Swedish school today is a mixture of children who come from different countries and speak different languages. Due to conflicts and war raging in various parts of the world, the refugee stream of people seeking asylum in Sweden has put much pressure on the schools around the country. Studies show that immigrant children fall behind in the education and that students whose first language is not Swedish do not reach the knowledge requirements and goals for English to the same degree of success as other groups of students. The aim for this thesis was to investigate what teachers in a K-3 English classrooms in Sweden do to support immigrant students, and what can be found in previous research to explain such poor performance. The aim was also to explore what methods teachers report using and how these methods are connected to Lgr11 and previous research. The use of Swedish instead of the target language when teaching English seems to be dominating in the schools. Since research found shows that children tend to use their first language when learning additional languages, the use of Swedish becomes demanding and confusing for the immigrant students: they end up having to learn a new language in a new language.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The understanding of molecular geometry at the level of High School has been hampered by the lack of theoretical and methodological investment that leads to the conscious application of the chosen didactic resources. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of pedagogical resources, as physical and virtual molecular models, in the learning and development of visuospatial abilities associated to the notions of molecular geometry. The experimental research was conducted under the methodological pillars of Michèle Artigue's Classical Didactic Engineering (1989), which resulted in the conception, realization, observation and evaluation of a didactic sequence based on Cognitive Neuroscience, more specifically, in educational processes that suggest the efficient acquisition, consolidation and evocation of the Long-term Memory (LTM). In the neurosciences, theoretical support was sought from authors such as Kandel (2014), Gazzaniga et al. (2006) Izquierdo (2011) to study some characteristics of memory and external influences for its consolidation. In the educational field, the work of Cosenza and Guerra (2011) on emotion, attention and memory factors in school learning, as well as pedagogical principles based on scientific evidences from the fields of psychology, education and neuroscience presented by the Science of Learning Research Centre (Australia). Nine high school students who had already studied molecular geometry were submitted to a set of three activities over a period of one month and qualitatively assessed as to the memory traces related to the learning before and after the didactic intervention. The instruments for the data collection consisted of field diary and tests. The results showed that the multisensorial resources provided better engagement and contributed to the consolidation and evocation of episodic memories associated to the learning of chemical concepts within a meaningful context. The manipulation of physical molecular models contributed to the evaluation of students' errors, while the virtual models contributed to the perception and correction of errors. / A compreensão da geometria molecular, no nível do Ensino Médio, tem sido dificultada devido à falta de investimento teórico e metodológico que leve à aplicação consciente dos recursos didáticos escolhidos. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar os efeitos de recursos pedagógicos, como modelos moleculares físicos alternativos e virtuais (Realidade Aumentada), na aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de habilidades visuoespaciais associadas às noções de Geometria Molecular. Conduziu-se a investigação do tipo experimental sob os pilares metodológicos da Engenharia Didática Clássica de Michèle Artigue (1998), que resultou na concepção, realização, avaliação e validação de uma Sequência Didática fundamentada na Neurociência Cognitiva, mais especificamente, nos processos educativos que sugerem melhor aquisição, consolidação e evocação da Memória de Longo Prazo (MLP). No âmbito das neurociências, buscou-se respaldo teórico em autores como Kandel (2014), Gazzaniga et al. (2006) e Izquierdo (2011) para estudar algumas características da memória e influências externas para a sua consolidação. No campo educacional, inspirou-se no trabalho de Cosenza e Guerra (2011) acerca dos fatores “emoção”, “atenção” e “memória” na aprendizagem escolar, bem como em princípios educativos baseados em evidências científicas dos campos da psicologia cognitiva, educação e neurociência cognitiva apresentados pelo Science of Learning Research Centre (Austrália). Nove alunos do Ensino Médio que já haviam estudado Geometria Molecular participaram de um conjunto de três atividades ao longo de um mês e foram avaliados qualitativamente quanto aos traços de memória relativos à aprendizagem anterior e posterior à intervenção didática. Os instrumentos para a coleta dos dados consistiram de diário de campo e testes. Os resultados mostraram que os recursos multissensoriais proporcionaram melhor engajamento e facilitaram o processo de consolidação e evocação de memórias episódicas associadas à aprendizagem de conceitos químicos dentro de um contexto significativo. A manipulação de modelos moleculares físicos contribuiu para a avaliação dos erros dos alunos, enquanto os modelos virtuais contribuíram para a percepção e correção dos erros. / São Cristóvão, SE

Studies have shown elementary teachers may not be well prepared to use technology in their classrooms. This study examines one elementary teacher’s feelings of technology self-efficacy (TSE), needs and pedagogical strategies when using the interactive whiteboard (IWB) to teach elementary science. It employed a single case study design, where the researcher and participant worked together during supportive professional development (PD) sessions. Data sources are twelve PD sessions, the Computer Technology Integration Survey (adapted for IWB use in the classroom), and two interviews, three in-class observations of IWB science lessons, and three lesson debriefs. Descriptive and thematic analysis show the participant’s TSE was positively influenced by the PD. Five factors were determined to influence TSE: the participant’s level of interest, attitude, experience with technology, student assistance, and familiarity with the setting. Teacher, contextual and IWB- level needs were explained. Pedagogical strategies for technology use based on interactive IWB features are also discussed. Findings could contribute to current trends in teacher PD, continuing education, and preservice teaching programs related to science teaching. / Plusieurs enseignants ne sont pas bien préparés pour utiliser la technologie en classe. En particulier, le tableau blanc interactif (TBI) n’est pas utilisé de façon optimale par les enseignants lorsqu’ils enseignent les sciences et la technologie à l’élémentaire. Cette thèse présente l’étude de cas unique d’une enseignante de l’élémentaire ayant cheminé dans un processus de développement professionnel (DP) pour l’aider à intégrer le TBI en sciences et technologie. Douze sessions de DP, un questionnaire sur l’efficacité avec le TBI (CTIS adapté), deux entrevues, trois sessions d’observation en classe et trois discussions sur les leçons constituent les sources de données. La participante est devenue plus confiante pour utiliser le TBI suite au DP. Elle a rehaussé son sentiment d’autoefficacité et accru son intérêt et sa connaissance du TBI. Elle a acquis des compétences techniques et une connaissance des contenus d’enseignement adaptés au TBI, bien que plusieurs besoins perdurent. Certaines stratégies pédagogiques avec le TBI expérimentées en classe par l’enseignante sont discutées. Cette thèse peut contribuer à fournir des pistes pour aider les enseignants au primaire à mieux intégrer le TBI en sciences et technologie, que ce soit lors de leur formation initiale à l’enseignement ou en cours d’emploi.

Thèse par articles / Dans un contexte où les données probantes sont prisées en éducation, cette thèse en didactique du français rappelle la pertinence, pour la recherche et la pratique, de s’intéresser en premier lieu à ce que l’enseignante fait en classe de français. Quelles sont les stratégies pédagogiques utilisées par les enseignantes en classe de français au secondaire québécois qui participent au développement de la compétence scripturale des élèves? Pour répondre à cette question, trois objectifs de recherche spécifiques sont poursuivis dans cette thèse. Chaque objectif fait l’objet d’un article scientifique, qui s’intègre dans un devis séquentiel de méthodes mixtes (Creswell, Plano Clark, Gutmann et Hanson, 2003). Le premier article vise à identifier les stratégies pédagogiques utilisées en classe de français au secondaire québécois liées à l’écriture de meilleurs textes par les élèves. Il repose sur une analyse secondaire (Dale, 1993) de données collectées à grande échelle au secondaire québécois par le groupe DIEPE (1995) (analyses factorielles exploratoires et régressions multiples à deux niveaux). Le deuxième article vise à identifier les stratégies pédagogiques utilisées en classe de français au secondaire québécois qui, selon le savoir d’expérience (Tardif et Lessard, 1999) des enseignantes, participent particulièrement au développement de la compétence scripturale des élèves. Il repose sur un atelier délibératif (Dogba, Dossa et Dagenais, 2017), lors duquel six enseignantes d’expérience choisissent ensemble des stratégies pédagogiques développant particulièrement la compétence scripturale de leurs élèves. Le troisième article vise à décrire comment peuvent être utilisées en classe de français au secondaire québécois les stratégies pédagogiques retenues consensuellement à l’issue de l’atelier délibératif. Il repose sur l’analyse d’observations directes non participantes menées dans la classe d’une enseignante de français du secondaire québécois au moyen d’un synopsis (Blaser, 2007, 2009; Lord, 2012, 2014; Schneuwly et Dolz, 2009) et d’une grille d’analyse complémentaire qui repose sur les gestes didactiques fondamentaux de l’enseignante (Aeby Daghé et Dolz, 2008; Schneuwly, 2000, 2009; Schneuwly et Dolz, 2009). La mise en relation des résultats des trois articles nous conduit à discuter de leur complémentarité et de celle des méthodes employées ainsi qu’à souligner leurs implications pour la recherche et la pratique. Trois constats se dégagent. 1) Faire écrire les élèves permet aux enseignantes de français du secondaire québécois d’enseigner l’écriture, puisque cela leur permet d’utiliser plusieurs stratégies pédagogiques dans le but de développer la compétence scripturale de leurs élèves. 2) Pour développer la compétence scripturale des élèves, plusieurs stratégies pédagogiques peuvent être utilisées en classe, toutes de façons à la fois singulières et plurielles. Ces stratégies pédagogiques reposeraient toutes sur la mise à disposition de textes, que l’enseignante peut fournir aux élèves ou qu’elle peut leur faire écrire, et sur la mise en évidence des dimensions des objets de savoir à enseigner dans ces textes, bref sur des formes spécifiques des gestes didactiques fondamentaux présentifier et pointer (Schneuwly, 2000, 2009). 3) L’enseignante joue un rôle central pour développer la compétence scripturale des élèves en classe de français au secondaire québécois, par l’étayage et la diversification des stratégies pédagogiques. / In the context of evidence-based education, this thesis in French didactics stresses the relevance, for research and practice, of being primarily interested in what teachers do in French class. What are the pedagogical strategies used in class by French teachers within Quebec secondary schools that participate in developing students’ scriptural competence? To answer this question, three specific research objectives are pursued in this thesis. Each objective is the subject of a scientific article, which are all part of a sequential mixed methods research design (Creswell, Plano Clark, Gutmann and Hanson, 2003). The first article aims to identify the pedagogical strategies used in French class that relate to the writing of better texts by students in Quebec secondary schools. It is based on a secondary analysis (Dale, 1993) of large-scale data that were collected in Quebec secondary schools by the DIEPE group (1995) (exploratory factor analysis and two-level multiple regressions). The second article aims to identify the pedagogical strategies used in French class within Quebec secondary schools that specifically participate in developing students’ scriptural competence according to the teacher’s experience knowledge (Tardif and Lessard, 1999). It is based on a deliberative workshop (Dogba, Dossa and Dagenais, 2017), during which six experienced teachers together choose pedagogical strategies that specifically develop the scriptural competence of their students. The third article aims to describe how the pedagogical strategies elected at the end of the deliberative workshop can be used in French class within Quebec secondary schools. It is based on the analysis of direct nonparticipant observations that were conducted in the class of a French secondary school teacher in Quebec using a synopsis (Blaser, 2007, 2009; Lord, 2012, 2014; Schneuwly and Dolz, 2009) and a complementary analysis grid based on the teacher's fundamental didactic gestures (Aeby Daghé and Dolz, 2008; Schneuwly, 2000, 2009; Schneuwly and Dolz, 2009). The results of the three articles are then discussed to explore the complementarity of their results and methods, as well as to highlight their implications for research and practice. Three observations emerge. 1) Having students write allows French secondary school teachers in Quebec to teach writing, as it enables them to use several pedagogical strategies to develop their students’ scriptural competence. 2) To develop students’ scriptural competence, several teaching strategies can be used in class, in ways that are all simultaneously singular and plural. These pedagogical strategies may be based on the provision of texts that the teacher can show to students or that she can have them produce, and on highlighting the knowledge objects’ dimensions that ought to be taught in these texts, in short on specific forms of the fundamental didactic gestures of presentifying and pointing (Schneuwly, 2000, 2009). 3) The teacher plays a central role in developing the scriptural competence of students in French class within Quebec secondary schools, by scaffolding and diversifying pedagogical strategies.