Background: Little is known about the use of pain management evidence in Jordanian Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). Purpose: To assess the existence, content, and the factors influencing the use of pain management evidence in Jordanian PICUs. Methods: Three studies were guided by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework. 1. A scoping review of the literature to identify pain management interventions in the PICU; 2. A cross-sectional and multisite survey to determine the current pain management practices, and the availability and content of practice guidelines in Jordanian PICUs; 3. A correlational and multisite survey to examine the relationship between the contextual factors and nurses’ use of pain management research evidence in Jordanian PICUs. Results: 1. Twenty-seven studies were included in the scoping review. The majority of the studies focused mainly on pharmacological interventions (n= 21, 78%). Morphine and fentanyl were the most commonly used pharmacological agents for pain management in the PICUs. The use of non-pharmacological interventions was limited. 2. Four of six eligible PICUs participated in the cross-sectional study. All four units had written pain management guidelines. Fentanyl was the most commonly used pharmacological agent in two units. Intravenous infusions of opioids were not administered for patients on mechanical ventilation in two units. The use of non-pharmacological interventions was reported in one unit. 3. From the four participating units, 73 nurses completed the correlation study survey. Social capital predicted both the instrumental and conceptual research use for pain management by Jordanian PICU nurses. Structural and electronic resources predicted the instrumental research use for pain management by Jordanian PICU nurses. Conclusions: Pain management practices and supporting guidelines varied in Jordanian PICUs. Context influences Jordanian PICU nurses’ use of research for pain management. Not all of the pain management practices in Jordan are evidence informed. There is an opportunity for improvement in pain management in Jordanian PICUs.

As primeiras publicações sobre o paciente pediátrico com câncer na UTI datam do final da década de 1980, e a função da UTIP (Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica) está bem estabelecida como medida de suporte nas fases da doença de maior gravidade clínica, tanto no diagnóstico inicial como durante o tratamento e suas complicações. Em virtude das peculiaridades do paciente oncológico, que reforçam a importância de verificarmos a probabilidade de óbito, foi introduzida a utilização de escores prognósticos como ferramenta de controle da qualidade assistencial e para cálculo de risco de mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho (discriminação e calibração) do escore PIM2 nos pacientes com câncer na UTI Pediátrica. Determinar os fatores associados a uma chance maior de óbito. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, de base histórica das admissões de crianças e adolescentes com câncer na UTIP do HCPA no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2005. Resultados e conclusões: Foram estudadas 201 admissões de pacientes, com uma taxa de mortalidade geral de 19%. A discriminação do escore PIM2 (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001), foi considerada adequada. O valor do ponto de corte para o escore PIM 2 na curva auc-ROC foi de 6,3%. Não houve uma boa calibração para os intervalos de risco do PIM2 (X²= 22,8, gl = 4, p < 0,001). As variáveis relacionadas com pior prognóstico foram: choque (Odds- Ratio, OR=6,79; IC= 2,81- 21,2), FMO (OR=4,94; IC= 1,33-18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65; IC= 1,58-13,6) e terapêutica com ventilação mecânica (OR= 4,1; IC = 1,11-15,04). / Introduction: The first studies on pediatric cancer patients treated in intensive care unit were published in late eighties. After that the role of pediatric intensive care unit became well established and the prognostic scores for oncologic patient were more broadly used. quality control of assistance and prognostication. Objective: Assess the performance (discrimination and calibration) in cancer patients in a tertiary Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. Describe the associated factors with the risk of mortality in these patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 201 admissions in Hospital Clínicas Porto Alegre Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from January, 2002, to December, 2005. Results and conclusions: 201 admissions of patients with a mortality rate of 19%. The discrimination of PIM2 score (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001) was considered good or adequated. The threshold value (cut off point) for the PIM2 score was 6,3%, The chi- square test has no good calibration. (X²= 22,8, p < 0,001, dof = 4). The variables more related to bad outcome were: shock (OR= Odds- Ratio, OR= 6,79, CI= 2,81- 21,2)., DMO (OR= 4,94, IC= 1,33- 18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65, CI= 1,58-13,6) and therapeutic support with mechanical ventilation (OR= 4,1, CI= 1,11- 15,04).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:46:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Lima Netto.pdf: 589491 bytes, checksum: ee3ea6d745cf1229cb50cab96ce11f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / This study was aimed to assess the morbidity, mortality and costs related to children and adolescents admissions to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Glória/Vitória-ES from November, 2005 to November, 2006, and to evalute the performance of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2(PIM2) in this PICU. The categorical variables were gathered into the following groups: identification, socioeconomic status, clinical conditions and nosocomial infection. Admissions of two hundred and seventy-six children were studied. The mortality rate was 14,13%, the efficiency of admission was 0,88%, the mean age was 42,22 months, the predominant gender was male 60,1%, the emergency service was responsable for 48,91% of admissions, length of stay was 6,43 5,23 days (mean), and the clinical admissions accounted for 72,46% of all admissions. Significant statistical differences were detected in the following variables: source of admissions (emergency department, surgical and medical wards and other hospitals; p=0,0380), nutricional condition (p=0,0360), mechanic ventilation (p=0,0320), central venous catheter (p=0,0020), clinical admission (p=0,0260), length of stay (p=0,0580), 2 or more antibiotics (p=0,0040). The costs of the internations in the PICU of 87% of patients accounted for 54,76% of global hospital costs related to these admissions. The analysis of the performance of PIM2, as for calibration, showed 2=12,2686 (p=0,1396) in the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and a standardized mortality ratio of 1,0. The discrimination related to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0,778, providing a satifactory performance to the score / Descreve a morbimortalidade e os custos financeiros das admissões de crianças e adolescentes na unidade de terapia intensiva do Hospital Infantil Nossa Senhora da Glória/Vitória-ES, no período de novembro de 2005 a novembro de 2006. Determina o desempenho do Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 nessa unidade de cuidados intensivos pediátricos. As variáveis de interesse foram reunidas e compuseram os grupos: identificação, socioeconômico, condição clínica e infecção nosocomial. As internações de duzentas e setenta e seis crianças foram estudadas. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 14,13%, a eficiência da admissão foi de 0,88%, a mediana de idade foi de 42,22 meses, houve predomínio do sexo masculino 60,1%, o serviço de emergência foi responsável por 48,91% das admissões, a média de permanência foi de 6,43&#61617;5,23 dias, as admissões clínicas representaram 72,46% das internações. Houve diferenças significativas quanto à origem das admissões (emergência, centro cirúrgico, enfermaria, outros hospitais) p-valor 0,0380, estado nutricional p-valor 0,0360, uso de ventilação mecânica p-valor 0,0320, uso de catéter venoso central p-valor 0,0020, admissão clínica p-valor 0,0260, tempo de permanência p-valor 0,0580, uso de 2 ou mais antibióticos p-valor 0,0040. Os custos das internações na UTIP de 87% dos pacientes, representaram 54,76% dos custos hospitalares globais dessas admissões. A análise de desempenho do PIM2, quanto à calibração, revelou &#61539;2 = 12,2686 p-valor 0,1396 no teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow e uma standardized mortality ratio geral de 1,0. A discriminação relacionada à área sob a curva receiver operating characteristic foi de 0,778 configurando um desempenho satisfatório do escore

As primeiras publicações sobre o paciente pediátrico com câncer na UTI datam do final da década de 1980, e a função da UTIP (Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica) está bem estabelecida como medida de suporte nas fases da doença de maior gravidade clínica, tanto no diagnóstico inicial como durante o tratamento e suas complicações. Em virtude das peculiaridades do paciente oncológico, que reforçam a importância de verificarmos a probabilidade de óbito, foi introduzida a utilização de escores prognósticos como ferramenta de controle da qualidade assistencial e para cálculo de risco de mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho (discriminação e calibração) do escore PIM2 nos pacientes com câncer na UTI Pediátrica. Determinar os fatores associados a uma chance maior de óbito. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, de base histórica das admissões de crianças e adolescentes com câncer na UTIP do HCPA no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2005. Resultados e conclusões: Foram estudadas 201 admissões de pacientes, com uma taxa de mortalidade geral de 19%. A discriminação do escore PIM2 (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001), foi considerada adequada. O valor do ponto de corte para o escore PIM 2 na curva auc-ROC foi de 6,3%. Não houve uma boa calibração para os intervalos de risco do PIM2 (X²= 22,8, gl = 4, p < 0,001). As variáveis relacionadas com pior prognóstico foram: choque (Odds- Ratio, OR=6,79; IC= 2,81- 21,2), FMO (OR=4,94; IC= 1,33-18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65; IC= 1,58-13,6) e terapêutica com ventilação mecânica (OR= 4,1; IC = 1,11-15,04). / Introduction: The first studies on pediatric cancer patients treated in intensive care unit were published in late eighties. After that the role of pediatric intensive care unit became well established and the prognostic scores for oncologic patient were more broadly used. quality control of assistance and prognostication. Objective: Assess the performance (discrimination and calibration) in cancer patients in a tertiary Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. Describe the associated factors with the risk of mortality in these patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 201 admissions in Hospital Clínicas Porto Alegre Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from January, 2002, to December, 2005. Results and conclusions: 201 admissions of patients with a mortality rate of 19%. The discrimination of PIM2 score (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001) was considered good or adequated. The threshold value (cut off point) for the PIM2 score was 6,3%, The chi- square test has no good calibration. (X²= 22,8, p < 0,001, dof = 4). The variables more related to bad outcome were: shock (OR= Odds- Ratio, OR= 6,79, CI= 2,81- 21,2)., DMO (OR= 4,94, IC= 1,33- 18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65, CI= 1,58-13,6) and therapeutic support with mechanical ventilation (OR= 4,1, CI= 1,11- 15,04).

Införandet av en mobil intensivvårdsgrupp (MIG) har visat sig ha goda resultat utomlands med minskade andningsstopp och mortalitet inom pediatrisk vård. Vid Astrid Lindgrens Barnsjukhus i Solna, Sverige (ALB) finns långt framskridna planer på att starta en MIG-verksamhet. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva pediatriska patienter som faller in under potentiella MIG-kriterier innan inläggning på barnintensivvårdsavdelningen/barnintermediäravdelningen (BIVA/BIMA) på ALB. Studien gjordes retrospektivt genom journalgranskning av inskrivna pediatriska patienter på BIVA/BIMA under 2009. Totalt inkluderades 148 pediatriska patienter i åldern 0-18 år i studien. Resultat visade att Andningsbesvär var den vanligaste inskrivningsorsaken och att Andning var den vanligast förekommande kontaktorsaken. Provtagning var den mest förekommande åtgärden som utfördes på akutmottagningen/vårdavdelningen innan förflyttning till BIVA/BIMA. Slutsatsen blev att det skulle kunna finnas cirka 300 pediatriska patienter per år på ALB som skulle kunna vara aktuella för MIG-uppdrag. Det är en klar indikation för att starta en MIG-verksamhet på ALB för att minska inläggningar på BIVA/BIMA samt identifiera dessa pediatriska patienter i ett tidigt skede innan akut försämring. / The implementation of Pediatric Medical Emergency Team (PMET) has proven to reduce respiratory arrest and mortality in Pediatric hospitals worldwide. At Astrid Lindgrens Barnsjukhus in Solna, Sweden (ALB) there are advanced plans to start a PMET. The aim of this study was to describe pediatric patients that met potential PMET-criteria before being admitted to pediatric intensive care unit/high demand unit (PICU/HDU) at ALB. The study was a retrospective chart review of admitted pediatric patients at PICU/HDU during 2009. Totally 148 pediatric patients between the age of 0 to 18 years were included in the study. The result showed that respiratory problems were the most common reason for being admitted to the hospital and problems with breathing was the most frequent PMET-criteria. Before the patient moved to the PICU/HDU the most common intervention performed in the emergency department/wards was sample-taking. The conclusion was that around 300 pediatric patients a year could benefit from a PMET at ALB. That is a clear indication that a PMET should be started at ALB to reduce admitted patients to PICU/HDU and identify the patients at risk for acute worsening.

Bakgrund: Intuberade patienter inom intensivvården har en hög risk för att erhålla en ventilator-associerad pneumoni (VAP). Det finns evidensbaserade riktlinjer för vuxna somförebygger VAP. För barn behövs det däremot mer forskning för att klargöra vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan standardiseras. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som förebygger VAP hos barn inom intensivvården, en litteraturöversikt. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie med kvantitativ induktiv ansats valdes. 16 kvantitativa studier analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Det samlade materialet kvalitetsgranskades med hjälp av GRADE. Resultat: Fem huvudteman identifierades utifrån studiernas resultat. Huvudteman var VAP-omvårdnadspaket, munvård med klorhexidin, skötsel av endotrakealtub, olika nutritionssonder, omvårdnadsutbildning. VAP-omvårdnadspaket och omvårdnadsutbildning visade sig statistiskt signifikant sänka VAP-prevalensen hos barn. Munvård med klorhexidin kunde inte sänka VAP-prevalensen. Slutsats: Med rätt evidensbaserad vård kan VAP-prevalensen sänkas. Forskning kring VAP-prevention till barn saknar evidens i nuläget och kan ej anses vara evidensbaserad vård. För att göra vården evidensbaserad, rekommenderas att globala riktlinjer för VAP-prevention till barn tas fram. / Background: Intubated patients admitted to an intensive care unit have a higher risk ofacquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). There are evidence-based guidelines for adults that prevent VAP. For children there is a need for more research in this area to clarifywhich nursing methods can be standardized. Aim: The aim was to describe which nursing care measures prevent VAP in children admitted to the intensive care unit, a literature review. Method: A descriptive literature study with a quantitative inductive approach was used. A total of 16 quantitative studies was analysed with a content analysis. A GRADE system was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Results: Five main themes were identified from the study’s results. The main themes where VAP-care bundles, oral care with chlorhexidine, care of endotracheal tube, different nutritional catheters, and nursing care education. VAP-care bundles and nursing care education showed to have statistically and significantly lowered the prevalence of VAP in children. Oral care with Chlorhexidine did not lower the prevalence significantly of VAP. Conclusion: The prevalence of VAP can be lowered with the right evidence-based practice. At the current situation research on preventing VAP in children lack evidence and can’t be considered as evidence-based practice. To make the nursing care evidence based, it´s recommended to create global guidelines of VAP-prevention for children.

Bakgrund: Pediatriskt delirium är ett tillstånd med akut hjärndysfunktion som kännetecknas av störningar i medvetande och uppmärksamhet. Tillståndet drabbar minst 17-25% av barn inom intensivvården och leder till sämre livskvalitet. Utebliven screening ökar risken för att tillståndet underdiagnostiseras. Därför är det av stor vikt att intensivvårdssjuksköterskan har kunskap om vilka validerade mätinstrument som finns för screening av pediatriskt delirium. Syftet: Syftet var att kartlägga vilka mätinstrument som finns tillgängliga för screening av pediatriskt delirium inom intensivvården, hur de används samt deras validitet och reliabilitet. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie utfördes med deduktiv ansats av kvantitativa observationsstudier. Sökningen genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. En narrativ syntes användes för att sammanställa resultatet och presenterades i löpande text under två förutbestämda huvudkategorier; observationsmätinstrument och interaktivamätinstrument. Resultat: 19 artiklar inkluderades i studien. Inom de två huvudkategorierna identifierades fyra mätinstrument för pediatriskt delirium med god validitet och reliabilitet; CAPD, SOSPD, pCAM-ICU och psCAM-ICU. Särskilt svårbedömda patientgrupper identifierades för samtliga mätinstrument. Slutsats: CAPD bedömdes ha starkast vetenskapliga underlag. Det är viktigt att dessa mätinstrument implementeras och används inom intensivvården för att stärka patientsäkerheten genom att identifiera de barn som drabbas av pediatriskt delirium.

No description available.

Les pédiatres intensivistes ont plusieurs éléments disponibles pour guider leurs décisions par rapport à la ventilation mécanique. Par contre, aucune étude prospective ne décrit les éléments auxquels les intensivistes se réfèrent pour modifier les paramètres du respirateur. Objectifs : Décrire la pratique actuelle de la modification des paramètres du respirateur aux soins intensifs du CHU Sainte-Justine, un hôpital pédiatrique tertiaire. Hypothèse : 80% des modifications des paramètres du respirateur influant sur l’épuration du CO2 sont liées à l’analyse de la PCO2 ou du pH et 80% des modifications des paramètres d’oxygénation sont liés à l’analyse de l’oxymétrie de pouls. Méthodes : En se servant d’un logiciel de recueil de données, les soignants ont enregistré un critère de décision primaire et tous les critères de décision secondaires menant à chaque modification de paramètre du respirateur au moment même de la modification. Résultats : Parmi les 194 modifications des paramètres du respirateur influant sur l’épuration du CO2, faites chez vingts patients, 42.3% ±7.0% avaient pour critère primaire la PCO2 ou le pH sanguin. Parmi les 41 modifications de la pression expiratoire positive et les 813 modifications de la fraction d’oxygène inspirée, 34.1% ±14.5% et 84.5% ±2.5% avaient pour critère primaire l’oxymétrie de pouls, respectivement. Conclusion : Les médecins surestiment le rôle de la PCO2 et du pH sanguins et sousestiment le rôle d’autres critères de décision dans la gestion de la ventilation mécanique. L’amélioration de notre compréhension de la pratique courante devrait aider à l’éboration des systèmes d’aide à la décision clinique en assistance respiratoire. / Pediatric intensivists have a multiplicity of elements available to guide them in mechanical ventilator decision-making; however, no prospective studies describe which elements intensivists currently use to make ventilator setting changes. Objectives: We describe the current practice of ventilator setting modification in the intensive care unit at Sainte-Justine Hospital, a tertiary care pediatric hospital. Hypothesis: Eighty percent of ventilator settings affecting carbon dioxide clearance are based on the PCO2 or pH while eighty percent of settings affecting oxygenation are based on pulse oximetry. Methods: Caregivers recorded the primary element and any secondary elements leading to a ventilator setting change at the time of the change via a custom-designed data gathering software. Results: We included twenty patients. Of a combined 194 changes affecting CO2 clearance, 42.3% ±7.0% were in reference to blood PCO2 or pH. Of forty-one changes to positive end-expiratory pressure, 34.1% ±14.5% were in reference to pulse oximetry, as were 84.5% ±2.5% of the 813 changes to the fraction of inspired oxygen. Conclusion: Physicians over-estimate the role of blood pH and PCO2 in their ventilator management, while under-estimating the role of other elements. Improving our understanding of current practice patterns can help in the development of systems to aid in clinical decision-making in mechanical ventilation, improving clinical outcomes.

Introdução: Apesar de o conceito de sofrimento moral ter sido definido há mais de 30 anos, existe uma variedade de definições sobre o conceito e não há consenso sobre as principais características do fenômeno. Embora essa variação seja comum quando os conceitos são inicialmente explorados, tal variabilidade dificulta substancialmente a construção de um corpo coerente de conhecimento. Objetivo: Desenvolver o conceito de sofrimento moral nas situações de final de vida em unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIp) e identificar antecedentes, atributos e consequências do fenômeno. Método: O Modelo Híbrido de Desenvolvimento de Conceitos foi aplicado em suas três fases: Teórica, de Campo e Analítica Final. Na Fase Teórica, foram analisados 18 estudos que descreveram o sofrimento moral nas situações de final de vida no contexto da UTIp. A Fase de Campo foi conduzida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, com 10 enfermeiros e 9 médicos que trabalham em UTIp. Os dados da Fase de Campo foram analisados utilizando-se os resultados da Fase Teórica como eixo teórico e a Análise Temática como referencial metodológico. Na Fase Analítica Final, os resultados das fases Teórica e de Campo foram comparados, analisados e integrados, permitindo chegar a uma definição do conceito. Resultados: Os dados evidenciam que sofrimento moral nas situações de final de vida em UTIp é o profissional sentir-se incapaz para agir, realizar ações que esse profissional percebe como inadequadas e manifestar alterações emocionais diante das metas irreais impostas pelas suas crenças e conflitos internos. O sofrimento moral pode ter consequências negativas, como o desejo de abandonar a profissão, e/ou positivas, como criar estratégias de enfrentamento que repercutem na vida pessoal e laborativa do profissional. Considerações finais: A abordagem híbrida ofereceu avanço na exploração do conceito de sofrimento moral nas situações de final de vida em UTIp, ao investigar o fenômeno na prática clínica. Identificar aspectos empíricos de um conceito pessoal, subjetivo e abstrato como o sofrimento moral é um processo complexo. Entretanto, por meio da Fase de Campo, foi possível identificar o componente experiencial que está por trás das condutas dos profissionais ante aos problemas morais nas situações de final de vida em UTIp. Dessa forma, pôde-se compreender como se dá o desenvolvimento do conceito na prática clínica, possibilitando a ampliação dos dados identificados na Fase Teórica. / Introduction: Although the concept of moral suffering has been defined more than 30 years ago, there are a variety of definitions about the concept and there is no consensus on the main features of the phenomenon. Although this variation is common when concepts are first explored, such variability substantially hinders the construction of a coherent body of knowledge. Objective: To develop the concept of moral suffering in end-of-life situations in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs) and to identify antecedents, attributes and consequences of the phenomenon. Method: The Hybrid Concepts Development Model was applied - in its three phases: Theoretical, Field and Final Analytic. In the Theoretical Phase, 18 studies were analyzed that described the moral suffering in the situations of end of life in the context of the PICU. The Field Phase was conducted through semi-structured interviews, with ten nurses and nine physicians working in the PICU. The data of the Field Phase were analyzed using the results of the Theoretical Phase as theoretical axis and the Thematic Analysis as a methodological reference. In the Final Analytical Phase, the results of the Theoretical and Field phases were compared, analyzed and integrated, allowing a definition of the concept. Results: The data show that moral suffering in end-of-life situations in the ICU is the professional feeling unable to act, to perform actions that the professional perceives as inadequate and to manifest emotional changes in the face of the unrealistic goals imposed by their internal beliefs and conflicts. Moral suffering can have negative consequences, such as the desire to leave the profession, and / or positive, such as creating coping strategies - that have repercussions on the professional and personal life of the professional. Final considerations: The hybrid approach offered an advance in the exploration of the concept of moral suffering in end-of-life situations in the PICU, when investigating the phenomenon in clinical practice. Identifying empirical aspects of a personal, subjective, abstract concept such as moral suffering is a complex process. However, through the Field Phase, it was possible to identify the experiential component that is behind the behavior of professionals before the moral problems in end-of-life situations in the PICU. In this way, it was possible to understand how the concept develops in clinical practice, allowing the amplification of the data identified in the Theoretical Phase.