Syftet: Med arbetet är att utreda en fastighets klimatskal och energiförbrukning med hjälp av energibalansberäkningar. Målet: med rapporten är att upplysa hur fastighetens energiförbrukning kan beskrivas utifrån transmission och ventialtionsberäkningar. Avgränsning: avgränsning till att beräkna energibalanser till en fastighet som består av 46 lägenheter och nästan alla beräkningar är manuella, där energiförbrukningen beräknas. Detta ger en bra överblick över vad som behövs förbättras i dessa lägenheter. Teori: Information om fatigheten samlades in vid ett platsbesök där både in- och utsida undersöktes samt via samtal med företaget PEPA som byggde fastigheten. En ytterligare undersökning gjordes där information om området, byggår, tidigare års energideklarationer och energiberäkningar insamlades samt vilka energibesparingsåtgärder som gjorts i dagsläget. Med hjälp av litteratur, webbaserade källor och artiklar har arbetat granskat och bearbetat till ett sakligt slutresultat. Metod: En studie av litteratur undersökning i ämnet har utförts för att hitta relevant och nödvändig information inom området. För att undersöka fastighetens energianvändning, uppvärmning och konstruktion så har ett flertal fastighetsbesök gjorts. Utförande: Har undersöks fastighetens energiförbrukning och med hjälp av energibalansförbrukningen upplysas fastighetens elanvändning, fjärrvärme, tappvarmvatten, transmissionsförluster och ventilationsförluster etc. Denna studie har gjorts för att utreda investeringskostnader för solceller på fasader och på taket på en byggnad. Dessutom har studien utförs för att se om dessa bidrar till att minska fastighetens årskostnader och energiförbrukning under ett år. Resultat: I resultatdelen visas transmissionsförluster med ett värde på 330 MWh/år och köldbryggor som är 20 % av totala transmissionsförluster. Medan ventilationsförluster är 270 MWh, där luftläckage är 379 W/C. Sammanställningen av U-värde för transmissionsförluster är 0,35 W/m2. C och boverkets krav 0,4 W/m2.C, detta innebär att U-värde uppfyller boverkets krav. Värmeenergi behovet till fastigheten är 647 MWh, medan värmeeffektbehov är 228 kW, där energianvändningen och gränsvärde är 103 kWh/m2.år Diskussion: Syftet med arbetet var att studera och titta närmare på vilka energieffektiviserande åtgärder som finns till huset och vilka åtgärder som kan ge ett bra resultat, för att minska energi förbrukningen och ge besparing. Undersökningen har utförts genom manuella beräkningar, via samtal med personal från HSB på plats i Östersund och Sundsvall. Undersökningen har även utförts genom att samla in alla byggnadsritningar, genom kurslitteratur, Boverket, ISO standard samt genom diskussioner med företag som PEAB som har bidragit med viktig information. Ett schablonblad som erhölls av HSB har används vid beräkningar som exempelvis till dörrar, fönster, ytterdörrar, balkonger samt köldbryggor Slutsats: Transmissionsberäkningarna visar att värmegenomgångskoefficienten har ett rimligt värde, vilket är bra i jämförelse med boverkets krav på 0,4 W/m²·K. Vidare visas det i rapporten att ventilationen som används i fastigheten är bra, då FTX system används och värmeåtervinning sker. En annan åtgärd i rapporten, är en beräkning som visar en sänkning av inomhus temperaturen och är på så sätt lönsam. Den sista åtgärden som har utförts är snålspolande kranar som visar ett bra reslutat på en besparing året runt. Solcellernas beräkningar visar två olika resultat, de som är belägna på taket har en livslängd på 12 år och är mer rimlig än de som är på fasaden som har livslängd på 30 år. / The purpose of the work is to investigate real estate climate scale and energy consumption using energy balance calculations. The goal of the report is to disclose how the energy consumption of the building can be described by transmission, air leakage and ventilation calculations. And where you make an energy balance calculations to the real estate. The work delimited to calculate energy balances for a house consisting of 46 apartments and almost all calculations are manual calculations where energy consumption is calculated which gives a good overview of what is needed to improve in apartments. Information about the real estate was collected at a site visit where both inside and outside were investigated as well as conversations with the company PEPA that built the property. A further survey has been made where information about the area, year of construction, previous year's energy declarations and energy calculations was collected, as well as what energy saving measures have been taken today. With the help of literature, web-based sources and articles have been reviewed and processed into a true final result. Method: A study of literature research on the subject has been conducted to find relevant and necessary information in the field. To investigate the energy use, heating and construction of the property, several property visits have been made. This study has been conducted to investigate investment costs for solar on facades and on roofs of a building. In addition, the study has been conducted to see if these contribute to reducing the property's annual costs and energy consumption over an entire year. Results: Transmission losses are 330 MWh and cold bridges”köldbryggor” which are 20% of total transmission losses. While ventilation losses are 270 MWh, where air leakage is 379 W / C. Compilation of U value for transmission losses is 0.35 W/m2.C and energy agency requirements 0.4 W / m2.C, which means that the U value meets the requirements of the building. Heat energy the need for the property is 647 MWh, while the heat power requirement is 228 kW and energy consumption and limit value is 103 kWh / m2, year.   Discussion: The purpose of the work was to study and look into what energy efficiency measures are available to the house and what measures can provide a good result, to reduce energy consumption and save savings. The survey has been carried out through manual calculations, via talks with HSB staff in place in Östersund and Sundsvall. The survey has also been carried out by collecting all building drawings, through literature and the Boverket, ISO standard and through discussions with companies such as PEAB that have contributed with important information. Conclusion: The transmission calculations show that the heat transfer coefficient is a reasonable value, which is a good in comparison with the requirements of 0.4 W / m². K. Furthermore, the report shows that the ventilation used in the property is good when using FTX systems and heat recovery takes place. Another measure calculation performed in the report is a decrease in indoor temperature, which proves to be profitable. The last measure that has been carried out in the report is the fast-moving cranes that show a good deal of savings all year round. Sun cells calculations show two different results the first one sun cells those located on the roof have a life span of 12 years and are more reasonable while the another one those on the facade that have a life span of 30 years.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data.</p><p>From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security.</p><p>The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.”</p><p>The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI.</p><p>The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations.</p><p>The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps:</p><p>1. Understand main rationale for the security investment</p><p>2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics)</p><p>4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals</p><p>DISCLAIMER</p><p>This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.</p>

Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

The purpose of this thesis is to present an approach for good practice with regards to using cost benefit analysis (CBA) as a value-adding activity in the information security investment process for large enterprises. The approach is supported by empirical data. From a MIO model perspective, this report is focused on the phase of strategic choices regarding organization, i.e. trying to find optimal investments for efficient operations. To assess, improve and monitor the operational effectiveness and management’s internal control environment is essential in today’s business execution. Executive management and boards are increasingly looking for an information security governance framework that encompasses information technology and information security: a single framework through which all information assets and activities within the organisation can be governed, to provide the optimum capability for meeting the organisation’s objectives, in terms of functionality and security. The investment decision is one of the most visible and controversial key decisions in an enterprise. Some projects are approved, others are bounced, and the rest enter the organisational equivalent of suspended animation with the dreaded request from the decision makers to “redo the business case” or “provide more information.” The concept of cost benefit analyses of information security helps management to make decisions on which initiatives to fund with how much, as there needs to be an approach for measuring and comparing different alternatives and how they meet business objectives of the enterprise. Non-financial metrics are identified using different approaches: governance effectiveness, risk analysis, business case analysis or game theory. The financial performance metrics are driven by the main value disciplines of an enterprise. These lead to the use of formulas enabling the measurement of asset utilisation, profit or growth: ROI (ROIC), NPV, IRR (MIRR), FCF, DCF, Payback Period, TCO, TBO, EVA, and ROSI. The author shows research in the field of good corporate governance and the investment approval process, as well as case studies from two multinational enterprises. The case from Motorola demonstrates how IT governance principles are equally applicable to information security governance, while the case from Ericsson demonstrates how an information security investment decision can be supported by performing a cost benefit analysis using traditional marketing approaches of business case analysis (BCA) and standard financial calculations. The suggested good practice presented in this thesis is summarised in four steps: 1. Understand main rationale for the security investment 2. Identify stakeholders and strategic goals 3. Perform Cost Benefit Analysis (non-financial and financial performance metrics) 4. Validate that the results are relevant to stakeholders and strategic goals DISCLAIMER This report is intended for academic training only and should not be used for any other purposes. The contents are not to be considered legal or otherwise professional advice. No liability is taken, whatsoever, by the author.

Kiribati, a small and low lying island country located on the equator, is vulnerable to impact of Global Warming. In response, Kiribati¡¦s Government continues and remains firm to fight the increase of pollution gases. Rather than just fighting using words, Kiribati seriously takes into consideration issues which promote the use of clean energy in all aspects. .This thesis emphasizes the use of large scale photovoltaic (PV) installation as a clean energy source that may help contribute in the total energy demand for this island. Here, a large photovoltaic generation system as a Distribution Generation (DG) to feed main utility network (i.e. PUB) on the island, assumed to be constructed in the National Main Stadium (NMS) at Betio Town as the DG Interconnection site, is analyzed. This PVGS has been investigated from two different perspectives: 1) Independent Power Producer (IPP) point of view, which is the design of the selling price of PV power generation and 2) Utility point of view, which is the design of saving costs incurred from PVGS contribution. PV power generation is simulated according to the hourly solar irradiation and temperature provided by the Weather Office in Kiribati. The cash flow of annual power generation, the operation and maintenance costs and the capital investment cost of the PVGS are then used to derive the payback time (PBT) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for the PVGS under different selling price of PV power generation. The voltage variation and the system losses of the distribution feeder, which serves the National Stadium, are also evaluated by executing the load flow analysis for the impact analysis of the PVGS. Results indicate that the reduction of voltage variation and system¡¦s losses can be obtained with the PVGS installed to provide the dispersed generation for the local loads. However, the PVGS penetration is limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent PV power generation. The selling price of PV generation has to be designed according to the conditions of solar irradiation and temperature so that sufficient incentives can be provided.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos decentralizuoto (paskirstytojo) generavimo ir atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių panaudojimo sprendimai, aprūpinant pastatą įvairia energija – šiluma, vėsa, karštu vandeniu, elektra. Energija aprūpinama panaudojant tokius įrenginius – kogeneratorių, kompresorinę ir absorbcinę šaldymo mašinas, saulės kolektorius, dujinį katilą. Apibūdinami pasirinkti įrenginiai, jų veikimo principai, savybės, atskleidžiami jų privalumai ir trūkumai. Parengiamos trys alternatyvių variantų principinės energijos sistemų schemos, suformuotos iš minėtų įrenginių derinių. Pristatomi šių alternatyvių įvairios eneregijos gaminimo variantų galios ir energijos kiekių rodikliai. Parenkamas optimalus naujų technologijų derinys. Alternatyvių variantų ekonominis pagrįstumas įvertinamas, parenkant optimalų energijos generatorių derinį atsižvelgiant į jų bendrą atsiperkamumą. Apibendrinus teorines žinias ir gautus skaičiavimo rezultatus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, teorin�� dalis, analizinė dalis, ekonominė dalis, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 61 psl. teksto be priedų, 34 iliustr., 11 lent., 46 literatūros šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Solutions of decentralized (distributed) production and application of renewable energy sources in the case of different energy - like heating, cooling, hot water, electricity - supply for a building were analyzed in the final master thesis work. Energy supply sources are cogenerator, compressor and absorption cooling machines, solar collectors, gas boiler. Selected devices, their principles of work, characteristics, their advantages and disadvantages were described. Three schemes of principal energy system alternative were described, using combinations of devices mentioned above. Power and energy amount indexes of different energy generating alternatives were specified. The optimal combinations of new technologies were selected. After the optimal combination of energy generating system was done, economical validity of alternatives were estimated taking into account their total payback time. After theory and received results were summarized, the conclusions and suggestions were presented in the end of the final master work. Work consists of 6 parts: introduction, theory, analysis part, economical part, conclusions and suggestions, literature source. Size of Work: 61 pages of text excluding the appendixes, 34 pictures, 11 tables, 46 literature sources. Appendixes of the work are attached separately.

Today, a large proportion of the world's plenteous offshore natural gas resource are stranded, flared or re-injected due to constraints pertaining to its utilisation. The major constraint in the utilisation of this resource is linked to its properties, which makes it difficult to transport or store. Although the resource presents an excellent opportunity for the Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) technology (process for converting natural gas into high energy liquid fuels with qualities that surpass the most stringent current and future clean-fuel requirements), the further processing of this resource is still impeded by high cost of transportation. However, it is believed that the emerging Floating GTL concept could offer superb opportunities to bring such offshore stranded natural gas reserves to markets by converting the gas into high quality liquid fuels, at the production sites, before it is transported using conventional oil tankers or vessels. But the question is: can this venture be profitable or economically viable? In response, an Economic Model (the EV Model) to review the economic viability of the Floating GTL option was developed. Analyses on technical and economical aspects of the floating GTL application offshore are presented with case studies on Syntroleum's and Statoil's floating GTL designs. Profitability analyses were conducted using the EV model to evaluate economic parameters such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted PayBack Period (DPBP), Profitability index (PI), Break-Even Analysis (BEA) and Scale Economies for some assumed case scenarios involving both designs. In addition, sensitivity analyses were also carried out to find the most sensitive parameters which affect the viability of the floating GTL option. The economic analyses revealed that, a modest feedstock cost (~0 - $3/MSCF), high crude oil price (that stays above $30 per barrel) and reduction trend in capital expenditure (for stand alone Floating GTL plant) up to $20,00O/BPD or lower in the next few years, will open windows for the floating GTL concept. Finally, the energy policy needed to achieve the capitalisation of the plenteous offshore stranded gas resource via floating GTL is also discussed. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Submitted by Rafael dos Santos (rafasantos01@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-11T13:22:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AVALIAÇÃO TÉCNICO-ECONÔMICA DO BRANQUEAMENTO SEGUNDO A SEQUÊNCIA ADP_VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 2700905 bytes, checksum: 60e71eaa2391df1196b6055786ca2bd3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-14T13:32:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_r_dr_guara.pdf: 2700905 bytes, checksum: 60e71eaa2391df1196b6055786ca2bd3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T13:32:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_r_dr_guara.pdf: 2700905 bytes, checksum: 60e71eaa2391df1196b6055786ca2bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Diferentes sequências e condições de branqueamento têm sido exploradas ao longo dos últimos anos, nos quais o processo em múltiplos estágios tornou-se prática comum nas indústrias. A produção de celulose como um todo é uma atividade industrial que requer alto investimento e produz grande impacto ambiental. Sendo assim, alternativas que auxiliem na sua realização de forma socialmente responsável, economicamente viável e ambientalmente correta são de grande interesse. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade técnicoeconômica de uma nova sequência de branqueamento sob condições diferenciadas, em relação às comumente empregadas nas empresas do setor de celulose e papel. Para tanto, uma sequência de branqueamento utilizada em uma indústria do setor foi tomada como referência, sendo os estudos a priori conduzidos em laboratório com finalidade de ser possivelmente implementados em escala industrial. Os estágios que compõem a sequência proposta neste estudo são uma hidrólise ácida a quente (AHT), uma dioxidação (D) e uma peroxidação (P), ao passo que os estágios que compõem a sequência referência são uma hidrólise ácida a quente seguida de dioxidação (AHT/D), uma extração alcalina oxidativa com peróxido de hidrogênio (E+P) e uma dioxidação (D). Os branqueamentos foram conduzidos baseados nas condições industriais praticadas pela empresa parceira, bem como pelas condições descritas pela sequência proposta. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de valor presente líquido e payback como ferramentas de auxílio à tomada de decisão para a análise de viabilidade econômica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a potencialidade do uso da tecnologia de branqueamento ADP, uma vez que a sequência descrita por esta tecnologia produziu polpa branqueada de qualidade similar à obtida pela sequência referência. A sequência proposta mostrou-se ainda mais econômica, principalmente no que tange a demanda por dióxido de cloro, principal reagente utilizado em fábricas que trabalham sob a premissa de branqueamento livre de cloro elementar (ECF). A polpa branqueada pela sequência ADP apresentou melhores resultados quanto à estabilidade da alvura do que a polpa branqueada pela sequência AHT/D(E+P)D. Do ponto de vista econômico, a implementação desta nova tecnologia de branqueamento em três estágios a nível industrial é completamente viável, sendo os seus resultados de viabilidade econômica destacadamente favoráveis à sua utilização. / Different bleaching sequences and conditions have been explored along the last years, in which the process in multiple stages has become common practice at the mills. The pulp production is an industrial activity that requires high investments and promotes a great environmental impact. Hence, alternatives which help its accomplishment in a responsible social way, economically feasible and environmentally correct are quite desirable. This study aimed to evaluate the technical-economic feasibility of a novel bleaching sequence under differential conditions, in relation to those commonly applied in pulp and paper mills. Therefore, a bleaching sequence used in a mill has been taken as reference, being the studies a priori carried out in laboratory with the intention of being possibly implemented in industrial scale. The stages that make part of the sequence proposed in this study are hot acidic hydrolysis (AHT), dioxide stage (D) and peroxide stage (P), while the stages that make part of the reference sequence are hot acidic hydrolysis followed by a dioxide stage (AHT/D), oxidative alkaline extraction with hydrogen peroxide (E+P) and a dioxide stage (D). The bleaching processes were carried out based on industrial conditions practiced by the partner company, as well as by the conditions described by the proposed sequence. Net present value and payback techniques were used as making-decision supporting tools in the economic feasibility analysis. The obtained results show the potentiality of the ADP bleaching technology usage, once the sequence described by this technology produced bleached pulp of similar quality to the reference sequence. The proposed sequence is also more economic, mainly regarding the chlorine dioxide demand, the main reagent used in mills that work under the premise of elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching. Pulp bleached by ADP sequence presented better results regarding brightness stability than pulp bleached by A/D(E+P)D sequence. Over economic point of view, the implementation of this novel bleaching technology in three stages at industrial level is completely feasible, being its results of economic feasibility quite favorable to its utilization.

Sammanfattning 2017 års medelpris för el hamnade på cirka 30 öre per kWh. Det är åtta procent högre än för 2016 och hela 32 procent högre än 2015, då elpriset var väldigt lågt. 2017 års elpris är det högsta sedan 2013. Fortsättningsvis spår Bixia låga elpriser de kommande åren vilket beror på utbyggnaden av förnybar energi och att kärnkraftverket Olkilouto 3 i Finland tas i drift. Bixia räknar med att den nordiska elmarknaden kommer att ha en förstärkt energibalans fram till 2019. Efter år 2019 kommer energibalansen att försvagas, beroende på stängningen av Ringhals 1 och 2 och ökad export av el ut från Norden, säger Martina Rosenberg på Bixia. En försvagad energibalans innebär en högre prisnivå. Projektet syftar till att kartlägga omfattningen av energiförluster, i ett privat hushåll, till följd av transmission och därefter göra en bedömning om energibesparingsåtgärder, i form av tilläggsisolering och fönsterbyte, skulle vara en ekonomisk lönsam investering. Genom minskad energianvändning ger dessa investeringar ett positivt tillskott i energibalansen och kan även bidra till en bättre inomhusmiljö.   Projektet följer en metod där kvalitativa experiment har utförts genom mätningar på klimatskärmen. Denna mätning har gjorts med hjälp av en termografikamera där bilder har detekterat otätheter i klimatskärmen, så kallade köldbryggor. Energiförluster, till följd av transmission, har sedan beräknats med handberäkningsmetoder och utförts för en rad olika storheter, exempelvis värmeledningsmotstånd och värmegenomgångskoefficienter. Utöver detta har den specifika klimatskärmen delats upp i flera sektioner respektive skikt för att strukturerade beräkningar skulle kunna utföras enligt den beräkningsgång detta projekt efterföljt.   Undersökningen visar att åtgärderna bidrar till omkring 4 gånger mindre energiförluster gällande energifönster och 2 gånger mindre för väggen jämfört med värdena före åtgärder. Återbetalningstiden är dock betydligt längre för energifönstren då detta är en betydligt mer kostsam investering. För PVC-fönster landar återbetalningstiden på ca 27 år och för aluminiumbeklädda träfönster är återbetalningstiden i detta fall över 40 år mot ca 20 år för tilläggsisoleringen. / Abstract The 2017 average electricity price ended at around 30 Swedish “öre” per kWh. It is eight percent higher than in 2016 and 32 percent higher than in 2015, when the price for the electricity was much lower. The 2017 electricity price is the highest since 2013. Continuingly, Bixia's low electricity prices predict the next few years, which is due to the expansion of renewable energy and that the Olkilouto 3 nuclear power plant are put into use in Finland.   Bixia expects the Nordic electricity market to have a strengthened energy balance until 2019. After 2019, energy balance will weaken due to the closure of Ringhals 1 and 2 and increased exports of electricity from the Nordic countries, says Martina Rosenberg from Bixia. A weakened energy balance means a higher price level.   The project intention is to mapping the extent of energy losses, in a private household, due to transmission and subsequently assessing energy saving measures, in the form of additional insulation and exchange of windows, would be a profitable investment. Through reduced energy consumption, these investments provide a positive boost to the energy balance and can also contribute to a better indoor environment.   The project follows a method where qualitative experiments have been carried out through measurements on the climate screen. This measurement has been done by using a thermographic camera where images have detected thermal unevennesses in the climate screen that is called cold bridges. Energy losses due to transmission have then been calculated by hand calculation methods and performed for a variety of quantities, such as heat conductivity resistors and thermal coefficients. In addition, the specific climate screen has been divided into several sections and layers, so that structured calculations could be performed according to the calculation process followed by this project.   The survey shows that the measures contribute to is about 4 times less energy losses on energy windows and 2 times less for the wall than the pre-measure values. However, the repayment time is significantly longer for the energy windows, as this is a significantly more costly investment. For PVC windows, the repayment period is approximately 27 years. For aluminum clad wood windows, the repayment period in this case is over 40 years to about 20 years for the additional insulation.

Linnéuniversitetet Sjöfartshögskolan i Kalmar Utbildningsprogram:                                                                          Drift- och underhållsteknik Arbetets omfattning:                                                                         Självständigt arbete om 15 HP Titel:                                                                     Kostnadsbesparing med avseende på energieffektiviserande åtgärder med avgränsning till fönsterbyte och tilläggsisolering. Författare:                                                                                             Fredrik Svensson och Johan Bengtsson Handledare:                                                                                          Henrik Wärnberg   Sammanfattning 2017 års medelpris för el hamnade på cirka 30 öre per kWh. Det är åtta procent högre än för 2016 och hela 32 procent högre än 2015, då elpriset var väldigt lågt. 2017 års elpris är det högsta sedan 2013. Fortsättningsvis spår Bixia låga elpriser de kommande åren vilket beror på utbyggnaden av förnybar energi och att kärnkraftverket Olkilouto 3 i Finland tas i drift. Bixia räknar med att den nordiska elmarknaden kommer att ha en förstärkt energibalans fram till 2019. Efter år 2019 kommer energibalansen att försvagas, beroende på stängningen av Ringhals 1 och 2 och ökad export av el ut från Norden, säger Martina Rosenberg på Bixia. En försvagad energibalans innebär en högre prisnivå. Projektet syftar till att kartlägga omfattningen av energiförluster, i ett privat hushåll, till följd av transmission och därefter göra en bedömning om energibesparingsåtgärder, i form av tilläggsisolering och fönsterbyte, skulle vara en ekonomisk lönsam investering. Genom minskad energianvändning ger dessa investeringar ett positivt tillskott i energibalansen och kan även bidra till en bättre inomhusmiljö.   Projektet följer en metod där kvalitativa experiment har utförts genom mätningar på klimatskärmen. Denna mätning har gjorts med hjälp av en termografikamera där bilder har detekterat otätheter i klimatskärmen, så kallade köldbryggor. Energiförluster, till följd av transmission, har sedan beräknats med handberäkningsmetoder och utförts för en rad olika storheter, exempelvis värmeledningsmotstånd och värmegenomgångskoefficienter. Utöver detta har den specifika klimatskärmen delats upp i flera sektioner respektive skikt för att strukturerade beräkningar skulle kunna utföras enligt den beräkningsgång detta projekt efterföljt.   Undersökningen visar att åtgärderna bidrar till omkring 4 gånger mindre energiförluster gällande energifönster och 2 gånger mindre för väggen jämfört med värdena före åtgärder. Återbetalningstiden är dock betydligt längre för energifönstren då detta är en betydligt mer kostsam investering. För PVC-fönster landar återbetalningstiden på ca 27 år och för aluminiumbeklädda träfönster är återbetalningstiden i detta fall över 40 år mot ca 20 år för tilläggsisoleringen. / Linnaeus University Kalmar Maritime AcademyEducation programs:                                          Operation and MaintenanceScope of work:                                                    Independent work of 15 HPTitle:                                                                          Cost savings with regard to energy efficiency                                          measures with delimitation of window change and additional insulationAuthor:                                                                Fredrik Svensson and Johan Bengtsson Supervisor:                                                          Henrik Wärnberg Abstract The 2017 average electricity price ended at around 30 Swedish “öre” per kWh. It is eight percent higher than in 2016 and 32 percent higher than in 2015, when the price for the electricity was much lower. The 2017 electricity price is the highest since 2013. Continuingly, Bixia's low electricity prices predict the next few years, which is due to the expansion of renewable energy and that the Olkilouto 3 nuclear power plant are put into use in Finland.   Bixia expects the Nordic electricity market to have a strengthened energy balance until 2019. After 2019, energy balance will weaken due to the closure of Ringhals 1 and 2 and increased exports of electricity from the Nordic countries, says Martina Rosenberg from Bixia. A weakened energy balance means a higher price level.   The project intention is to mapping the extent of energy losses, in a private household, due to transmission and subsequently assessing energy saving measures, in the form of additional insulation and exchange of windows, would be a profitable investment. Through reduced energy consumption, these investments provide a positive boost to the energy balance and can also contribute to a better indoor environment.   The project follows a method where qualitative experiments have been carried out through measurements on the climate screen. This measurement has been done by using a thermographic camera where images have detected thermal unevennesses in the climate screen that is called cold bridges. Energy losses due to transmission have then been calculated by hand calculation methods and performed for a variety of quantities, such as heat conductivity resistors and thermal coefficients. In addition, the specific climate screen has been divided into several sections and layers, so that structured calculations could be performed according to the calculation process followed by this project.   The survey shows that the measures contribute to is about 4 times less energy losses on energy windows and 2 times less for the wall than the pre-measure values. However, the repayment time is significantly longer for the energy windows, as this is a significantly more costly investment. For PVC windows, the repayment period is approximately 27 years. For aluminum clad wood windows, the repayment period in this case is over 40 years to about 20 years for the additional insulation.