when they responded to the questionnaires. The result after processing in the SPSS program showed that there were more girls than boys that smoke but the boys had an earlier smoking debut. Those who smoke thrived in lesser degree in life than non-smokers. Also decreased interest from parents, lack of physical activity and increased stress were factors that went hand in hand with children's smoking. It is important to start with interventions in early adolescence as it can prevent the start of the teenagers' smoking habits. Also linking this effort against smoking with alcohol as the factors seems to be connected. A key factor for the teens is parental involvement. Working for an increased physical activity in leisure time may also be a factor that could lead to a decrease in smoking.

Bibliography: leaves 215-236 / xiii, 238, [78] leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1988

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 92-98.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1980.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1980.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

O cigarro é considerado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como o maior agente de poluição ambiental doméstica atualmente. Muitos estudos têm analisado os efeitos do tabagismo passivo em seres humanos, mas pouco tem sido estudado em animais domésticos, assim como crianças, são os mais afetados pelo tabagismo passivo. O presente estudo busca correlacionar o exposição ao fumo passivo com a incidência de mutagênese através do teste da presença de micronúcleos nas células epiteliais da mucosa oral de cães expostos. Paralelamente, foi estudada a possível correlação desde dado com o nível de dependência à nicotina do proprietário, avaliada pelo teste de Fagerstrom. Para a avaliação da mutagênese, esfregaços da mucosa oral foram colhidos de 48 cães, 23 fumantes passivos e 25 não expostos. O número de micronúcleos por celula foi avaliado em todas as amostras. Os dados mostram que a incidência de micronúcleos foi estatisticamente maior nos animais fumantes passivos comparado com o controle (p < 0,001). Além disso, nos animais dos proprietários com escore 8 (dependência de nicotina muito alta) no Teste de Fagerstrom, a quantidade de micronúcleos foi significativamente maior do que nos animais de proprietários com escore 6 (alta dependência). Da mesma forma, nos cães de proprietários com escore 6 a incidência de micronúcleos foi estatisticamente maior que nos cães de proprietários com escore 3. Concluiu-se que existe uma associação entre a dependência da nicotina do proprietário e a frequência de alterações citogenéticas no cão exposto ao fumo passivo. Além das implicações para a saúde do animal, as observações do presente estudo podem contribuir para um estímulo à cessação do tabagismo em proprietários de animais domésticos / Cigarette smoking is considered by WHO as the major domestic air pollution agent. Many studies have addressed passive smoking and human beings but little has been studied about domestic animals. Domestic animals as well as children are dramatically affected by passive smoking. The present work tries to correlate passive smoking and micronucleus incidence in oral mucosa smears of pet dogs. In addition we studied a possible correlation between micronucleus incidence and owner´s nicotine dependence. With this purpose, owners were submitted to Fagerström questionnaire to address nicotine dependence. In the same way, oral mucosa smears were collected from 48 animals, 23 passive smokers and 25 not exposed to passive smoking. Micronucleus counts were performed in all samples at light microscopy. We observed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,001) between the two groups with an increased incidence of micronucleus formation in the passive smokers group compared to controls. Moreover, in the animals whose owners were at score 8 (very high nicotine dependence) on the Fagerstrom Test, the number of micronuclei was significantly higher than in animals with owners of score 6 (high dependency). Likewise, in dogs whose owners had a score 6 the incidence of micronuclei was statistically higher than in dogs whose owners had a score 3. It was concluded that there is an association between nicotine dependence of owners and frequency of cytogenetic alterations in dogs exposed to secondhand smoke. Besides ambient health impacts, the observations of the present study may contribute in helping dog owners quit smoking

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Tobacco smoking remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by governments, researchers and communities to educate women about the dangerous effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine, smoking during pregnancy continues to be a common habit and accounts for a significant percentage of fetal morbidity and mortality. The offspring is, as a result, exposed to nicotine through the blood and the milk of the mother. Nicotine is therefore expected to interact with the developing fetus and the offspring of mothers who smoke or use Nicotine Replacement therapy for smoking cessation, resulting in the interference with normal fetal lung development. Maternal cigarette smoke or nicotine exposure produces adverse effects in the lungs of offspring, these include; intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, premature birth, reduced pulmonary function at birth, and a high occurrence of respiratory illnesses after birth. The main objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the effects of maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation on lung development in the offspring, 2) if there is evidence of premature aging of the lungs of the lungs of the nicotine exposed offspring, and 3) whether tomato juice can have protective effects on the fetal lung development and function in the offspring. From the study, it was established that maternal nicotine exposure had no significant effect on the growth parameters of the offspring. However, it results in the late onset of gradual parenchymal damage which resembles premature aging. The study also found that the consumption of tomato juice may have protective effects on the premature aging of the lungs of the offspring. / South Africa

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016. / Introduction: Annually, hundred thousands of people worldwide die as a result of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure. There is no safe exposure level to SHS yet in Bulawayo, smokers have been observed smoking without restraint thus exposing non-smokers to SHS. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and contributing factors of SHS exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and participants were randomly selected from residents who visited the 13 municipal revenue halls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Home SHS exposure prevalence was 22% and females were 2.11 times more likely than males to be exposed at home. Prevalence of SHS exposure in public transportation, health facilities, educational and food premises was 40.9%, 26.3%, 42,9% and 36.8% respectively. Conclusion: SHS exposure in Bulawayo was high and there is need to reduce SHS exposure to non-smoking adults. Keywords: Second hand smoke (SHS), Bulawayo, Prevalence, Exposure, Adult