A presente dissertação de mestrado analisa o papel da justiça de transição na busca pela paz na Guiné-Bissau, a partir do estudo dos mecanismos de justiça de transição existentes. Estudam-se os mecanismos existentes na busca pela paz e prestação de contas pelo passado de abusos e violações de direitos humanos e a escolha feita pela Guiné-Bissau pela operação de manutenção da paz, UNOGBIS constituída pela Organização das Nações Unidas. Nesses termos é apresentado o referêncial teórico necessário ao entendimento das questões propostas; é realizada a contextualização do país no continente africano e posteriormente é analisado o mecanismo das operações da paz, enquanto atividade de fortalecimento do processo de reconciliação nacional por meio da execução de projetos destinados a recompor as estruturas institucionais, a recuperar a infra-estrutura física e a ajudar na retomada da atividade econômica. / This dissertation examines the role of transitional justice in the search for peace in Guinea-Bissau, from the study of the mechanisms of transitional justice existent. It is studied the existing mechanisms in the search for peace and accountability for past abuses and violations of human rights. And also, the choice made by Guinea-Bissau for the peacekeeping operation, UNOGBIS formed by the United Nations. In these terms the theoretical reference is made to the understanding of the issues proposed; contextualization is held in the country on the African continent and it is later analyzed the mechanism of peace operations, while strengthening the activity of the national reconciliation process through the implementation of projects aimed recompose the institutional structures to regain physical infrastructure and help the recovery of economic activity.

O objetivo deste estudo exploratório descritivo é analisar a atuação das tropas brasileiras em operações de manutenção da paz empreendidas pela ONU sob a ótica dos parâmetros de excelência identificados nos relatórios oficiais emitidos pela Organização e na literatura existente sobre o tema. O estudo inclui uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica e documental que culminou na seleção de parâmetros de excelência os quais serviram de base para realizar a análise. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e de entrevistas estruturadas e analisados segundo técnicas de análise de conteúdo (categorização e validação). Os resultados mostram que as tropas brasileiras atuam em consonância com os parâmetros de excelência estabelecidos pela ONU e encontrados na literatura, ainda que tenham sido identificados alguns pontos passíveis de melhoria, o que demonstra o bom desempenho da atuação dos militares brasileiros em operações de manutenção da paz. / The target of this descriptive exploratory study is to analyze the performance of the Brazilian troops in United Nations\' Peacekeeping Operations according to the performance standards identified in the Organizations\' official reports and in the existing literature about the subject. This study includes a wide bibliographical and documental research that allowed to select performance standards that were used as reference to conduct the analysis. The data were collected through bibliographical and documental research and also through structured interviews and were analyzed according to content analysis techniques (categorization and validation). The results show that the Brazilian troops perform according to the performance standards established by the UN and found in the literature, although there have been identified a few points that could be improved, which demonstrates the good performance of the Brazilian troops in Peacekeeping Operations.

Although United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO) are said to protect humanitarian rights, peacekeepers are found to commit sexual assault, war crimes, and gross negligence. International legal immunities exempt peacekeepers and the UN from criminal liability and civil litigation. Whereas the literature on peacekeeper abuses conceptualizes the problem to be one of implementation of immunities, this thesis contends that such views are uncritical towards peacekeeping, immunity itself, and international society that organizes UNPKO. I theorize that the legal structures permitting such abuses (e.g. the UN Charter) render individuals expendable and hence objectified for the sake of international order. The argument presents a case study of the Srebrenica Massacre and ensuing legal cases to illustrate how immunities objectify individuals. Drawing on Agamben's theory of homo sacer, I introduce the term civis sacer to describe individuals excluded from international law with UNPKO immunities that objectifies them for the sake of maintaining international order. / Graduate / 0616

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The dissertation examines three military interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa which took place in the mid and late 1990s in Rwanda, the DRC and Lesotho. These interventions took place despite high expectations of international and regional peace on the part of most analysts after the collapse of cold war in 1989. However, interstate and intrastate conflicts re-emerged with more intensity than ever before, and sub-Saharan Africa proved to be no exception.The study sets out to analyse the motives and/or causes of military interventions in Rwanda in 1990, the DRC in 1996-7, and the DRC military rebellion and the Lesotho intervention in 1998. In analysing these interventions, the study borrows extensively from the work of dominant security theorists of international relations, predominantly realists who conceptualise international relations as a struggle for power and survival in the anarchic world. The purpose of this analysis is fourfold; firstly, to determine the reasons for military interventions and the extent to which these interventions were conducted on humanitarian grounds; secondly, to investigate the degree to which or not intervening countries were spurred by their national interests; thirdly, to assess the roles of international organisations like Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations, in facilitating these interventions; as well as to evaluate the role of parliaments of intervening countries in authorising or not these military interventions in terms of holding their Executives accountable. In this context, the analysis argues that the intervening countries; Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Chad, Namibia, Rwanda, Sudan, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe appeared to have used intervention as a realist foreign policy tool in the absence of authorisation from the United Nations and its subordinate bodies such as the OAU and SADC. / South Africa

Mgr. Naďa Holková: Finnish foreign policy during its membership in European Union, diploma thesis. Faculty of International Affairs, University of Economics, Department of International Studies of Ján Masaryk, supervisor: Ing. Zbyněk Dubský, PhD., level of professional qualification: Engineer (Ing.), Prague, 2012, 78 pp. The thesis analyses Finnish foreign policy during country's membership in European Union, that means since 1995. Its core consists of three main chapters. The first one is devoted to theoretical introduction of foreign policy, the second one presents Finnish foreign policy in Northern Europe and the third one analyses Finnish activities at multilateral level -- within European Union, and the cooperation with United Nations as well as with security organizations (NATO and OSCE). The main methods used in the text are analysis and synthesis. The actual information used in the thesis are from Finnish government sources. Finnish foreign policy is a proof that even a small and neutral state can be active abroad at the high level.

The master thesis analyses motivation of Canada and India to participate in peacekeeping operations and on the basis of the analysis evaluates whether their motivation is driven by national or ethical interest. Firstly, those two types of interest are defined as antipodes and subsequently operationalized into the analytical apparatus. Secondly, case studies of Canada and India are applied in this apparatus. Furthermore, their motivation is analyzed both on the level of particular peacekeeping operations and long term foreign policy.

United nations peacekeeping is a contentious issue. What is mostly agreed on though, is thatthe brave men and women around the world risking their lives in peacekeeping missions around the world deserve the best security and protection the international community can offer. However, little research has been focused on the reasons behind violence against peacekeepers. This thesis theorizes that the presence of a third-party military operation that threatens theoperational capabilities of rebel groups has the potential to cause an increase in rebel violenceagainst a United Nations Peacekeeping operation in the same conflict. Through examiningconflict dynamics in the cases of Mali and the Central African Republic utilizing of astructured, focused comparison, the hypothesized relationship and causal explanations wereput to the test. The expectation was that in Mali, the high levels of violence would be explainedby the effectiveness of the French counterinsurgency operation in the country. In the CentralAfrican Republic, the contrary was expected. However, the hypothesis could not be confirmed. Due to some rather large caveats and limitations, the research gap could not be satisfied. Nonetheless, the study creates plenty for avenues of future research, and opportunities to learnfrom the challenges encountered.

Since the first peacekeeping operation in 1948, the global security environment has changed and the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali - MINUSMA - established in 2013, has come to represent the emerging practice of deploying peacekeeping operations to asymmetric conflicts. Where there are on-going counter-terrorist operations, and no peace to keep. In 2014, the Swedish parliament passed a decision, that Sweden was to contribute with troops to MINUSMA, and nowadays, there is a political ambition for a long-term participation. Thus, the objective of this research is to examine the experiences of Swedish peacekeeping soldiers’ who have served in Mali by conducting a qualitative interview study. To better understand how they perceive and experience their service period and how the factors outlined in the ‘model of UN soldiers’ experience of their daily service’ influence it. The results from the interviews indicate that even though all soldiers’ has their own perception and experience of their service period, there are also many similarities, thus, a number of patterns were possible to discover. Further, all comments could somehow be linked to the service environment, which indicate that how the soldiers’ experience their service environment is dependent on the other factors outlined in the model. Due to Swedens long and well-established experience with peacekeeping operations, future studies could look at other peacekeeping missions.

Diploma thesis Side Effects of UN Peacekeeping Missions deals with negative sid e ef f e cts of UN peacekeeping operations. The work aims at showing the relation between certain factors and the emergence of the side eff ect s. To do so, four interpretative case studies are used in this thesis. The missions analysed in the case studies share some common characteristics (type of mandate, time period etc.) but differ in the essence of the si de e ff e cts that has been detected during their deployment. For the sid e eff e ct s of human trafficking the UN mission UNMIBH in Bosnia and Hercegovina was analysed, for sexual abuse it was the MONUC in DRC, for diamonds smuggling the UNAMSIL mission in Sierra Leone and for the collaboration with warlords the UNPROFOR in Bosnia and Hercegovina. The applied factors are divided between external (presence of the s id e ef f e cts, the stage of conflict and the efficiency of the central government) and internal (national composition of the mission, level of corruption among the TCC's and the existence of SOFA) and are considered within the context of each case study. This work proofs the relevance of this factors in regard to the emergence of the s id e eff ec ts of peacekeeping.

Bibliographic Record DANIEL, JAN. International Peacekeeping and Hybrid Order: UNIFIL II in South Lebanon. Prague, 2017. 257 p. Doctoral dissertation (Ph.D.) Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Political Studies. Thesis supervisor: JUDr. PhDr. Tomáš Karásek, Ph.D. Abstract The thesis explores an engagement of a UN peace operation with a local political order. It builds on understanding of peacekeeping as policing of certain vision of international and local order and on that basis, it explores practices and politics of keeping peace. Drawing on the study of UNIFIL II, the UN peacekeeping operation deployed in South Lebanon, the study focuses on practices by which peacekeepers perform their policing duties in the local order, which is marked by entanglements between state and non- state ordering authorities and different practice of stateness. By doing so, it seeks to advance the research on the everyday practices of peacekeeping, as well as the research on local hybridity of peace operations and engagement of liberal actors with the local difference. Drawing on the debates in critical peace studies and works on practice-oriented approaches to research on liberal governmentality, it makes the case for focusing on the peacekeepers' engagement with the 'local' order on the...