A mortalidade decorrente de processos infecciosos em pacientes oncológicos, livres ou não de doença, ainda é alta. Teve-se como objetivo além da avaliação da mortalidade e das características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes pediátricos oncológicos infectados, admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) do Hospital A.C. Camargo no período de 1º de janeiro de 2004 a 31 de dezembro de 2008, avaliar a associação dessas características à mortalidade. Estudou-se 148 internações de 97 pacientes, sendo que 31 indivíduos foram internados mais de uma vez (1-6 internações por indivíduo). 52,6% da população era do sexo feminino, a idade média foi de aproximadamente 8 anos, 67% dos pacientes encontravam-se eutróficos na primeira internação e 50,5% das neoplasias eram leucemias (34/97) e linfomas (15/97). Dos pacientes com neoplasias hematológicas, 40,8% internaram mais de uma vez, enquanto 29,9% daqueles portadores de tumores sólidos tiveram internações repetidas. Foi utilizado teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para analisar a associação entre duas variáveis categóricas, teste t de Student para as variáveis contínuas e teste t de Student pareado para as associações dependentes. Empregou-se a regressão logística para calcular a Razão de Chances (Odds Ratio - OR) para as medidas de associação. Dos 97 pacientes, 17 morreram durante a internação na UTIP, ou seja, 11,5% das 148 internações evoluiram para óbito. Observou-se uma mortalidade maior no grupo de pacientes que tiveram mais de uma internação 32,3% (p=0,012), com chance de óbito de 4 em relação a quem internou apenas 1 vez (OR=4,01[IC95%:1,35 -11,90]). Também foi encontrada associação significativa entre estado hemodinâmico (choque séptico, sepse grave e sepse) à admissão na UTIP com evolução para alta e óbito (p=0,001). Quando o paciente apresentava choque na admissão o risco de óbito foi de 11 vezes em relação a quando não apresentava (OR=11,4[IC95%:2,5-51,9]). A variação na dosagem da proteína C reativa 24 horas pré-admissão e à admissão na UTI, também demonstrou associação estatisticamente significativa com a evolução para óbito (p= 0,029). Não houve associação entre sexo, doença de base, estado nutricional, intervalo de quimioterapia, contagem de neutrófilos, sítio de infecção, variação de frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, pressão arterial média e óbito. Esse trabalho demonstrou que existe uma associação entre estado hemodinâmico à admissão na UTIP e óbito, o que incita a realização de novos estudos para descoberta de fatores que possam prever a evolução de um quadro infeccioso para choque séptico e selecionar os pacientes que devam ser transferidos mais precocemente para UTIP a fim de aumentar a chance de sobrevida. / The mortality due to infectious processes in oncologic patients, with or not active disease, is still high. The objective of this study is evaluation of mortality and clinical and laboratory characteristics of pediatric oncology infected admitted to the Hospital AC Camargo\'s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the period from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2008, and association of these characteristics with mortality. One hundred and forty eight admissions in 97 patients were analyzed. Thirty one patients were hospitalized more than once (2-6 admissions per individual). 52.6% of the population was female, the average age was approximately 8 years, 67% of patients were eutrophic during the first hospitalization and 50.5% were leukemias (34/97) and lymphomas (15/97). Among patients with hematologic disease, 40.8% were hospitalized more than once, while 29.9% of those patients with solid tumors had repeated hospitalizations for infection during the study period. It was used the Pearson chi-square test to analyze the association between two categorical variables, Student t test for continuous variables, a variant of Student t test to measure the variation between two paired measurements from the same individual. Logistic regression was used to calculate Odds Ratio (OR) for measures of association. Among 97 patients, 17 died during hospitalization in PICU, ie 11.5% (17/148) of the admissions lead to death. A higher mortality in patients who had more than one hospitalization 32.3% (p = .012), with OR = 4.01 [95% CI: 1.35 -11.90] was observed. It was also found a significant association between hemodynamic status (septic shock, severe sepsis and septic) for admission to the PICU with evolution to discharge and death (p = 0.001). Septic shock and death were observed with a OR 11.4 [95%CI: 2 0.5 to 51, 9]. The variation of C-reactive protein dosage 24 hours pre-admission and admission to the ICU, also showed a significant association with progression to death (p = 0.029). There was no significant association between sex, underlying disease, nutritional status, interval of chemotherapy, neutrophil count, site of infection, changes in heart rate, respiratory rate variation, variation in medium blood pressure and death. This data demonstrates that there is an association between hemodynamic status on admission to the PICU and death, which encourages new studies to discover factors that might predict the course of an infection to septic shock and select patients who should be transferred earlier PICU in order to increase the chance of survival.

A pediatric intensivist in the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinic's (UIHC) Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) was concerned about antimicrobial use in the unit. However, no one had quantified antimicrobial use in the UIHC's PICU or described the patterns of antimicrobial use in this unit. To address the intensivist's concern, the principal investigator (PI) conducted a retrospective study to determine the percentage of patients who received antimicrobial treatments, to determine the indications for antimicrobial use, and to identify antimicrobial agents used most frequently in the unit. On basis of our data, we hypothesized that empiric antimicrobial use, particularly the duration of therapy, could be decreased. We implemented a six-month intervention during which we asked the pediatric intensivists to complete an antimicrobial assessment form (AA) to document their rationale for starting antimicrobial treatments. We postulated that this documentation process might remind physicians to review antimicrobial therapies, especially empiric therapies, when the microbiologic data became available. In addition, we utilized the AA form to identify factors pediatric intensivists considered when deciding to prescribe empiric antimicrobial treatments. Data from the AA forms suggested that pediatric intensivists in the UIHC's PICU often considered elevated C-reactive protein, elevated white blood cell counts, and elevated temperatures when deciding to start empiric antimicrobial therapy. Data from the three nested periods showed that the median duration of empiric and targeted treatments decreased during the intervention and remained stable during the post-intervention period. The PI estimated that 193 days of empiric antimicrobial therapy and 59 days of targeted antimicrobial therapy, respectively, may have been saved by the decreased durations of therapy. Time series analysis assessing the trend in use of piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, and ceftriaxone (measured in mg/wk) did not reveal a significant change over time. On the basis of our results, an intervention strategy using an AA form alone may not be an effective strategy for antimicrobial stewardship in PICUs. Additional measures such as automatic stop orders and computer decision support may be useful for reducing the duration of empiric therapy in PICUs.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Nurs.)--Edith Cowan University, 2009. / Submitted to the Faculty of Computing, Health and Science. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 105-117. Also available online.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1990.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1990.

Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess the impact of a continuous auditing process on nutritional support in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit. Design: Prospective, longitudinal audit initiated in 1994. Re-auditing took place almost every 2 years: 1994-1995, 1997-1998 and 2001, leading to completion of the audit cycle. Setting: An 8 bed Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in StMary's Hospital London. Subjects: All ventilated patients admitted for more than a complete 24-hour period were included in the audit. The units' standard daily fluid charts were used for data collection. Data was collected until discharge from PICU or a maximum of 10 days. Incomplete and imprecise data was disregarded during the data analysis process. Outcome measures and interventions: The outcome measures include time taken to initiate nutritional support, the route of feeding and delivery of calories by day 3, judged by the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for energy. Feeding algorithms and protocols introduced after each audit: nasogastric feeding algorithm following the 1994-1995 audit, blind nasojejunal tube insertion technique and related feeding algorithms after the audit in 1997-1998. Results: Time taken to initiate enteral feeding was reduced from 15 hours (1994- 1995) to 5.5 hours (2001). The proportion of parenterally fed patients fell from 11% (1994-1995) to 1% (200 1 ). The proportion of enterally fed patients via the nasojejunal route rose from 1% (1994-1995) to 20% (2001). An increase was noticed in patients reaching 50% and 70% of energy requirement by day 3 following admission was documented: 7% in1994-1995 to 35% in 2001 for 70% of EAR (p = 0.0008) and 18% in 1994-1995 to 58% in 2001 for 50% of EAR. (p< 0.0001) Conclusion: This audit process demonstrates the effectiveness of continuous auditing in an intensive care unit in improving the quality of nutritional support. This is possible only with a multi-disciplinary team approach. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Doel: Om die impak van 'n deurlopende ouditerings proses op die voedingsondersteuning in 'n tersi~re pediatriese intensiewesorg-eenheid te evalueer. · Studie Ontwerp: 'n Prospektiewe, longetudinale oudit is in 1994 geYnisieer. Herouditee·ring het ongeveer elke 2 jaar plaasgevind: 1994-1995, 1997-1998 en 2001. Dit het tot die voltooiing van 'n ouditering siklus gelei. Plek: 'n Agt-bed Pediatriese lntensiewesorgeenheid (PISE) in StMary's Hospitaal London, Engeland. Pasiente: Alle geventilleerde pasiente wat opgeneem was vir !anger as 'n volledige 24 uur-periode is by die oudit ingesluit. Die eenheid se standard daaglikse vogkaarte dokumentasie is gebruik vir data-insameling. Data-insameling het plaasgevind tot en met ontslag vanuit die PISE vir 'n maksimum van 10 dae. Onvolledige en onakkurate data is uitgesluit tydens die data analise proses. Uitkomste en Intervensie: Die uitkomste is gemeet deur die impak van die ouditerings proses te evalueer ten opsigte van tydsduur voordat daar voedings geYnisieer is, die voedingsroete en die hoeveelheid energie gelewer teen dag 3, vergelyk met die geskatte gemiddelde energie behoefte. Voedings-algoritmes en protokolle is geYmplementeer na elke oudit: nasogastriese voedings-algoritmes is na die 1994-1995 oudit geYmplimenteer, 'n blinde nasojejunale buisinplasingstegniek en I relevante voedings algoritmes het na die 1997-1998 oudit gevolg. Resultate: Die tydsduur om voedingondersteuning te inisieer het van 15 ure (1994- 1995) tot 5.5 ure (2001) verminder. Die persentasie pasiente wat parenterale voeding ontvang het, het gedaal van 11% (1994-1995) tot 1% (2001), met 'n toename in enterale voeding via die nasojejunale roete van 1 %(1994) tot 20% (2001). 'n Toename in pasiente wat meer as 50% en 70% van hul energie behoefte bereik het teen dag 3 is opgemerk: 7% in 1994-1995 en 35% in 2001 het meer as 70% van die geskatte gemiddelde behoefte vir energie ontvang. (p=0.0008) Agtien persent het in 1994-1995 en 58% in 2001 meer as 50% van hul gemiddelde energie behoeftes bereik (p < 0.0001). Gevolgtrekking: Hierdie ouditerings proses demonstreer die effektiewiteit van deurlopende ouditering in 'n intensiewesorg-eenheid deur die verbetering van die kwalitiet van voedingondersteuning. Dit is slegs moontlik met 'n multidissiplinere span benadering.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-16T13:54:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Gabriella Cézar dos Santos.pdf: 53943300 bytes, checksum: 8c47ede31c4e6c665d96c73d7b0f4317 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T20:50:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Gabriella Cézar dos Santos.pdf: 53943300 bytes, checksum: 8c47ede31c4e6c665d96c73d7b0f4317 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T20:50:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Gabriella Cézar dos Santos.pdf: 53943300 bytes, checksum: 8c47ede31c4e6c665d96c73d7b0f4317 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Pediatric palliative care is a health care approach, based on humanitarian and scientific principles, which proposes broad, multidisciplinary and active assistance in promoting quality of life, minimizing the pain and suffering of children with life-limiting or life-threatening diseases. The philosophy of palliative care benefits integral care, from the diagnosis on. It values the biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects, respecting life and death as natural processes, seeking to preserve the maximum of autonomy and dignity. This study aimed to understand the concepts and practices of health professionals working in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) on pediatric palliative care and dignified death. It was a cross- sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, with a quantitative qualitative approach. The field of investigation was the PICUs of three hospital institutions in the city of Campina Grande, in the state of Paraíba. Thirty health professionals from the staff of the PICUs participated in this study. The professionals were contacted by the criterion of accessibility and the total of participants was defined by the criterion of saturation. The instruments of data collection were a social demographic questionnaire to delineate the profile of the professionals, and a semi- structured interview with questions about the humanization of the care, about the concepts and practices of pediatric palliative care in PICUs, about the assistance provided for children with life-limiting or life-threatening conditions and in a reserved prognosis situation, about how professionals deal with the death of children in PICUs and about the possibility of a dignified death for children in hospital care. The social demographic data were evaluated through descriptive statistics and the interviews were analyzed through content analysis and the technique of enunciation analysis. To give better visibility to the results, we used the resource of sense association trees. The results were coupled into two categories: Concepts, practices, feasibility and limits of pediatric palliative care in PICUs; and Dealing with death in PICUs. Results showed that knowledge about the purposes, the comprehensiveness of the palliative approach, and the possibilities of action of the intensive staff in this field of care are insufficient. Some professionals know some of the principles and identify the demand. However, they stumble on institutional and cultural issues that make the dialogue and the accomplishment of pediatric palliative care difficult. Dying in the PICUs is preceded, for the most part, by measures that try to prolong the death process as much as possible. Dealing with death and the suffering of children are situations described as difficult. Most of the participants understand the pillars that give sustainability to the concept of a dignified death, although others are totally unaware of this. We expect that this study will contribute to the advancement of scientific literature on the Brazilian reality regarding palliative care and the humanization of death in the pediatric context. This research can stimulate reflections, enhance discussions, and contribute to the empowerment of health professionals and the society in general in the humanization of health care. / Os cuidados paliativos pediátricos constituem uma abordagem de cuidado em saúde, baseada em princípios humanitários e científicos, que propõe uma assistência ampla, multidisciplinar e ativa na promoção da qualidade de vida, minimização das dores e dos sofrimentos de crianças com doenças limitantes ou ameaçadoras da vida. A filosofia dos cuidados paliativos privilegia o cuidado integral, desde o diagnóstico, valorizando os aspectos biopsicossociais e espirituais; respeita a vida e a morte como processos naturais, para os quais buscar resguardar o máximo de autonomia e de dignidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral conhecer as concepções e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde atuantes em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátricas (UTIP's) acerca dos cuidados paliativos pediátricos e da morte digna. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa transversal, descritiva e analítica, com abordagem quantiqualitativa, que teve como campo de investigação as UTIP's de três instituições hospitalares na cidade de Campina Grande - PB. Participaram deste estudo 30 profissionais de saúde integrantes das equipes fixas das UTIP's. Os profissionais foram contatados pelo critério de acessibilidade e o total de participantes foi definido pelo critério de saturação. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram um questionário sociodemográfico, para delinear o perfil dos profissionais e uma entrevista semiestruturada com questões sobre a humanização da assistência; as concepções e as práticas dos cuidados paliativos pediátricos nas UTIP's; a assistência prestada às crianças com doenças limitantes ou ameaçadoras da vida e em situação de prognóstico reservado; como os profissionais lidam com a morte das crianças nas UTIP's e sobre a possibilidade de uma morte digna para crianças em assistência hospitalar. Os dados sociodemográficos foram avaliados por meio da estatística descritiva e as entrevistas foram analisadas mediante a análise de conteúdo e a técnica de análise de enunciação. Para dar melhor visibilidade aos resultados utilizamos o recurso das árvores de associação de sentidos. Os resultados foram acoplados em duas categorias: Concepções, práticas, viabilidade e limites dos cuidados paliativos pediátricos nas UTIP's e Lidando com a morte nas UTIP's; e mostraram que o conhecimento sobre os propósitos, a abrangência da abordagem paliativista e as possibilidades de ação dos intensivistas nesse campo de cuidado são insuficientes. Alguns profissionais conhecem alguns princípios e identificam a demanda, no entanto, tropeçam em questões institucionais e culturais que dificultam o diálogo e a realização dos cuidados paliativos pediátricos. O morrer nas UTIP's é antecedido, na maioria das vezes, por medidas que tentam prolongar ao máximo o processo da morte; o lidar com a morte e com o sofrimento das crianças são situações descritas como difíceis; a maior parte dos participantes compreende os pilares que dão sustentabilidade para a conceituação de morte digna, entretanto outros os desconhecem totalmente. Espera-se que este estudo possa contribuir com o avanço da literatura científica sobre a realidade brasileira a respeito dos cuidados paliativos e da humanização da morte, no contexto pediátrico. Esta pesquisa pode incitar reflexões, potencializar as discussões e contribuir para o empoderamento dos profissionais de saúde e da sociedade para a humanização das práticas de saúde.

nÃo hà / MudanÃas que aconteceram no sÃculo XX, permitiram que avanÃos tecnolÃgicos aumentassem a sobrevida diante de doenÃas anteriormente incurÃveis e processos patolÃgicos irreversÃveis. No entanto, a busca incessante pela cura, alÃm de levar ao aumento da sobrevida, tambÃm gerou a obstinaÃÃo terapÃutica, ou seja, medidas terapÃuticas fÃteis diante de evoluÃÃo inexorÃvel para a morte, impactando em indicadores como Ãndice de satisfaÃÃo do cliente e cuidadores, tempo mÃdio de permanÃncia, elevaÃÃo de custos, bem como em prejuÃzo na distribuiÃÃo equitativa de recursos. No inÃcio dos anos 90, a limitaÃÃo do suporte de vida (LSV) comeÃou a ser estudada e considerada, em paÃses da Europa, Estados Unidos, Canadà e Austrlia, como forma de assistir os pacientes nesses casos, uma vez que as medidas terapÃuticas nÃo mais trariam benefÃcios, mas gerariam prolongamento do sofrimento e do processo de morrer. No Brasil, contudo, os estudos sÃo limitados e os dados referentes ao Nordeste do paÃs sÃo ainda muito escassos. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar as condutas mÃdicas que antecederam o Ãbito de pacientes em UTI pediÃtrica e neonatal em um hospital de referÃncia do Nordeste Brasileiro. Foram estudados 86 prontuÃrios de pacientes que morreram nas referidas UTIs no perÃodo de dezembro/09 a novembro/10. Apenas 3,5% dos Ãbitos ocorreram apÃs LSV registrada em prontuÃrio, destes 33,7% tinham doenÃa crÃnica associada, sendo as neoplasias as mais comuns. As causas de Ãbito mais comuns foram sepse (23,5%), falÃncia de mÃltiplos ÃrgÃos (18,8%), insuficiÃncia respiratÃria (12,9%), cardiopatias congÃnitas (8,2%) e as outras causas somaram 36,6%. A maior parte dos pacientes morreu apÃs aumento das medidas de suporte avanÃado de vida, considerando as ultimas 24h antes do Ãbito: drogas vasoativas (59,3% 24h antes e 70,9% no momento do Ãbito); VentilaÃÃo mecÃnica (89,5% 24h antes e 95,2% no momento do Ãbito). Enquanto as medidas de cuidados e conforto nÃo tiveram a mesma expressÃo, tendo um aumento irrelevante: sedaÃÃo (39,5% 24h antes e 43% no momento do Ãbito); analgesia (60% 24h antes e 60,5% no momento do Ãbito). As manobras de ressuscitaÃÃo cardiopulmonar foram registradas em 4,7% 48h antes do Ãbito, 29,1% 24h antes e 69,4% no momento do Ãbito. O uso de adrenalina foi registrado em 55,4% antes do Ãbito. Conclui-se que a LSV ainda nÃo à frequentemente considerada como uma alternativa de assistÃncia de final de vida a pacientes pediÃtricos e neonatais no Estado do CearÃ, onde as condutas mais prevalentes incluem o incremento do suporte avanÃado de vida em detrimento das medidas de conforto e cuidados paliativos. Comparando-se com estudos do Sul e Sudeste do paÃs, evidencia-se uma grande diferenÃa, onde se observam uma maior prevalÃncia de LSV e cuidados paliativos para pacientes em fase terminal, o que denota prÃticas mais humanas e de maior qualidade na assistÃncia. / Changes around the world at the XX century allowed new technologies to improve the possibilities of surviving in so many cases of sickness that were incurable before. Besides the benefits it brought, other consequences have come together specially futility, in other words futile therapeutic measures when the cure is impossible and the death is inevitable. These facts have influence in client satisfaction, lengh of stay and costs elevation. Since 1990 life support limitation (LSL) started to be considered in Europe, United States, Canada and Austrlia to assist patients in terminal conditions to whom curative practices wouldnât bring any benefit. In Brazil there is a limited number of studies and the data from the Northeastern are even less. The aim of this study was to describe the medical practices before death in patients in PICU and NICU at a reference pediatric hospital in Brazilian Northeastern. Data were collected from 86 medical charts. Only 3.5% of LSL was registered. 33.7% of patients had some chronic disease and neoplasic ones were more comons. The main causes of death were: sepsis (23.5%), MDOS (18.8%), respiratory failure (12.9%), congenital heart disease (8.2%) and the other causes 36.6% together. Most of patients died after increment in vasoatives administration, considering the final 24 hours before death (59.3% 24h before, 70.9% at the momento of death). Mechanical ventilation (89.5% 24h before, 95.2% at the moment). In the other hand palliative care and pain control were not so frequent as could be expected: sedative (39.5 24h before, 43% at the moment) analgesic (60% 24h before, 60.5% at the moment). CPR was offered in 4.7% of patients 48h before death, 29.1% 24h before and 69.4% at the moment of death. Adrenaline was used in 55.4% at the moment of death. These data show that LSL is not a frequente alternative to assist terminal patients at PICU and NICU in Brazilian Northeastern, where more prevalent practices are to maintain life support instead of offer palliative care and pain control. At Southern and Southeastern practice include LSL and palliative care more frequently, what suggests better practices of the end-of-life care.