El objeto de este estudio es explorar la dialéctica entre la universalidad y la adecuación presente en las obras de los arquitectos López Íñigo, Giráldez y Subías (LIGS). Comprobar cómo la abstracción que caracteriza sus obras incorpora la realidad del entorno, del programa funcional, o de los aspectos constructivos. Es en esta abstracción donde los arquitectos encuentran los mecanismos para adecuarse a las particularidades de cada obra, con la certeza de que no se produce un menoscabo en su consistencia formal. La sistematicidad con la que LIGS resuelven sus proyectos no se resiente a comienzos de los 60, cuando las corrientes críticas con el Estilo Internacional ponen en cuestión precisamente la universalidad que caracteriza la modernidad. Es entonces cuando las obras de LIGS alcanzan un mayor grado de universalidad, gracias a la experiencia adquirida en sus primeras obras. Hablar de la universalidad de sus obras es hablar de su internacionalismo. A pesar de que la gran mayoría de sus obras se encuentran en Barcelona, el Estilo Internacional en el que se adscriben hace oportuna una visita a sus referentes internacionales. Al comienzo de su trayectoria visitan la Interbau berlinesa, donde encuentran criterios y materiales modernos con los que afrontar su trabajo. Esta Tesis quedaría incompleta sin una revisión de estas obras, material de partida del trabajo de LIGS, que les permite llegar más lejos precisamente por ser un material universal.El ámbito de trabajo escogido abarca la primera década de la actividad profesional de LIGS (1956-1966), aunque se extiende unos pocos años más allá para incluir una obra de gran interés para la Tesis que nos ocupa, la Universidad Autónoma con la que concluye este estudio. Sus diez primeros años de trabajo son de una gran productividad, y nos muestran todas las escalas del proyecto, desde el diseño de mobiliario hasta la construcción de la ciudad. La Tesis se estructura en torno a seis de sus obras más representativas, agrupadas en dos etapas coincidentes con el cambio de década. En la primera, CRITERIOS Y MATERIALES (1956-1959) se repasa su formación, referentes y el contexto local, nacional e internacional en el que comienzan su trabajo. Un análisis de sus primeras obras en Barcelona, la Facultad de Derecho y los polígonos de Montbau y Sudoeste del Besós, nos permite ver cómo con poco más de treinta años resuelven edificios o proyectos urbanos con planteamientos modernos y por tanto universales. La segunda etapa, COMPROBACIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN (1960-1966) tiene como objetivo demostrar que el grado de madurez proyectual adquirido en sus primeras obras, les permite ahora abordar, con una sistematicidad mayor, proyectos de escalas tan diferentes como el diseño interior de la Biblioteca del Colegio de Arquitectos, La Facultad de Económicas o el campus universitario de la Autónoma. Se hace referencia a las corrientes que les influyen, el Brutalismo y las Megaestructuras, repasando su origen y difusión y analizando en qué medida afectan a sus obras.La base documental que ha posibilitado esta Tesis son los planos y memorias originales, así como las fotografías de la época, todo ello depositado por LIGS en el Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico del Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona. Las conversaciones mantenidas con Giráldez y Subías aportan al trabajo los datos oportunos para completar la información que las propias obras nos ofrecen. / The object of this study is to explore the dialectic between the universality and the adequacy in the works of López Íñigo, Giráldez and Subías (LIGS). To prove how the abstraction characteristic of their works, contains the attention for the environment, the functional program or the constructive aspects. In that abstraction the architects find the mechanisms to adequate their projects to the specific, with the certainty that the result not imply a reduction of the formal consistency. The systematicity of LIGS projects does not have strong influence at the beginning of the 60´s, when the critic movements with the International Style tend to criticize exactly the idea of universality that characterize the Modernity. By then, the works by LIGS reach a greater level of universality thanks to the experience gained in their earlier works.Talking about the universality of their works is talking about their internationalism. Despite the fact that the biggest number of their works is located in Barcelona, the constant reference to the International Style suggests an overview of its international references. At the beginning of their career they visit the Interbau in Berlin, where they find modern criteria and materials to start their work. This thesis would not be complete without the examination of these works, the material from where LIGS started. These allowed them to reach a greater degree of development, exactly because of their universality.The range of work analyzed in the thesis comprises the first decade of their career (1956-1966), although it goes slightly further in time to include the Universidad Autónoma, of great interest for this research work, which is the final part of this study. The thesis is structured around six main projects, each related to a distinct area of conception, from the interior design to the urban planning. These projects are to be classified in two main sections coinciding the turn of the decade. In the first section, CRITERIA AND MATERIALS, the focus is on their education, references and local context. The analysis of their first works in Barcelona, the Facultad de Derecho and the Polígonos de Montbau and Sudoeste del Besós, allows us to see how they are able to come up with buildings or urban planning with universal approach. The second section, VERIFICATION AND CONCLUSION, is about showing how the earlier experiences gave them experience to step into a higher degree of universality with very different projects like the interior design of the Biblioteca del Colegio de Arquitectos, the Facultad de Económicas or the Campus of the Universidad Autónoma. In this section there is about the movements influencing it, Brutalism and Megastructure, revising its origin and circulation and analyzing how did they influence their works.All original projects and original memories, such as pictures of those days, have been stored by LIGS in the Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico del Colegio de Arquitectos de Barcelona. This material made possible the research of this thesis. During the interviews with Giráldez and Subías it was possible to complete the overview and the information provided by their own works. / RESÜMEEGegenstand dieser Studie ist die Erforschung der Dialektik zwischen Abstraktion und Realität, wie sie in der Werken der Architekten López Íñigo, Giráldez und Subías gegenwärtig ist und nachzuweisen, dass die für ihre Werke charakteristische Abstraktion auch die Achtung für die Umgebung, das funktionelle Programm oder die konstruktiven Aspekte beinhaltet. In dieser Abstraktion, finden die Architekten die Mechanismen um sich an die Eigenheiten eines jeden Werkes anzupassen, mit der Gewissheit, einen Mangel in der formalen Beschaffenheit zu erzeugen. Die Systematik, mit der LIGS ihre Projekte erschlieβen, bleibt unverändert, als zu Beginn der 60er, kritische Strömungen, die für die Moderne charakteristische Abstraktion in Frage stellen. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt erreichen die Werke von LIGS, dank der in ihren ersten Werken erworbenen Erfahrung, einen höheren Abstraktionsgrad. Von der Abstraktion in ihren Werken zu sprechen, bedeuted, von ihrer Internationalität zu sprechen. Obwohl sich die grosse Mehrheit ihrer Werke in Barcelona befindet, erfordert der Internationale Stil, dem sie angehören, einen Besuch bei seinen Referenzobjekten. Zu Beginn ihrer Laufbahn besuchen LIGS die Berliner Interbau, wo sie moderne Kriterien und Materialien vorfinden, mit denen sie ihre Arbeit in Angriff nehmen. Diese Dissertation bliebe unvollständig, ohne eine Revision dieser Werke, die das Ausgangsmaterial der Arbeit von LIGS bilden, welches ihnen, genau deshalb, weil es ein universelles und abstraktes Material ist, ermöglicht hat weiter zu kommen.Der gewählte Arbeitsbereich umfasst das erste Jahrzehnt der beruflichen Tätigkeit von LIGS (1956- 1966) und einige Jahre darüber hinaus, um ein Werk von grosser Bedeutung einzuschliessen, die Universidad Autónoma. Ihre ersten 10 Jahre sind von grosser Produktivität geprägt und zeigen uns alle Maßstäbe ihrer Projekte, vom Möbeldesign bis zum Bau der Stadt. Die Dissertation ist anhand sechs ihrer repräsentativsten Werke in zwei Abschnitte strukturiert, wobei der Wechsel der Abschnitte mit dem Wechsel der Jahrzehnte zusammen fällt. Im ersten Abschnitt, KRITERIEN UND MATERIALIEN (1956-1959) werden Ausbildung, Bezüge sowie lokaler, nationaler und internationaler Kontext in dem sie ihre Arbeit beginnen, näher betrachtet. Eine Analyse ihrer ersten Werke in Barcelona, die Facultad de Derecho und die Viertel Montbau und Sudoeste del Besós geben uns einen Einblick, wie sie, mit wenig mehr als 30 Jahren, mit modernen und folglich universellen Planungen Gebäude oder komplette Stadtviertel erschliessen. Der zweite Abschnitt, NACHWEIS UND SCHLUSS-FOLGERUNG (1960-1966), soll zeigen, dass der in ihren ersten Werken erworbene, entwurfliche Reifegrad ihnen nun ermöglicht, Projekte in so unterschiedlichen Maßstäben, wie das Innendesign für die Bibliothek der Architektenkammer, die Facultad de Económicas oder den Kampus der Universidad Autónoma, mit zunehmender Abstraktion in Angriff zu nehmen. Es wird auf Strömungen, wie den Brutalismus und die Megastrukturen, die sie beeinflussen Bezug genommen, sowie deren Ursprung und Verbreitung und es wird analysiert, in welchem Ausmaß diese, die Werke von LIGS beeinflusst haben. Die dokumentierte Grundlage, die diese Dissertation möglich gemacht hat, sind die Originalpläne und Baubeschreibungen, ebenso wie die Fotografien dieser Epoche, die LIGS im Archivo Histórico y Fotográfico der Architektenkammer in Barcelona gelagert haben. Die Konversationen mit Giráldez und Subías fügen der Arbeit Daten zur Vervollständigung der Information, welche die Werke selbst uns bieten zu.

Thesis (M.A.)--Brooklyn College, 1968. / "Sep. 'Estudios'"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50).

Pere III of Catalonia (1319-1387) began his reign in 1336. As count-king, he reigned over Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia. The Chronicle of Pere III of Catalonia covers the years 1319-1369, fifty years of a nearly seventy year life. Pere wrote this chronicle in collaboration with his chancery office. Bernat Descoll was the main contributor from the chancery, and he consulted with the king as he wrote it. The chronicle reflects spiritual justifications for actions that occurred during Pere's reign, such as his conflict with the Uniòns of Aragon and Valencia, as well as his conflict with Pedro I of Castile. In the prologue to the chronicle, Pere compares both himself and Catalonia to several events in the reign of King David of Israel. References to Biblical kings are not featured in the rest of the chronicle; however, there are many general spiritual references to God. It is my contention that Pere chose to emulate David because David was a highly respected Biblical king, as well as the fact that David's history as a warrior could be used to spiritually justify the military actions of Pere. I will seek to prove this by reviewing ancient and medieval interpretations of David's reign, and by analyzing both the representations of David in the prologue and Pere's religious references in the main text of the chronicle. This study shows that Pere used the idea of King David in an aberrant way to serve his own purposes. Prior to Pere's usage, David typically served as an example of a humble, righteous, servant king in political and theological works, not the righteous warrior king that Pere co-opts to justify his reign.

El nuevo palacio del Retiro (1634), El cubo de la Almudena (1651), La devoción de la misa (1658), and El santo rey don Fernando (first and second parts, 1671) are works of a religious literary genre unique to Spain: the auto sacramental. Until recently, such plays have suffered a lack of critical attention, possibly due to their complicated theological focus. Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681), the master of this genre, is the author of nearly eighty of these one-act works celebrating the Eucharist. Of these, the most studied are those using biblical and mythological characters. Calderón's autos which use Spanish historical figures, such as the above five, have been the object of extremely few studies. Most of these analyses remain at a superficial level, focusing on the works' historical contents, rather than their central spiritual elements. These works illustrate the cosmography of the time and place of their conception. To uncover these autos' full meaning, it is necessary to interpret all other theatrical components in light of these works' primary topic: the Eucharist. Throughout El nuevo palacio del Retiro, El cubo de la Almudena, La devoción de la misa, and both parts of El santo rey don Fernando, the historical elements are framed by the spiritual. In the first, a competition in which the king participates is presented as an image of the transformation of Christ into the Eucharist. In the second, a historical Muslim siege of Madrid is used to assert the victory of Spain against historical and spiritual foes through the Sacrament. The third presents the devotion of a legendary soldier to the Mass as the source of victory in a historical battle. The two autos written on the occasion of the canonization of the medieval King Fernando III combine historical, legendary, and fictitious events to illustrate temporal and eternal victories through the Sacrament. As is evident in a more than superficial study, in these five autos, Calderón modifies history in order to convey an eternal message. / text

This work seeks to relocate El desierto prodigioso y prodigio del desierto (1650 ca.) within the discursive net of 17th Century Spanish Empire, and to make visible its agendas within the context of the New Kingdom of Granada. Hence, this work states the enunciation of a creole epistemology, defined as an interrogative attitude assumed by the colonial subjects on discourses and forms of writing associated with the Metropoli, which statements of truth and authority are proved inadequate in colonial contexts. These subjects are not necessarily spanish descendants born in America; they are called «criollos» because of their elitist attitude towards their american origin along with their mastering of the discursive reason. / Romance Languages and Literatures

This dissertation analyzes the prose works of the “Nova Novorum,” a fiction series created and published by José Ortega y Gasset between 1926 and 1929. This collection included six works by four authors, five of which will be discussed in this dissertation. Pedro Salinas’ Víspera del gozo (1926) inaugurated the series. Benjamín Jarnés published two works: El profesor inútil (1926) and Paula y Paulita (1929). Antonio Espina is also responsible for two works: Pájaro pinto (1927) and Luna de copas (1929). The dissertation is divided into five sections. The first chapter introduces the topic of avant-garde prose during the 1920s in Spain, and the concept of ekphrasis as a methodological approach. Prose authors of the avant-garde were prolific during the first third of the twentieth century in Spain. They produced a new aesthetic sensibility with their experimental narrations. All of the works analyzed are examined through the lens of ekphrasis, which is the verbal representation of visual representation. Chapter Two discusses three relational aspects of ekphrasis: word and image, time and space, and the hermeneutics of ekphrasis. The first section examines the difference between narration and description. The second explores the relationship between time and space and the implications of the fact that a visual object is normally associated with space, while a verbal representation is associated with time. This section examines how authors incorporate spatial techniques into their narrations in ways that are commonly employed by painters. The third section of Chapter Two examines iconology and the hermeneutics of ekphrasis and how the authors use the trope of mimesis not to imitate nature but rather to distort reality. Chapters Three, Four and Five closely examine the images described by each author. This study draws on understanding of ekphrasis from literary studies and art history as well as theories of the literary avant-garde that stems both from Europe and from Spain in particular. Ortega y Gasset’s ideas about the novel and the avant-garde informed the basic assumptions of the authors of the “Nova Novorum,” who often used ekphrasis as a means of avoiding narrative progress. In many cases of ekphrasis found in the “Nova Novorum” collection, the representations of art are deployed in the same way in which the authors utilize metaphor, as a means of digressing from the narrative. These ekphrastic moments allow each author to withdraw from or slow down the narration, providing the author with the opportunity to focus on the use of language itself.

Western riparian zones have undergone significant landscape changes over the past several decades, with introduced saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) as a crucial component of this transformation. Saltcedar, now a dominating presence along many western rivers, due to its high tolerance to drought, salinity and stress, is considered to be a high-water-use plant that can desiccate disturbed river systems. Where native and saltcedar plant communities occur together, it is important to understand water use patterns and the physiological responses of each species to environmental stress factors, as a way to project an eventual course of succession processes and management options at a given site. Stress and disturbance in the form of reduced stream flows and land use changes may influence these interactions. Understanding the conditions that allow for saltcedar dominance is critical in determining riparian water budgets, and developing effective management strategies. Sap flux sensors were used to measure the physiological response of co-occurring communities of saltcedar and native trees to these environmental stress factors during the pre-monsoon period in early summer, a time of maximum stress for riparian vegetation. The results suggest that native trees are still competitive with salt cedar so that a mixed plant community is likely to continue on the San Pedro River on the condition that current groundwater levels and river flows are maintained. If base flows and depth to groundwater continue to decline, this competitive balance between saltcedar and native trees likely could change.

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