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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Satellite cells in human skeletal muscle : molecular identification quantification and function / Satellitceller i human skelettmuskulatur : molekylär identifiering, kvantifiering och funktion

Lindström, Mona January 2009 (has links)
Skeletal muscle satellite cells located between the plasma membrane and the basal lamina of muscle fibres, could for many years, only be studied in situ by electron microscopy. The introduction of immunohistochemistry and the discovery of molecular markers of satellite cells then made them accessible for light microscopic studies and a wealth of information is today available. Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells that can be activated from a quiescent state to proliferate for self-renewal or differentiate into myogenic cells. The satellite cells are involved in muscle growth during fetal and postnatal development and play a key role in repair and regeneration of damaged muscle fibres. The satellite cells are also essential for muscle fibre hypertrophy and maintenance of muscle mass in the adult. When the present thesis was initiated, studies on satellite cells in human skeletal muscle relied on the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) as a marker for satellite cell identification. The results from different studies varied markedly. Therefore the aims of the present thesis were i) to develop a highly reliable method using light microscopy for satellite cell identification and quantification in biopsies of human skeletal muscle in normal and pathological conditions. A molecular marker for the myofibre basal lamina or plasma membrane to enhance the reliability of myonuclei and satellite cell identification were to be included. Furthermore unbiased morphometric methods should be used in the quantification process. ii) to evaluate which molecular markers which had been described for satellite cell and stem cell identification in different cell states (quiescence, activated or differentiated) are the most useful for studies on human skeletal muscle. iii) to further explore the function and heterogeneity of satellite cells with respect to different markers in human skeletal muscle by studying the effects of strength-training, intake of anabolic substances and pathological conditions. A new immunofluorescence method was developed where in the same tissue section, two satellite cell markers, the basal lamina and nuclei were monitored. From the evaluation of different markers it was found that both NCAM and Pax7 identified the majority of satellite cells but that both markers were needed for reliable identification. The members of the myogenic regulatory family were evaluated and by using the new method MyoD and myogenin were found to be useful markers to identify activated and differentiated satellite cells. Upon re-examination of biopsies from power-lifters, power-lifters using anabolic substances and untrained subjects it was observed that the new results on satellite cell frequency were significantly different from those obtained when using staining for NCAM and nuclei alone. In addition three subtypes of satellite cells (94.4% NCAM+/Pax7+, 4.2% NCAM+/Pax7– and 1.4% NCAM–/Pax7+) were observed. Thus the multiple marker method gave more information about satellite cells heterogeneity in human muscle and we propose that this is more reliable than previous methods. Low numbers of MyoD or myogenin stained satellite cells were observed in both untrained and strength trained subjects. Other markers such as DLK1/FA1, a member of the EGF-like family and c-Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor showed that satellite cell heterogeneity in human muscle is far greater than previously shown. Furthermore, new evidence is presented for so called fibre splitting observed in hypertrophic muscle fibres to be due to defect regeneration of partially damaged fibres.
22

Studying the Patterning Mechanisms and Cell Fates during Limb Regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum

Kragl, Martin 25 October 2007 (has links)
We studied patterning mechanisms and cell fates during limb regeneration in the axolotl. 1) It is crucial to understand the earliest events of patterning. Since it is technically challenging to study early events, we established single cell PCR. This new tool will allow us to obtain novel insight into the initial steps of limb patterning. 2)We have examined the roles of different tissues regarding their fates and features of proximo- distal patterning. Our strategy was to transplant GFP+ skin, skeleton, muscle and Schwann cells from transgenic donors to limbs of wild type hosts, amputate through the graft and analyze fluorescent progeny combined with the use of molecular markers. Our results revealed that different subpopulations of blastema cells exist regarding two aspects. First, we found that progeny of skin and skeleton have some tissue specific memory since they did not give rise to muscle lineages. However, cells of the skin contributed to other mesenchymal tissues like cartilage or tendons, while the majority of skeleton- derived cells undergoes self- renewal. Second, we performed one cellular and two molecular assays to investigate what tissues generate cells that exhibit features of proximo- distal patterning. Both assays revealed that Schwann cell- derived progeny do not display such features while progeny of skin, skeleton and muscle did. Therefore, we conclude that the blastema is a heterogeneous mix of cells regarding tissue lineages and features of proximo- distal patterning.
23

Elucidating the Molecular and Cellular Mechanism Underlying Cancer Cachexia

He, Wei January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
24

Structure-fonction de l’action pionnière de Pax7

Bascunana, Virginie 08 1900 (has links)
Dans l’hypophyse, Pax7 spécifie l’état du lobe intermédiaire grâce à son action pionnière. Cette action implique dans un premier temps une liaison de cette protéine à certains sites d’hétérochromatine et, par la suite, le remodelage de cette hétérochromatine en euchromatine. Le remodelage de l’épigénome par Pax7 permet au facteur de transcription Tpit d’entrainer l’activation du transcriptome mélanotrope par opposition au destin hypophysaire corticotrope entraîné par Tpit en l’absence de Pax7. Pour étudier l’action pionnière de Pax7, différents membres du laboratoire Drouin ont utilisé un modèle de cellules corticotropes. L’expression ectopique du facteur pionnier Pax7 dans ces cellules permet leur transition d’un phénotype corticotrope à mélanotrope. En plus de l’isoforme prédominante de Pax7 exprimée dans hypophyse avec lequel les travaux de Budry et Mayran ont étaient faits, il existe trois autres isoformes de Pax7 qui diffèrent par quelques acides aminés (Q et GL) dans le domaine PAIRED liant l’ADN. Nous voulions savoir quels étaient les domaines protéiques de Pax7 impliqués pour son activité pionnière. Nous avons d’abord étudié les propriétés des différents isoformes naturelles de Pax7 présentant des variations dans le domaine PAIRED que ce soient pour leurs capacités de facteur transcription ou de facteur pionnier dans un modèle de cellules de corticotrope. Nous avons constaté que les quatre isoformes de Pax7, ainsi que Pax3, le facteur le plus homologue à Pax7 dans la famille Pax, présentent une capacité similaire à lier la chromatine fermée. Cependant, Pax3 et les isoformes de Pax7 (GL+) sont incapables d’ouvrir la chromatine sur un sous-groupe d’enhancers pionniers nécessaire à l’activation du transcriptome mélanotrope. Par la suite, par analyse structure-fonction, nous avons identifié une région de Pax7 importante pour sa liaison à soixante pour cent des sites présents dans l’hétérochromatine qui sont ciblés par l’action pionnière et une région importante pour l’ouverture de chromatine aux sites des pionniers sensibles à la variation GL. Collectivement, nos données ont montré que les acides aminés GL dans le domaine PAIRED en N-terminal et la partie C-terminale de la protéine Pax7 sont critiques pour l’ouverture de la chromatine à des enhancers spécifiques présents dans l’hétérochromatine dont l’activation est nécessaire au destin mélanotrope. D’autre part, les analyses de structure-fonctions nous ont permis d’identifier une région critique de Pax7 nécessaire à son interaction avec l’hétérochromatine sur ces même enhancers. / In the pituitary, Pax7 specifies the intermediate lobe state through a pioneer factor action that involves the binding of this protein to certain heterochromatin sites and, subsequently, the remodeling of this heterochromatin into euchromatin. Epigenome remodeling by Pax7 thus allows the transcription factor Tpit to determine the melanotrope fate as opposed to the corticotrope pituitary fate that is driven by Tpit in absence of Pax7. To study the pioneering action of Pax7, Budry et al, and Mayran et al, used a model of corticotrope cells which, following the expression of Pax7, transit from a corticotrope phenotype to melanotic phenotype thanks to its pioneering action. In addition to the predominant Pax7 isoform expressed in pituitary with which the work of Budry and Mayran were done, there are three other Pax7 isoforms that differ by a few amino acids (Q and GL) in the DNA-binding paired domain. We wanted to know what protein domains of Pax7 was involved in its pioneering activity. We have investigated the properties of the different Pax7 isoforms with respect to their transcriptional and pioneer capabilities in a model of corticotrope cells. We found that all four Pax7 isoforms together with the closely related factor Pax3, exhibit a similar ability to bind closed chromatin. However, Pax3 and the isoforms of Pax7 (GL+) failed to open the chromatin at a subset of enhancer necessary to activate the melanotrope transcriptome. In addition, we have identified by structure-function analysis a region of Pax7 that appears important for Pax7 binding at 60 percent of heterochromatin sites that are targeted for pioneering and one region important for chromatin opening to the pioneer sites GL-sensible. Collectively, our data suggest that the amino acids GL in the paired domain and the C-terminal part are critical for the chromatin opening to heterochromatin sites necessary to melanotrope transcriptome. On the other hand, structure-functions analyses allowed us to identify a critical region of Pax7 required for the interaction with heterochromatin on these same enhancers.
25

Importance des deux domaines de liaison à l’ADN pour l’action pionnière du facteur Pax7

Pelletier, Audrey 04 1900 (has links)
Durant le développement embryonnaire, une seule cellule, le zygote, est à l’origine de la formation de tous les types de cellules de l’organisme. L’information génétique nécessaire au destin d’une cellule y est gardé dans la chromatine condensée, d’abord inaccessible, et se déploie progressivement au moment opportun de la différenciation cellulaire grâce à des facteurs pionniers. Les facteurs de transcription pionniers sont des acteurs clés des cascades génétiques et épigénétiques déterminant le destin cellulaire. Les facteurs pionniers ont la propriété unique de reconnaître leurs cibles dans la chromatine fermée. Leur action permet d’augmenter l’accessibilité à un répertoire d’enhancers spécifique à un destin cellulaire, ouvrant la voie aux autres facteurs de transcription. Les aspects entourant la reconnaissance initiale des facteurs pionniers à leurs cibles dans la chromatine fermée sont mal compris. Dans l’hypophyse, le facteur pionnier Pax7 est spécifique aux cellules du lobe intermédiaire et met en place le programme génétique mélanotrope. Pour se faire, Pax7 repère les régions régulatrices clé de l’identité mélanotrope dans la chromatine fermée, afin d’accroître l’accessibilité à l’ADN permettant la liaison d’autres facteurs non-pionniers. Pax7 possède deux domaines de liaison à l’ADN, le domaine paired (PD) et l’homéodomaine (HD), chacun liant un motif de séquence caractéristique. De plus, une séquence cible composite, formé de la juxtaposition des motifs reconnus par PD et HD, est enrichie aux sites pionniers de Pax7. Dans le but de définir les propriétés de liaison à l’ADN de Pax7, nous avons caractérisé les interactions de Pax7 avec ses différentes séquences cibles. Nous avons démontré par des expériences de liaison à l’ADN in vitro (retard sur gel) que l’interaction de Pax7 avec le motif composite est d’affinité supérieure et sous forme de monomère où le PD est principalement impliqué. Comme les sites cibles de Pax7 dans l’hétérochromatine sont marqués par la méthylation de l’ADN, nous avons montré que la méthylcytosine dans le motif de liaison n’interfère pas avec la liaison à l’ADN par Pax7. De plus, des mutations ponctuelles aux domaines de liaison à l’ADN de Pax7 ont montré que les deux domaines de liaison à l’ADN sont nécessaires pour le recrutement aux sites dans la chromatine fermée, a fortiori pour l’ouverture de la chromatine. Des études antérieures ayant identifié des transcrits alternatifs de Pax7, nous avons étudié l’impact fonctionnel des variants Pax7. Les quatre isoformes Pax7 comportent des résidus d’acides aminés alternatifs au niveau du PD : elles ont des propriétés de liaison à l’ADN in vitro ainsi qu’un potentiel de transactivation très similaires. Bien que les isoformes de Pax7 aient des activités pionnières variables, leur action différentielle n’est pas dû à leurs propriétés intrinsèques de liaison à l’ADN ou de transactivation. Nos travaux ont identifié les particularités de Pax7 par rapport à d’autres facteurs pionniers dans les mécanismes de reconnaissance des sites dans l’hétérochromatine. Ainsi, les enhancers sujet à l’action pionnière de Pax7 contiennent typiquement plus de motifs cibles que les cibles d’action transcriptionnelle et l’action pionnière de Pax7 un recrutement fort aux sites pionniers ; de plus, les deux domaines de liaison à l’ADN intacts sont essentiels pour ce recrutement et l’action pionnière. Nos travaux ont défini les paramètres requis pour le reprogrammage cellulaire par un pionnier, Pax7, tout particulièrement en regard des sites de recrutement dans la chromatine fermée. La reprogrammation de cellules souches pour la production de cellules différenciées présente un potentiel thérapeutique unique en médecine régénérative et nos travaux supportent le rôle critique des pionniers dans ce contexte. / During embryonic development, a single cell, the zygote, is responsible for the formation of all cell types in the body. The genetic information necessary for cell fates is stored there in condensed chromatin, initially inaccessible, and is gradually deployed at the opportune moment of cell differentiation by the pioneer factors. Pioneer transcription factors are key determinants in the genetic and epigenetic cascades leading to cell fate. Pioneer factors have the unique property of recognizing their DNA targets in closed chromatin. Their action provides accessibility to a repertoire of enhancers specific to a cell fate, opening the way for other transcription factors. We poorly understand initial recognition of pioneer factors at their targets in closed chromatin. In the pituitary gland, the pioneer factor Pax7 is specific to the intermediate lobe and implements the melanotrope genetic program. To do so, Pax7 identifies key regulatory regions of melanotrope identity in closed chromatin to provide DNA accessibility allowing the binding of other non-pioneer factors. Pax7 has two DNA binding domains (DBD), the paired domain (PD) and the homeodomain (HD), each binding a characteristic sequence motif. In addition, a composite target sequence, formed from the juxtaposition of PD and HD motifs, is enriched at the pioneer sites of Pax7. In order to define the DNA binding properties of the pioneer factor Pax7, we characterized the interactions of Pax7 with its different target sequences. We have demonstrated by in vitro DNA binding experiments (gel shift) that the interaction of Pax7 with the composite motif is of higher affinity and as a monomeric form in which the PD is primarily involved. As Pax7 target sites in heterochromatin are marked by DNA methylation, we showed that methylcytosine within the binding motif does not interfere with Pax7 DNA binding. Using point mutations in the Pax7 DBDs, we showed that both DBDs are required for the recruitment to sites in closed chromatin, furthermore for chromatin opening. Since previous studies identified alternative Pax7 transcripts, we investigated the functional impact of Pax7 variants. The four Pax7 isoforms contain alternative amino acid residues in the PD: they have similar in vitro DNA binding properties and transactivation potential. Although Pax7 isoforms have varying pioneering activities, their differential action is not due to their intrinsic DNA-binding or transactivation properties. Our work has identified the particularities of Pax7 compared to other pioneering factors in the mechanisms of site recognition in heterochromatin. Thus, the enhancers subject to the pioneer action of Pax7 typically contain more target motifs than the targets of transcriptional action and the pioneer action of Pax7 a strong recruitment to the pioneer sites; moreover, the two intact DNA-binding domains are essential for this recruitment and pioneering action. Our work has defined the parameters required for cellular reprogramming by a pioneer, Pax7, particularly with regard to recruitment to sites in closed chromatin. The reprogramming of stem cells for the production of differentiated cells has unique therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine and our work supports the critical role of pioneers in this context.
26

Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Development And Differentiation by <i>Ski</i>

Zhang, Hong January 2009 (has links)
No description available.

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