This project is at the controversial intersection of medicine patent protection and access to medicines at the international level. Advocates for medicine access argue that medicine patent protection may allow prices to become elevated, thereby frustrating medicine access. But advocates for medicine patent protection argue that the patent system incentivized the research and development to make the product possible in the first place. While this ideological debate is valuable, this doctoral project acknowledges the patent system’s existence and seeks to produce research to advance medicine access pragmatically within this context, especially in developing countries and especially for drugs appearing on the World Health Organization’s Model List of Essential Medicines (MLEM). In cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization, this project commenced with a legal study to assess the patent status of the entire MLEM (375 medicines) in 137 developing countries. Gathering these patent data and verifying them with global pharmaceutical suppliers was this project’s principal data collection. The patent data were further linked to development indicators of the countries implicated by our study and to economic data detailing medicine procurements made by those working with assistance from international organizations. Building upon the techniques refined during the MLEM study, three supplementary patent studies were performed to investigate very specific questions regarding medicine patenting and medicine access. With these patent data collected, we investigated companies’ medicine patent filing behaviours internationally. Various policy approaches to accelerating access at the international level were compared, including those that disregard patent protection and those are based on cooperation between medicine suppliers. Of the approaches considered, the cooperative approaches appeared to be the most efficient, especially voluntary licensing practices (i.e., originator companies license generic manufacturers to supply the product to developing countries in exchange for royalties). We find that while patents may detour generic competition at times, we also find they may serve as springboards for collaborative endeavours and global medicine access campaigns, like the one for HIV drugs. This thesis concludes by arguing that improved international medicine patent transparency by pharmaceutical suppliers is one of the most powerful ways to foster such collaborations to improve medicine access.

Patent pools are agreements between patent holders to license their rights to central entity and then to sale these licenses to third parties. In the Czech Republic there is no such cooperation between firms. In this thesis I would like to describe this phenomenon to Czech public and firms. The othel goal is to find out if this cooperation is efficient.

Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les différents aspects des externalités de connaissance et la façon dont les citations de brevet peuvent être utilisées comme un indicateur de ces flux. La première partie de cette thèse examine la littérature traditionnelle sur les externalités de connaissance, et cela d'un point de vue à la fois qualitatif et quantitatif (la forme quantitative est réalisée grâce à une méta-analyse). Nous insistons sur les conséquences résultant de l'utilisation de différents canaux de mesure de ces externalités, précisément nous nous attardons sur les hypothèses sous-jacentes et sur leurs implications en termes d'estimations empiriques. Ce point est important car ces canaux sont la principale source d'hétérogénéité des résultats empiriques. Dans la seconde partie, nous explorons des données de brevets et de citations de brevet encore peu étudiées (ces données sont extraites de la base de données Patstat pour les offices de brevets du G5, de l'OEB et de l'OMPI). Cette analyse est à nouveau réalisée à la fois en termes qualitatifs et quantitatifs. La troisième partie, dans un premier temps, examine de façon empirique les caractéristiques des flux de connaissance entre et au sein des inventeurs des pays du G5 et cela pour 13 secteurs industriels. Dans un deuxième temps, cette partie propose et valide la création d'un indicateur de stocks de connaissance qui prend en compte les externalités de connaissance internationales. Cet indicateur se révèle particulièrement utile puisque les indicateurs traditionnels ne sont pas toujours disponibles (comme les indicateurs basés sur les dépenses de R&D). Enfin, l'indicateur précédemment créé sera appliqué à une étude de cas consacrée à l'analyse des déterminants de l'innovation pour les technologies énergétiques efficientes. / In this dissertation, we analyze the different aspects of knowledge spillovers with special emphasis on the use of patent citations as an indicator of knowledge flows. The first part of the thesis reviews the traditional knowledge spillovers literature both with a qualitative and a quantitative view (the quantitative form is done through a meta-analysis). A particular focus is placed on the consequences of using the different channels reflecting different weighted functions, i.e. about the underlying assumptions and the implications in terms of estimates. This point is important since these channels are the main source of heterogeneity in the analysis of knowledge spillovers. In the second part, we shed some light on patent and patent citation data that have not been much studied (taken from the Patstat database for the G5 patent offices plus the EPO and the WIPO). Once again this analysis is conducted both in qualitative and quantitative terms. The third part, in a first time, investigates empirically the diffusion pattern of knowledge between and within the G5 inventors for 13 manufacturing sectors. In a second time, it proposes and validates the creation of an input-based indicator of knowledge that takes into account international knowledge spillovers. This indicator can be very helpful since traditional indicators are not always available (such as R&D indicators). Finally, the previously created indicator will be applied in a case study dedicated to analyze the determinants of innovation for energy efficient technologies.

Parmi les 500 plus grandes entreprises mondiales, une sur cinq est chinoise. En 2014, 94 entreprises chinoises figuraient parmi les leaders mondiaux en R&D. La Chine est, depuis 2016, le premier acquéreur d’entreprises étrangères et vise désormais des entreprises de haute-technologie.Ces éléments nous questionnent sur le positionnement technologique des entreprises chinoises. Penser ce thème nous oblige à revenir sur leurs conditions d’émergence. A la lecture du modèle dominant du rattrapage technologique (Kim, 1997), la Chine est passée par trois grandes phases: une période d’acquisition des technologies étrangères suite à l’ouverture du pays en 1978, une période d’assimilation des technologies et d’assemblage et manufacture de produits de plus en plus complexes, et une période d’intégration qui leur permet de faire de nouvelles propositions de produits grâce à la reconfiguration et amélioration des technologies existantes.L’hypothèse qui guide notre recherche est que les entreprises sont désormais dans la dernière phase du rattrapage et sont entrées dans une période de transition vers le leadership technologique. Cela nous amène à poser deux questions. A quoi fait-on référence lorsqu’on parle d’innovation en Chine aujourd’hui ? Ce thème renvoie de manière plus globale à celui de l’innovation par les pays émergents. Quel chemin reste-t-il à parcourir pour atteindre la frontière technologique ?Nous observons cette transition dans la manière dont les grandes entreprises chinoises s’engagent dans la recherche. L’intégration des technologies émergentes au sein de leurs stratégies de recherche reflète des dynamiques d’apprentissage qui, si elles ne sont pas encore visibles sur le marché, indiquent une dynamique de transition. Nos résultats montrent que la tendance est significative, la moitié des grandes entreprises (48%) s’engage en nanotechnologie. Cela reflète l’arrivée à la frontière technologique des entreprises chinoises, ce qui, nous le soulignons, n’implique pas nécessairement le passage à la frontière sur d’autres dimensions, notamment organisationnelles. Nous montrons également que les trajectoires d’engagement dans la recherche sont variées. Si une partie des entreprises s’engagent dans la recherche sur la base d’un modèle similaire à celui des entreprises américaines ou européennes, d’autres dynamiques sont également à l’œuvre, qui traduisent notamment un héritage historique et une inscription dans le territoire.Pour obtenir ces résultats, nous avons construit une base de données exclusive de 325 larges entreprises industrielles, et observé leur prise de brevets en nanotechnologie, directement ou via leurs filiales, sur la base de sources en anglais et en chinois. / Among the world’s 500 largest firms, one out of five is Chinese. In 2014, 94 Chinese firms were among the world leaders in R&D. Since 2016, China is the first acquirer of foreign firms and is now targeting high-technology firms.These recent developments raise questions about the technological positioning of Chinese firms. Studying this topic requires looking at their conditions of emergence. We can look at China’s development from the perspective of the technological catch-up model (Kim, 1997). China has gone through three phases: a phase of acquisition of foreign technology following the country’s opening in 1978, a period of technological assimilation and production of increasingly complex products, and a period of technological integration characterized by technological improvement and the reconfiguration of existing technologies.The hypothesis we make is that firms are now in the last phase of catch-up, and have entered a period of transition to technology leadership. This leads to two questions. What is Chinese innovation today? This topic broadly refers to innovation in emerging countries. How far are Chinese firms from reaching the technological frontier?We observe the transition through the way major Chinese firms engage in research. The integration of emerging technologies into their research strategies reflect dynamics of technological learning which, if they are not yet visible in the market, indicate a transition. Our results show that the trend is significant, with half of large firms (48%) engaging in nanotechnology research. This proportion indicates that Chinese firms have reached the technological frontier. This, however, does not mean that Chinese firms have reached the frontier in other dimensions, such as the organizational dimension. We also show that there are several modalities of commitment to research. While some large Chine firms engage in research by adopting a model similar to that of American or European firms, other dynamics are at work, which reflect, in particular, their historical legacy, and the impact of their localization.To obtain these results, we have built a unique database of 325 large industrial enterprises, and have looked at their patenting activities in nanotechnology, directly or through their subsidiaries, based on the exploitation of sources in English and Chinese.

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Dieser Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über das Patent als technisches Schutzrecht und seine Abgrenzung zu anderen gewerblichen Schutzrechten wie Gebrauchsmuster, Marke und Design. Weiterhin werden einige Anmelde- und Nutzungsstrategien für Patente skizziert. Der grundlegende Aufbau einer Patentanmeldung wird schließlich anhand des im Jahr 1889 von AEG angemeldeten Patents „Anker für Wechselstrommotoren“ erläutert, welches den Drehstrom-Asynchronmotor mit Kurzschlussläufer zum Gegenstand hat. / We provide a brief overview of patents as property rights for technical inventions as well as their distinction from other industrial property rights such as utility models, trademarks and designs. Furthermore, we outline some application and utilization strategies for patents. Finally, we explain the basic structure of a patent application by referring to the patent “Anker für Wechselstrommotoren” (armature for alternating current motors) filed by AEG in 1889 for protecting the three-phase asynchronous motor with squirrel cage rotor.

<p>In Chapter 1, I construct a new proxy for Tobin's q that incorporates the replacement cost of patent capital. This proxy, PI (physical plus intangible) q, explains up to 64\% more variation in investment than other proxies for q. Furthermore, investment is more sensitive to PI q than to other proxies for q. Although investment is predicted more accurately by, and is more sensitive to, PI q, controlling for PI q leads to relatively higher, not lower, cash flow coefficients. All results are stronger in subsamples with more patent capital. Overall, using PI q strengthens the historically weak investment-q relation.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Chapter 2 includes Noah Stoffman and M. Deniz Yavuz as co-authors, and in this chapter, we find that small innovators (i.e., small, innovative firms) earn higher returns than small non-innovators for up to five years. We find no such innovative premium among large firms. A battery of tests shows that our results are explained by risk, not investor underreaction. Small innovators are especially risky because they focus more on risky product innovation and rely more on organization capital that amplifies their systematic risk. In addition, small innovators contribute significantly to the size premium. Overall, small innovators have a higher cost of equity, which potentially explains why they rely heavily on internal capital.</p>

Network Sharing and Standard Essential Patents in EU Competition Law Abstract This diploma thesis deals with two issues which are closely linked to telecommunications and its specific features - network sharing and standard essential patents. Actually, these issues are very topical and come out at the forefront of EU competition authorities. The goal of this diploma thesis is to familiar the reader with particular issues and then analyse individual decisions of Commission and CJEU regarding aforementioned topics from the perspective of consumer welfare as one of the main objectives of EU competition law. Therefore, the first part of the thesis provides definition of consumer welfare standard so that the analysis of particular decisions could be performed. The second part of this thesis deals with network sharing. Given the complicacy of this topic, there are defined the individual models and presented some actual cases of network sharing in EU at the beginning of this part. Subsequently, the thesis deals with the interrelationship between telecom mergers and network sharing. After these introductory remarks, the individual decisions of Commission are analyzed. This part is finally concluded with a partial conclusion which summarizing the main outputs arising from performed analysis. The third part of the...

This paper examines the effect of technological innovation in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics on unemployment levels in Sweden. The paper collects over 1350 AI and Robotics patents from 2010 to 2020 and carefully matches the patent applicant’s address with the respective municipality and county to construct a panel data set. The panel data is then used to analyze the relationship between unemployment and technological change across counties. The empirical design consists of Pooled Fixed Effects and Fixed Effects Models. The study finds a negative association between unemployment levels and AI and Robotics innovations in the former design and insignificant results in the latter.

Ericsson’s Region IPR &amp; Licensing (RIPL) receives about 3000 thousands Invention Disclosures (IvDs) every year submitted by researchers as a result of their R&amp;D activities. To decide whether an IvD has a good business value and a patent application should be filed; a rigorous evaluation process is carried out by a selected Patent Attorney (PA). One of most important elements of the evaluation process is to find prior art similar, including similar IvDs that have been evaluated before. These documents are not public and therefore can’t be searched using available search tools. For now the process of finding prior art is done manually (without the help of any search tools) and takes up significant amount of time. The aim of this Master’s thesis is to develop and test an information retrieval search engine as a proof of concept to find similar Invention Disclosure documents and related patent applications. For this purpose, a SOLR database server is setup with up to seven thousand five hundred (7500) IvDs indexed. A similarity algorithm is implemented which is customized to weight different fields. LUCENE is then used to query the server and display the relevant documents in a web application.