Les antennes à polarisation circulaire (CP) sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les systèmes de communications spatiaux et terrestres. Le besoin d’intégration est sans cesse plus important, il est donc nécessaire de proposer, de mettre au point des aériens toujours plus compacts et aux performances (adaptation, rayonnement, gain, efficacité, taux d’ellipticité) optimisées. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de concevoir des antennes planaires, large bande ou multi-bande, à polarisation circulaire et aux performances optimisées. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, le travail a été divisée en plusieurs phase, allant de la conception d’une antenne CP à large bande jusqu’à la conception d’une antenne patch à polarisation circulaire tri bandes GNSS. Tout d’abord une étude bibliographique sur les antennes planaires a été faite. Celle-ci a permis de comparer leurs différentes performances, leurs avantages et inconvénients. Ensuite, une antenne patch CP à éléments parasites a été conçue fabriquée et mesurée. On s’est attaché à optimiser sa bande de fonctionnement. En tenant compte des études bibliographiques déjà faites, et en se basant sur la structure de l’antenne CP à large bande validée lors de la phase précédente, une nouvelle antenne plaquée CP GNSS tri bandes a également été conçue réalisée et mesurée. L’essentiel du travail a consisté à minimiser son encombrement tout en conservant des performances électromagnétiques satisfaisantes dans les trois bandes de fréquences objectifs : L2, E6 et L1. On s’est particulièrement attaché à obtenir un bon taux d’ellipticité sur une large ouverture rayonnante. La dernière étape de cette thèse a consisté à aller encore plus loin dans l’amélioration des performances de l’antenne CP GNSS multi bandes particulièrement en améliorant son efficacité. Une excitation par fente a finalement été utilisée après comparaison des performances obtenues via différentes techniques (alimentation coaxiale, fentes, etc…). / Circular polarized antennas (CP) are greatly used in space and terrestrial communication systems. Furthermore, the need for communication systems integration is increasingly important. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and develop more compact antenna design with optimized performance (adaptation, radiation, gain, efficiency, axial ratio).The objective of this thesis is to design planar antennas, broadband or multi-band, with circular polarization and optimized performances. To achieve these objectives, the work was divided into several stages, from the design of a wideband CP antenna to the design of a GNSS tri-band circular polarized patch antenna. Firstly, a literature study of planar antennas has been conducted. Different designs have been examined and contrasted to evaluate their performances. Secondly, a wideband CP patch antenna with parasitic elements has been designed manufactured and measured. It was sought to optimize its operating band. Considering the bibliographical study that was already carried out, and based on the wideband CP antenna structure that was validated during the previous phase, a new GNSS tri-band CP patch antenna was also designed, fabricated and measured. Most of the work was done on minimizing its size while maintaining satisfactory electromagnetic performance in the three required GNSS frequency bands : L2, E6 and L1. Special attention was directed towards getting a good axial ratio over a wide radiating aperture. The last phase of this thesis was to go even further in improving the CP GNSS multi-band antenna's performance, particularly by improving its efficiency. Excitation slots were finally used after a comparison was made between the different performances obtained through the different design techniques (coaxial feed, slots, etc ...).

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Disertační práce je zaměřena na vytvoření návrhu antény operující v blízkosti lidského těla. Kritické parametry zahrnují impedanční přizpůsobení, polarizační vlastnosti a vyzařovací charakteristiky. Základní výzkum je proveden na zjednodušených modelech lidského těla, kde jsou striktně definovány materiálové vlastnosti. Pro pokročilejší analýzu jsou využity detailnější modely. Simulace jsou konfrontovány s měřením na reálných vzorcích. V práci zahrnujeme interakci mezi anténou a lidským tělem.

Near field imaging using microwave in medical applications has gain much attention recently as various researches show its high ability and accuracy in illuminating object comparing to the well-known screening tools such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), digital mammography, ultrasound etc. This has encourage and motivate scientists continue to exploit the potential of microwave imaging so that a better and more powerful sensing tools can be developed. This thesis documents the development of antenna design for microwave imaging application such as breast cancer detection. The application is similar to the concept of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) but operating at higher frequency band. In these systems a short pulse is transmitted from an antenna to the medium and the backscattered response is investigated for diagnose. In order to accommodate such a short pulse, a very wideband antenna with a minimal internal reflection is required. Printed monopole and planar metal plate antenna is implemented to achieve the necessary operating wide bandwidth. The development of new compact printed planar metal plate ultra wide bandwidth antenna is presented. A generalized parametric study is carried out using two well-known software packages to achieve optimum antenna performance. The Prototype antennas are tested and analysed experimentally, in which a reasonable agreement was achieved with the simulations. The antennas present an excellent relative wide bandwidth of 67% with acceptable range of power gain between 3.5 to 7 dBi. A new compact size air-dielectric microstrip patch-antenna designs proposed for breast cancer detection are presented. The antennas consist of a radiating patch mounted on two vertical plates, fed by coaxial cable. The antennas show a wide bandwidth that were verified by the simulations and also confirmed experimentally. The prototype antennas show excellent performance in terms the input impedance and radiation performance over the target range bandwidth from 4 GHz to 8 GHz. A mono-static model with a homogeneous dielectric box having similar properties to human tissue is used to study the interaction of the antenna with tissue. The numerical results in terms the matching required of new optimised antennas were promising. An experimental setup of sensor array for early-stage breast-cancer detection is developed. The arrangement of two elements separated by short distance that confined equivalent medium of breast tissues were modelled and implemented. The operation performances due to several orientations of the antennas locations were performed to determine the sensitivity limits with and without small size equivalent cancer cells model. In addition, a resistively loaded bow tie antenna, intended for applications in breast cancer detection, is adaptively modified through modelling and genetic optimisation is presented. The required wideband operating characteristic is achieved through manipulating the resistive loading of the antenna structure, the number of wires, and their angular separation within the equivalent wire assembly. The results show an acceptable impedance bandwidth of 100.75 %, with a VSWR < 2, over the interval from 3.3 GHz to 10.0 GHz. Feasibility studies were made on the antenna sensitivity for operation in a tissue equivalent dielectric medium. The simulated and measured results are all in close agreement.

The objectives of this research work are to investigate, design and implement circularly-polarized antennas to be used for handheld satellite mobile communication and wireless sensor networks. Several antennas such as Quadrifilar Spiral Antennas (QSAs), two arm Square Spiral and stripline or coaxially-fed microstrip patch antennas are developed and tested. These antennas are investigated and discussed to operate at L band (1.61-1.6214GHz) and ISM band (2.4835-2.5GHz) A substantial size reduction was achieved compared to conventional designs by introducing special modifications to the antenna geometries. Most of the antennas are designed to produce circularly-polarized broadside-beam except for wireless sensor network application a circularly-polarized conical-beam is considered. The polarization purity and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of two dual-band antennas for satellite-mobile handsets next to the human head are investigated and discussed, using a hybrid computational method. A small distance between the head and the handset is chosen to highlight the effects of the relatively high-radiated power proposed from this particular antenna. A Genetic Algorithm in cooperation with an electromagnetic simulator has been introduced to provide fast, accurate and reliable solutions for antenna design structures. Circularly-polarized quadrifilar helical antenna handset and two air-dielectric microstrip antennas were studied. The capabilities of GA are shown as an efficient optimisation tool for selecting globally optimal parameters to be used in simulations with an electromagnetic antenna design code, seeking convergence to designated specifications. The results in terms of the antenna size and radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements and previously published data.

Yes / A novel dual-polarized patch antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. The antenna consists of a square patch and four capacitively coupled feeds to enhance the impedance bandwidth. Each feed is formed by a vertical isosceles trapezoidal patch and a horizontal isosceles triangular patch. The four feeds are connected to the microstrip lines that are printed on the bottom layer of the grounded FR4 substrate. Two tapered baluns are utilized to excite the antenna to achieve high isolation between the ports and reduce the cross-polarization levels. In order to increase the antenna gain and reduce the backward radiation, a compact surface mounted cavity is integrated with the antenna. The antenna prototype has achieved an impedance bandwidth of 112% at (|S11| ≤ -10 dB) whereas the coupling between the two ports is below -28 dB across the operating frequency range. The measured antenna gain varies from 3.91 to 10.2 dBi for port 1 and from 3.38 to 9.21 dBi for port 2, with a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 107%. / IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society

The objectives of this research work are to investigate, design and implement circularly-polarized antennas to be used for handheld satellite mobile communication and wireless sensor networks. Several antennas such as Quadrifilar Spiral Antennas (QSAs), two arm Square Spiral and stripline or coaxially-fed microstrip patch antennas are developed and tested. These antennas are investigated and discussed to operate at L band (1.61-1.6214GHz) and ISM band (2.4835-2.5GHz) A substantial size reduction was achieved compared to conventional designs by introducing special modifications to the antenna geometries. Most of the antennas are designed to produce circularly-polarized broadside-beam except for wireless sensor network application a circularly-polarized conical-beam is considered. The polarization purity and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of two dual-band antennas for satellite-mobile handsets next to the human head are investigated and discussed, using a hybrid computational method. A small distance between the head and the handset is chosen to highlight the effects of the relatively high-radiated power proposed from this particular antenna. A Genetic Algorithm in cooperation with an electromagnetic simulator has been introduced to provide fast, accurate and reliable solutions for antenna design structures. Circularly-polarized quadrifilar helical antenna handset and two air-dielectric microstrip antennas were studied. The capabilities of GA are shown as an efficient optimisation tool for selecting globally optimal parameters to be used in simulations with an electromagnetic antenna design code, seeking convergence to designated specifications. The results in terms of the antenna size and radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements and previously published data.

Καθώς η εξέλιξη της βιοϊατρικής επιστήμης και τεχνολογίας είναι συνεχής και ραγδαία, η έρευνα επικεντρώνεται τόσο στη βελτίωση των κλινικών τεχνικών όσο και στην ανάπτυξη νέων με κυριότερο σκοπό την ακριβέστερη και ασφαλέστερη διάγνωση και θεραπεία. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, μελετάται η χρήση δύο περιοχών του φάσματος, των μικροκυματικών και των ηχητικών συχνοτήτων για διαγνωστικές λειτουργικές εφαρμογές εγκεφάλου. Παρόλο που η χρήση των υπερήχων έχει αξιοποιηθεί στην κλινική εφαρμογή, οι αναφορές για τη χρήση των ηχητικών κυμάτων στις βιοιατρικές εφαρμογές είναι περιορισμένες στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία μελετάται η ανάπτυξη ενός συστήματος για διαγνωστικές εφαρμογές εγκεφάλου στις ηχητικές συχνότητες. Στα δύο πρώτα κεφάλαια περιγράφονται οι βασικές αρχές που διέπουν την επιστήμη του ήχου (ακουστική) αλλά και οι φυσικές αρχές αλληλεπίδρασης των ηχητικών κυμάτων με τους βιολογικούς ιστούς (δημιουργία και εξέλιξη των φυσικών φαινομένων ανάκλασης, διάθλασης, μετάδοσης και απορρόφησης της ηχητικής δέσμης). Πιο συγκεκριμένα μοντελοποιείται και μελετάται θεωρητικά το πρόβλημα της αλληλεπίδρασης των ηχητικών κυμάτων με τον ανθρώπινο εγκέφαλο. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο παρατίθεται η θεωρητική ανάλυση και οι βασικές αρχές της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου για μέτρηση της εγκεφαλικής δραστηριότητας στις ηχητικές συχνότητες καθώς και τα βασικά στοιχεία της πρακτικής της υλοποίησης που περιλαμβάνουν ανάλυση του πιεζοηλεκτρικού φαινομένου και των αντίστοιχων μετατροπέων καθώς και το αντίστοιχο σύστημα λήψης ηχητικών σημάτων. Τα μικροκύματα έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί σε πλήθος διαγνωστικών και θεραπευτικών τεχνικών τόσο σε επίπεδο έρευνας όσο και στην κλινική πράξη. Στην παρούσα εργασία πραγματοποιείται θεωρητική μελέτη δύο πολυσυχνοτικών κυρτών προσαρμόσιμων μικροταινιακών τυπωμένων κεραιών για χρήση τους με συστήματα ευαίσθητων δεκτών μικροκυματικής ραδιομετρίας. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφονται η βασική τεχνολογία και οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας της παθητικής μεθόδου διάγνωσης με μικροκύματα, της μικροκυματικής ραδιομετρίας. Οι προτεινόμενες κυρτές κεραίες μοντελοποιήθηκαν (κεφάλαιο 5) και μελετήθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του ηλεκτρομαγνητικού προσομοιωτικού λογισμικού πακέτου HFSS που χρησιμοποιεί τη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά οι ιδιότητες εστίασης των κεραιων αυτών σε δύο διαφορετικά μοντέλα κεφαλιού στος εύρος συχνοτήτων 2 – 3.5 GHz. / As the evolution in the field of biomedical science and technology is continuous, the research focuses mainly on the improvement of existent clinical techniques and the development of new ones, aiming to the most accurate and safe diagnosis and treatment. In the present thesis, the usage of two frequency bands is investigated, the microwave and sound frequencies for diagnostic functional brain applications. Despite the fact that ultrasounds have been utilized in clinical practice, the references regarding the application of sound frequencies in medical diagnosis are restrained in international literature. In the present thesis the development of a system for diagnostic brain applications operating at sound frequencies is studied. In the first two chapters the basic principles of acoustics and the physical principles of the interaction of sound waves with biological tissue (including physical phenomena of reflection, diffraction, transmission and absorption of sound) are described. More specifically, the problem of the interaction of sound waves with the human brain tissues is theoretically modeled and studied. In the third chapter theoretical analysis and basic principles of the suggested method are given together with the basic points of its practical implementation that include analysis of the piezoelectric phenomenon, the respective piezoelectric transducers and sound signal receiver. Microwaves have been used in many diagnostic and therapeutic techniques both at research level and in clinical practice. Herein, a theoretical study of two multi-frequency conformal microstrip patch antennas is performed, in order to use them in conjunction with sensitive microwave radiometry receivers. In chapter 4 the basic technology and the basic operation principles of the passive diagnostic method with microwaves (microwave radiometry) are described. The suggested conformal antennas are modeled (chapter 5) and studied using the electromagnetic simulation tool HFSS that implements the finite element method (FEM). The properties of these antennas and their focusing ability on specific brain areas are presented at 2 – 3.5 GHz in two different head models.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoCOM_DISSERT.pdf: 2871437 bytes, checksum: ca804782bf10029c3e31983e4917ea6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This work presents a theoretical and experimental analysis about the properties of microstrip antennas with integrated frequency selective surfaces (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS). The integration occurs through the insertion of the FSS on ground plane of microstrip patch antenna. This integration aims to improve some characteristics of the antennas. The FSS using patch-type elements in square unit cells. Specifically, the simulated results are obtained using the commercial computer program CST Studio Suite? version 2011. From a standard antenna, designed to operate in wireless communication systems of IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n the dimensions of the FSS are varied to obtain an optimization of some antenna parameters such as impedance matching and selectivity in the operating bands. After optimization of the investigated parameters are built two prototypes of microstrip patch antennas with and without the FSS ground plane. Comparisons are made of the results with the experimental results by 14 ZVB network analyzer from Rohde & Schwarz ?. The comparison aims to validate the simulations performed and show the improvements obtained with the FSS in integrated ground plane antenna. In the construction of prototypes, we used dielectric substrates of the type of Rogers Corporation RT-3060 with relative permittivity equal to 10.2 and low loss tangent. Suggestions for continued work are presented / Este trabalho apresenta uma investiga??o te?rica e experimental sobre as propriedades das antenas de microfita integradas com superf?cies seletivas em frequ?ncia (Frequency Selective Surface FSS). A integra??o se d? por meio da inser??o da FSS no plano de terra da antena patch de microfita. Essa integra??o visa a melhoria de algumas caracter?sticas das antenas como, por exemplo, ganho, largura de banda, dentre outras. As FSS utilizam elementos do tipo patch quadrado nas c?lulas unit?rias. Especificamente, os resultados simulados s?o obtidos utilizando-se o programa computacional comercial CST Studio Suite? vers?o 2011. A partir de uma antena padr?o, projetada para operar em sistemas de comunica??es sem fio dos padr?es IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n, as dimens?es da FSS s?o variadas de forma a obter uma otimiza??o de alguns par?metros da antena, como casamento de imped?ncia e seletividade nas bandas de opera??o. Ap?s a otimiza??o dos par?metros investigados, s?o constru?dos dois prot?tipos de antenas patch de microfita com e sem a FSS no plano de terra. S?o feitas compara??es dos resultados simulados com os resultados experimentais obtidos pelo analisador de rede ZVB 14 da Rohde & Schwarz?. A compara??o visa validar as simula??es efetuadas e mostrar as melhorias obtidas com a FSS integrada no plano de terra da antena. Na constru??o dos prot?tipos, foram utilizados substratos diel?tricos da Rogers Corporation do tipo RT-3060 com permissividade relativa igual a 10,5 e baixa tangente de perdas. Sugest?es de continuidade do trabalho s?o apresentadas

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