No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Introduction: Beverages influence diet quality, however, beverage intake among youth with obesity is not well-described in literature. Dietary pattern analysis can identify how beverages cluster together and enable exploration of population characteristics. Objectives: 1) Assess the frequency of children and youth with obesity who fail thresholds of: no sugar-sweet beverages (SSB), <1 serving/week of SSB, ≥2 servings/day of milk and factors influencing the likelihood of failing to meet these cut-offs. 2) Derive patterns of beverage intake and examine related social and behavioural factors and health outcomes at entry into Canadian pediatric weight management programs. Methods: Beverage intake of youth (2–17 years) enrolled in the CANPWR study (n=1425) was reported at baseline visits from 2013-2017. Beverage thresholds identified weekly SSB consumers and approximated Canadian recommendations. The relationship of sociodemographic (income, guardian education, race, household status) and behaviours (eating habits, physical activity, screen time) to the likelihood of failing cut-offs was explored using multivariable logistic regression. Beverage patterns were derived using Principal Component Analysis. Related sociodemographic, behavioural and health outcomes (lipid profile, fasting glucose, HbA1c, liver enzymes) were evaluated with multiple linear regression. Results: Nearly 80% of youth consumed ≥1 serving/week of SSB. This was more common in males, lower educated families and was related to eating habits and higher screen time. Two-thirds failed to drink ≥2 servings milk/day and were more likely female, demonstrated favourable eating habits and lower screen time. Five beverage patterns were identified: 1) SSB, 2) 1% Milk, 3) 2% Milk, 4) Alternatives, 5) Sports Drinks/Flavoured Milks. Patterns were related to social and lifestyle determinants; the only related health outcome was HDL. Conclusion: Many children and youth with obesity consumed SSB weekly. Fewer drank milk twice daily. Beverage intake was predicted by sex, socioeconomic status and other behaviours, however most beverage patterns were unrelated to health outcomes. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Beverage intake can influence diet and health outcomes in population-based studies. However, patterns of beverage consumption are not well-described among youth with obesity. This study examined beverage intake and relationships with sociodemographic information, behaviours and health outcomes among youth (2-17 years) at time of entry into Canadian pediatric weight management programs (n=1425). In contrast to current recommendations, 80% of youth consumed ≥1 serving/week of sugar-sweetened beverages and 66% consumed 2 servings/day of milk. Additionally, five distinct patterns of beverage intake were identified using dietary pattern analysis. Social factors (age, sex, socioeconomic status) and behaviours (screen time, eating habits) were related to the risk of failing to meet recommendations and to beverage patterns. Identifying sociodemographic characteristics and behaviours of youth with obesity who fail to meet beverage intakes thresholds and adhere to certain patterns of consumption may provide insight for clinicians to guide youth to improved health in weight management settings.

Implicit theories are frameworks that allow an individual to conceptualize the world (Levy, Chiu, & Hong, 2006; Plaks, Levy, & Dweck, 2009). Incremental implicit theories assert humans as dynamic entities, capable of change, whereas entity implicit theories assert that humans are rigid, static, and incapable of change (Dweck, 1999). The present study examined entity and incremental themes in parent child discourse about weight related health decisions. Incremental themes are expected to be related to better pediatric health outcomes (BMI, physical activity, diet, and body image). A moderation model is proposed whereby links between parent child discourse and pediatric health outcomes, specifically body image, will be stronger for boys than girls. Moderation by sex was expected because parents may communicate differently to their children as a function of sex. Cultural ideals have much more stringent evaluations of women than men do and this may be reflected in communications involving parents and children. There were no significant mean-level differences in body image scores and parents' use of entity and incremental themes according to child sex. Additionally, parents use of entity and incremental themes did not predict any of the children's health-related outcomes. These results may indicate that child sex may not be the best predictor of parents' communications concerning children's weight-related decisions. / Master of Science

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett hälsoproblem som har ökat i samhället och globalt. Forskningen visar att barnen drabbas av livsstilssjukdomar i vuxen ålder. Distriktssköterskorna har en unik arbetsplats på barnavårdscentral och möter barn med viktproblem. Genom hälsosamtal med föräldrarna får föräldrarna de råd och upplysningar som det behövs för att bekämpa eller förebygga övervikt och fetma hos barn. Genom distriktsköterskornas hälsosamtal stöds föräldrar och barn med råd och information för att förebygga övervikt och framtida livsstilssjukdomar. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att belysa distriktssköterskors upplevelse av hälsosamtal med föräldrar till barn med övervikt och fetma. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes baserad på 15 originalartiklar. Artiklarna söktes fram i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Data analyserades med stöd av uppdaterad integrativ granskningsmetod enligt Whittemore och Knafl (2005). Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier och tolv underkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet visade att distriktssköterskor upplevde olika svårigheter som hindrade de att utföra ett effektivt arbete med övervikt och fetmaproblem hos spädbarn och barn under fem år. Det behövs aktuella riktlinjer och även utbildning till både föräldrar och distriktssjuksköterskor för att spädbarn och barn under fem år får en fetmafri barndom. Diskussion: Låg kunskapsnivå om övervikt och fetma hos föräldrarna kan ökas med hjälp av olika bland annat digitala verktyg. Distriktssjuksköterskorna kan i sina ordinarie arbetstider få regelbundna utbildningar och det är viktigt att organisationer uppdaterar riktlinjer. Slutsats: Samhället förändras och teknologi växer och i och med det, förändras mat- och aktivitetskultur hos samhället. Nya organisationsbestämmelser och riktlinjer behövs. Nya verktyg och uppdaterad kunskap hos distriktssjuksköterskor behövs för att säkerställa samhällets hälsa nu och i framtiden. / Background: Obesity are a health problem that has increased in society and globally. Research shows that children suffer from lifestyle diseases in adulthood. The district nurses have a unique workplace at the child care center and meet children with weight problems. Through health conversations with the parents, the parents receive the advice and information needed to fight or prevent overweight and obesity in children. Through the district nurses' health talks, parents and children are supported with advice and information to prevent obesity and future lifestyle diseases. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to shed light on district nurses' experience of health conversations with parents of overweight and obese children. Method: A literature review was conducted based on 15 original articles. The articles were searched in the databases PubMed and CINAHL. Data were analyzed using an updated integrative review method according to Whittemore and Knafl (2005). The analysis resulted in three categories and twelve subcategories. Results: The results showed that district nurses experienced various difficulties that prevented them from performing effective work with obesity and obesity problems in infants and children under five years of age. Current guidelines and also training for both parents and district nurses are needed for infants and children under the age of five to have an obesityfree childhood. Discussion: Low level of knowledge about overweight and obesity in parents can be increased with the help of various digital tools, among others. The district nurses can receive regular training during their regular working hours and it is important that the organization updates guidelines. Conclusion: Society is changing and technology is growing and with it, food and activity culture in society is changing. New organizational rules and guidelines are needed. New tools and updated knowledge of district nurses are needed to ensure the health of society now and in the future. / <p>Datum för godkännande: 2021-12-06</p>

Background:Overweight and obesity among children has increased, this is seen to be due to genetic causes in combination with environmental factors. Overweight and obesity is a contributing factor due to diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and psychological stress of the individual. Aim: The aim of the present study was to describe the families' perceptions related to their child being overweight or obese. Furthermore, the aim has been to describe the articles included data collection method. Method: Twelve pieces of scientific papers were used as a basis for a literature study with a descriptive design. Main results:This literature study shows that families rarely perceive their child's proper weight. In most cases families underestimated child obesity because they considered them as normal weight. Difference between girls and boys was something that emerged, it turned out that the parents had a higher acceptance regarding overweight boys related to girls being overweight. Socioeconomic differences were also significant when one clearly saw a higher acceptance regarding obesity in parents with low income. The parents felt that in the preventive work with overweight children, it was important that the focus would be on the whole family and not just the overweight child. Articles data collection method consisted of interviews and questionnaires. Conclusion: Families often underestimated their child's obesity. Parents felt that in the preventive work with overweight or obese children, it was important that the focus would be on the whole family and not just on the child. Knowledge of how families perceive their child's overweight and obesity are important to increase understanding of how prevention work should be improved and be made by health care professionals.

Rates of pediatric obesity in America are reaching epidemic proportions. Studies using both community and treatment-seeking samples of obese adolescents indicate that a subset engage in binge eating behaviors. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of binge eating behaviors among 86 primarily African American 11 to 17 year old adolescents seeking outpatient treatment for obesity. This study also examined the associations of stressful experiences (specifically, weight-related teasing, trauma, and daily hassles) with binge eating, as well as potential mediators and moderators of these relationships. Twenty-eight percent of the sample reported at least one episode of binge eating in the past two weeks and there were no ethnic or gender differences in rates of binge eating, nor in any other measures of eating related pathology. None of the forms of stress were associated with binge eating. However, weight-related teasing and trauma were associated with overall eating pathology. Therefore, the global measure of eating pathology was used as the dependent variable in the subsequent analysis.Although it was hypothesized that depressive symptoms would mediate the relationship between stressful experiences and disordered eating, this was not the case. Instead, the upset feelings about being teased mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and disordered eating. It was also hypothesized that self-esteem and ethnic identity would moderate the relationships between stress and disordered eating. Self-esteem was not a significant moderator, but ethnic identity was among the European American participants only. Interpretation of the moderating role of ethnic identity revealed that European American participants with stronger ethnic identity were more likely to report disordered eating when they had also experienced teasing, trauma, and daily hassles. This result is interpreted using sociocultural theories which posit that the European American culture places individuals at more risk for disordered eating because of the emphasis placed on a thin body image ideal. Therefore, when European American obese adolescents identify highly with their ethnicity, they may be at more risk for developing disordered eating when they have also experienced other risk factors such as stressful life experiences. Future research should attempt to replicate these findings using a longitudinal approach.

A obesidade e a cárie dentária são problemas de saúde pública, que atingem a população infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de cárie dentária e relacioná-la com a concentração da enzima anidrase carbônica VI, do íon cálcio, fluxo salivar e quantidade de biofilme dentário em crianças com sobrepeso/obesidade. Foram avaliadas 112 crianças de 4 a 6 anos de idade, de ambos os gêneros. A análise antropométrica foi realizada (percentil do IMC) e através dessa análise as crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: G1 sobrepesos/obesos (n=41) e G2 normais (n=71). Os exames bucais realizados para a cárie dentária foram os índices ceo-s e ICDAS II, quantidade de biofilme dentário pelo Índice de Placa de Turesky e volume de fluxo salivar estimulado. A concentração do íon Cálcio na saliva foi analisada pelo kit colorimétrico e da enzima Anidrase Carbônica VI pelo kit ELISA. Na sequência, as crianças de cada grupo foram divididas em 3 subgrupos: LC (livres de cárie), LI (com lesões iniciais) e C (com cárie). Os testes Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, teste t e correlação de Spearman foram aplicados (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa no ceo-s entre os grupos. Houve maior concentração média de cálcio salivar no G1 (G1=2847,96mM; G2=1230,90mM;p=0,001) e maior concentração da Anidrase Carbônica VI no G2 (G1=3455,18 pg/mL; G2=442428,9pg/mL;p=0,000). No G1 houve correlação negativa entre o ceo-s e íon Cálcio (r=-0,444;p=0,010). Já no G2, houve correlação negativa entre placa e a Anidrase Carbônica VI (r=-0,551;p=0,014). Pode-se concluir que o íon cálcio é fator protetor para cárie dentária em crianças. Já a anidrase carbônica VI parece não ser biomarcador para a cárie dentária. / Obesity and dental caries are public health problems that affect the child population. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of dental caries and relate it to the concentration of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase VI, calcium ion, salivary flow, and dental plaque in overweight/obesity children. The study was conducted on 112 children aged 4-6, of both genders. Anthropometric analysis was performed (BMI percentile) and by this analysis the children were divided into two groups: G1 - overweight/obese (n=41) and G2 - normal (n=71). The oral examinations performed for dental caries were the dmfs and ICDAS II indexes, measurement of the amount of dental plaque by the Turesky Board Index and volume of stimulated salivary flow. The concentration of calcium ion in saliva was measured by a colorimetric kit and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase VI by an ELISA kit. Then, children from each group were divided into three subgroups: CF (caries-free), IL (initial lesions) and D (decayed teeth). The Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney, t test and Spearman correlation (p<0.05) were applied. There was no significant difference in the dmfs between groups. There was higher concentration of salivary calcium in G1 (G1=2847.96mM; G2=1230.90mM; p=0.001), and higher concentration of carbonic anhydrase VI in G2 (G1 = 3455.18 pg/ml; G2 = 442428.9pg/ml; p = 0.000). In G1, there was negative correlation between dmfs and salivary calcium (r = -0.444; p = 0.010). In G2, there was negative correlation between dental plaque and carbonic anhydrase VI (r=-0.551; p=0.014). It can be concluded that the calcium ion is a protective factor for dental caries in children. The carbonic anhydrase VI does not seem to be a biomaker of dental caries.

A obesidade pediátrica tem crescido de forma alarmante, com características de epidemia em todo mundo, tornando-se um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. Contudo, uma das maiores preocupações está relacionada às comorbidades associadas a esta doença e a manutenção deste estado e seus agravos até a vida adulta. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um programa de intervenção com exercício físico nos parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos, na aptidão cardiorrespiratória e qualidade de vida de crianças com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Trata-se de estudo de caráter experimental, a amostra foi composta por 45 crianças de ambos os sexos, nascidos entre 2006 e 200, divididas em três grupos: n=22 Grupo Controle (GC), n=11 Grupo Intervenção Quadra (GIQ) e n=12 Grupo Intervenção Piscina (GIP). Foram avaliados a massa corporal, estatura, IMC, dobras cutâneas, perímetro da cintura e a aplicação do Teste 20 m ShuttleRun para verificação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória. O Questionário pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida – Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0) foi preenchido pelas crianças e seus respectivos pais/responsáveis. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para a determinação do colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos, glicemia, Hormônios Leptina e Adiponectina. O programa de intervenção consistiu de exercícios físicos, predominantemente aeróbios, recreativo/esportivo, no período extraclasse durante 21 semanas. Todas as avaliações foram realizadas no baseline e no momento final da intervenção.A análise de variância univariadaANOVA com póshoc de Bonferroni foi feita para verificar diferenças significativas entre os grupos, a um nível de significância α=5%.A média de idade dos grupos foram GIQ 9,0 ± 0,5, GIP 9,3 ± 1,0 e GC 9,1 ± 1,2 anos. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas apenas sobre a QV geral (p=0,029)entre relatos de pais e filhos pósexperimento. Para todas as outras variáveis do estudo não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Um programa de intervenção apenas com exercícios físicos não foi suficiente para produzir mudanças significativas nos parâmetros antropométricos, bioquímicos e aptidão cardiorrespiratória, porém foi efetivo no aumento dos escores de QV geral de crianças com excesso de peso do ponto de vista dos pais. / Pediatric obesity has grown at an alarming rate, with epidemic characteristics in the world, making it one of the biggest public health problem. However, one of the major concerns is related to the comorbidities associated with this disease and the maintenance of this state and its aggravations until adult life. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an intervention program with physical activity on anthropometric, biochemical parameters, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life of overweight or obese children. The sample consisted of 45 children of both sexes, borned between 2006-2009, divided into three groups: n = 22 Control Group (GC), n = 11 Sports Court Intervention Group (GIQ) in = 12 Group Swimming pool intervention (GIP). Anthropometrics measures such as body mass, height, BMI, skinfolds thickness, waist circumference were evaluated and the application of the 20 m Shuttle Run Test were evaluated for cardiorespiratory fitness. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0) was completed by the children and their parents/guardians. Blood samples were collected for the determination of HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, glycemia, Leptin and Adiponectinhormones. The intervention program consisted of physical exercises, predominantly aerobic, recreational/sports, for 21 weeks. All evaluations were performed at the baseline and at the final moment of the intervention. The univariate ANOVA variance analysis with Bonferroni post hoc was performed to verify significant differences among groups, at a significance level α = 5%. The mean age of the groups were GIQ 9.0 ± 0.5, GIP 9.3 ± 1.0 and GC 9.1 ± 1.2 years. Significant differences were found only on overall QOL (p = 0.029) between reports of parents and children after the experiment. For all other variables in the study, no statistically significant differences were found. A physical exercise intervention program was not enough to produce significant changes in the anthropometric, biochemical and cardiorespiratory fitness parameters, but it is effective in increasing the overall QOL scores of overweight children from the parents' point ofview. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior