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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-14T19:49:13Z (GMT) / Submitted by MILENA RODRIGUES BONIOLO null (milenaboniolo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-15T00:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REPOSITORIO_Boniolo.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-15T12:55:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 boniolo_mr_dr_rcla.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T12:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 boniolo_mr_dr_rcla.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escassez qualitativa e quantitativa de água associada aos impactos ambientais impostos por águas residuárias tem agravado o cenário da situação ambiental brasileira. Um setor que merece destaque é o de mineração de urânio visto que o Brasil é a sexta maior reserva mundial deste elemento e existe grande quantidade de rejeitos acumulados contendo íons metálicos, semimetálicos e radiotóxicos. A biossorção tem se mostrado eficiente no tratamento das águas residuárias com íons que mesmo em baixas concentrações são tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a redução da concentração de urânio em soluções e em amostras de águas de drenagem ácida de minas da mina Osamu Utsumi das Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil por meio da biossorção. As biomassas escolhidas para uso como biosorvente foram cascas de banana, sementes de moringa e borra de café. Ensaios de decomposição térmica, porosimetria de adsorção de nitrogênio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram efetuados de modo a caracterizar fisicamente os biosorventes. As variáveis analisadas para os ensaios em batelada como tamanho e massa do biosorvente, temperatura do ensaio, tempo de contato, pH e concentração inicial da solução de urânio foram definidas com o planejamento fatorial de experimentos. A partir dos ensaios em batelada realizados, pôde-se observar que as biomassas com maior área superficial e menor volume de poros resultaram em maiores valores de eficiência de remoção, sendo a ordem crescente destes parâmetros: cascas de banana < borra de café < sementes de moringa. Dentre os biosorventes estudados as sementes de moringa apresentaram os maiores valores de eficiência de remoção, seguida pela borra de café e cascas de banana. Em soluções de 100 mg L-1 as eficiências de remoção das sementes de moringa e cascas de banana foram iguais a 0,7429 e 0,2483, respectivamente; em valores de concentração de 25 mg L-1 as borras de café apresentaram eficiência de remoção igual a 0,9358. Em amostras de efluente com concentrações de urânio na ordem de 5 mg L-1 , as sementes de moringa apresentaram-se como o biosorvente com melhor eficiência de remoção (~0,8) quando comparadas as cascas de banana (~0,5) e borra de café (~0,7). / The qualitative and quantitative water scarcity associated with environmental impacts posed by wastewater has worsened the brazilian environmental scenario. Uranium mining is a prominent sector in Brazil context, since this country owns the sixth biggest uranium reserve in the world and there is large amount of accumulated tailings containing metallic, semi-metallic and radiotoxic ions. In general, biosorption has shown significant efficiency on effluent treatment, removing ions which even in low concentrations present toxicity. This work aimed to reduce the concentration of uranium by using biosorption in both cases, lab scale solutions and acid mining drainage effluent samples from Osamu Utsumi mine, wich belongs to Usinas Nucleares do Brasil. The selected biomasses used as biosorvent were banana peels, moringa’s seeds and coffee waste. Thermal decomposition, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were performed for physical characterization. The studied variables for the batch tests as size and mass of biosorvent, temperature of tests, contact time, pH and initial concentration of solutions of uranium were defined by using design of experiments. From the tests carried out it was observed that the biomasses with a higher surface area and smaller pore volume resulted in higher removal efficiency values, with an ascending order of these parameters: banana peels <coffee grounds <seed moringa. Among the studied biosorvents, moringa seeds showed the highest values of removal efficiency followed by the coffee waste and banana peel. Based on tests using uranium solutions of 100 mg L-1, the removal efficiency of moringa seeds and banana peel were 0,7429 and 0,2483, respectively; assuming concentration of 25 mg L-1 the coffee wastes has shown efficiency of removal of 0,9358. In effluent samples with uranium concentrations in the order of 5 mg L-1, the moringa seeds were presented as the biosorbent with better removal efficiency (~ 0.8) when compared to banana peels (~ 0.5) and coffee waste (~ 0.7).

Pectin is a soluble dietary fiber that in addition to its role in the food industry as a thickener and emulsifier, provides metabolic effects related to weight control, lipids and glucose levels. It is found in significant amounts in agro-industrial residues such as bark and fruit cake. Soybean hulls, a product derived from the bran extraction and legume oil, also has a large amount of pectin in its composition. However, sources of different characteristics tend to provide pectins with monomeric organization and differentiated properties, which determine its technological application and metabolic role. Moreover, studies have indicated that the products of its hydrolysis, in particular pectic oligosaccharides have bifidogenic characteristics are considered as a new class of prebiotics. However, changes in physical and chemical properties caused by hydrolysis and its metabolic effects are not well studied. The optimal amounts of pectic prebiotics consumption also require further evidence to be established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select promising raw material for efficient extraction and hydrolysis of pectin, evaluating the resulting product (partially hydrolyzed pectin) and the physical and chemical properties and prebiotic potential in vivo. The agro-industrial waste used were soybean hulls, passion fruit peel and orange peel. The passion fruit peel was the raw material with the greatest potential for pectin extraction by presenting yield ( 15.71 %) and galacturonic acid content ( 51.3 % ) , similar to orange peel ( 17.96 % yield and 60.45 % of galacturonic acid) in pectic concentrate, but with residual levels of protein and lipids reduced. Although high pectin content in its composition , the yield of extraction of the polysaccharide was only 5.66 % for soybean hulls . Therefore, passion fruit peel was chosen for pectit prebiotics production. Acid hydrolysis was efficient for two hours to produce changes in molecular weight distribution profile of passion fruit peel pectin, increasing the amount of low molecular weight compounds. The physico-chemical properties form also altered by hydrolysis, with decreased water holding capacity and the copper connection, and increased capacity for absorbing fat. The addition of 0.25% of partially hydrolyzed passion fruit peel pectin provided prebiotic effect, resulting in increased production of short chain fatty acids in growth in rat cecum. / A pectina é uma fibra alimentar solúvel que, além de seu papel na indústria de alimentos como espessante e emulsificante, proporciona efeitos metabólicos relacionados ao controle do peso, perfil lipídico e glicêmico. É encontrada em quantidades significativas em resíduos da agroindústria, como cascas e bagaços de frutas. A casca de soja, um produto resultante da extração do farelo e do óleo da leguminosa, também possui grande quantidade de pectina em sua composição. Todavia, fontes de características diferentes tendem a fornecer pectinas com organização monomérica e propriedades diferenciadas, as quais determinam sua aplicação tecnológica e papel metabólico. Além disso, estudos têm apontado que os produtos da sua hidrólise, em especial os oligossacarídeos pécticos, apresentam características bifidogênicas, sendo considerados uma nova classe de prebióticos. No entanto, as alterações nas propriedades físico-químicas causadas pela hidrólise e seus efeitos metabólicos são pouco estudadas. As quantidades ideais de consumo de prebióticos pécticos também carecem de maiores evidências para serem estabelecidas. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi selecionar matéria-prima promissora para eficiente extração e hidrólise de pectinas, avaliando o produto resultante (pectina parcialmente hidrolisada) quanto às propriedades físico-químicas e potencial prebiótico in vivo. Os resíduos agroindustriais utilizados foram casca de soja, casca de maracujá e bagaço de laranja. A casca de maracujá foi a matéria-prima de maior potencial para extração de pectinas por apresentar rendimento (15,71%) e teor de ácido galacturônico (51,3%), semelhante ao bagaço de laranja (17,96% de rendimento e 60,45% de ácido galacturônico) no concentrado péctico, porém com teores residuais de proteína e lipídeos reduzidos. Embora com elevado teor de pectina em sua composição, o rendimento de extração deste polissacarídeo foi de apenas 5,66% para a casca de soja. Portanto, a casca de maracujá foi escolhida para a produção dos prebióticos pécticos. A hidrólise ácida por duas horas foi eficiente para produzir alterações no perfil de distribuição de massa molar da pectina de casca de maracujá, aumentando a quantidade de compostos de baixa massa molar. As propriedades físico-químicas também foram alteradas pela hidrólise, com diminuição da capacidade de retenção de água e de ligação a cobre, e aumento da capacidade de absorção de gordura. A adição de 0,25% de pectina de casca de maracujá parcialmente hidrolisada proporcionou efeito prebiótico, confirmado pela maior produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no ceco de ratos em crescimento.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The passion fruit peel (CM), apple pomace (BM) and orange bagasse (BL) are by-products generated in large quantities and usually wasted by brazilian industries of juices processing. However have nutritional qualities important for health, as relevant levels of dietary fiber. In this context, the study aimed to characterize the flour of these by-products, study potential nutritional as alternative sources of fiber in diets drawn up for rats, and test the nutritional and sensory quality of honey breads enriched with these flours. In step characterization, it was verified a high content of dietary fiber, which varied 54.82 to 76.84% in dry matter (DM), highlighting the soluble fraction (18.97% to 25.17% in DM), mainly composed of pectin (49.19% to 91.25% of the soluble fiber). Phenolic compounds were also elevated in the samples analyzed (479.71 to 862.11 mg% in DM). The BM stood out for higher fiber content, pectin, condensed tannins and greatest copper binding capacity. The CM presented a high mineral content, very small percentage of fat, high hydration capacity and greater fat binding capacity. The BL was the by-product with higher levels of soluble fiber and phenolic content. In biological assay, conducted for 40 days, it was used 32 male Wistar rats, with 21 days old, randomly distributed (eight animals / treatment) between the following experimental treatments: TC, control treatment with cellulose as a fiber source; TBM; treatment with apple pomace as fiber source; TBL, treatment with orange bagasse as a source of fiber; TCM; treatment with passion fruit peel as a source of fiber.The different sources of fiber did not affect the average consumption, weight gain, feed conversion, gastrointestinal transit time, and neither exerted influence on the weight of the intestine empty, kidney, liver and epididymal fat of animals. There was also not significant difference in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, albumin, total protein and lipids in the liver. However, it was found that the addition of these by-products has enabled significant reductions in serum triglycerides and hepatic cholesterol, and also promote changes in important parameters for gut health (pH, nitrogen and fecal moisture) and play important roles in the control of postprandial glycemia. The fiber derived from BM showed greater potential to reduce the absorption and metabolization of fat for its increased excretion in feces, but it was the only one that did not exercise significant influence on fasting glucose. The fiber from the CM had higher apparent digestibility and the animals fed with BL showed the better postprandial glycemic response. The replacement of 15% of wheat flour standard formulation of honey bread by flours fruit by-products of allowed the reduction of caloric value and the increase in dietary fiber content (from 6.62 to 9.61% in DM to the formulations added BL and BM, respectively) and your soluble fraction. Sensory evaluation of honey breads enriched with flour by-products indicated good acceptability average for all parameters evaluated (color, aroma, flavor, texture, overall acceptability) and favorable purchase intent of these products. Is founded, thus, the rational utilization of these by-products of processing fruits as alternative sources of fiber with potential nutritional and technological to be used in human food. / A casca de maracujá (CM), o bagaço de maçã (BM) e o bagaço de laranja (BL) são subprodutos gerados em grande quantidade e geralmente desperdiçados pelas indústrias brasileiras de processamento de sucos. Contudo possuem qualidades nutricionais importantes, como teores relevantes de fibra alimentar. Nesse contexto, este trabalho objetivou caracterizar as farinhas desses subprodutos, estudar o potencial nutricional como fontes alternativas de fibra em dietas elaboradas para ratos e testar a qualidade nutricional e sensorial de pães de mel enriquecidos com essas farinhas. Na etapa de caracterização, constatou-se alto teor de fibra alimentar, que variou de 54,82 a 76,84% na matéria seca (MS), destacando-se a fração solúvel (18,97% a 25,17% na MS), composta principalmente por pectina. Os compostos fenólicos também foram elevados nas amostras analisadas (479,71 a 862,11 mg % na MS). O BM destacou-se pelo maior teor de fibra, pectina, taninos condensados e superior capacidade de ligação ao cobre. A CM apresentou alto teor de minerais, baixo percentual de gordura, elevada capacidade de hidratação e maior capacidade de ligação à gordura. O BL foi o subproduto com maior teor de fibra solúvel e conteúdo de fenóis. No ensaio biológico, conduzido por 40 dias, utilizou-se 32 ratos Wistar machos, com 21 dias de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente (oito animais/tratamento) entre os seguintes tratamentos experimentais: TC, tratamento controle com celulose como fonte de fibra; TBM; tratamento com bagaço de maçã como fonte de fibra; TBL, tratamento com bagaço de laranja como fonte de fibra; TCM; tratamento com casca de maracujá como fonte de fibra. As diferentes fontes de fibras não afetaram o consumo médio, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal e nem exerceram influência no peso do intestino vazio, do rim, do fígado e da gordura epididimal dos animais. Também não foi observada diferença significativa nos níveis de colesterol total, colesterol HDL, albumina, proteínas totais e lipídeos no fígado. Contudo, constatou-se que adição desses subprodutos possibilitou reduções significativas nos níveis de triglicerídeos séricos e de colesterol hepático, além de promover modificações em parâmetros importantes para a saúde do intestino (pH, nitrogênio e umidade fecal) e desempenhar importante ação no controle da glicemia pós-prandial. A fibra oriunda do BM mostrou maior potencial em reduzir a absorção e a metabolização da gordura pela sua excreção aumentada nas fezes, mas foi a única que não exerceu influência significativa na glicemia de jejum. A fibra advinda da CM apresentou maior digestibilidade aparente e os animais alimentados com BL mostraram a melhor resposta glicêmica pós-prandial. A substituição de 15% da farinha de trigo da formulação padrão de pão de mel pelas farinhas dos subprodutos de frutas possibilitou a redução do valor calórico e o incremento no teor de fibra alimentar (6,62 a 9,61% na MS para as formulações adicionadas de BL e BM, respectivamente) e de sua fração solúvel. A avaliação sensorial dos pães de mel enriquecidos com as farinhas dos subprodutos indicou boa média de aceitabilidade para todos os parâmetros avaliados (cor, aroma, sabor, textura, aceitação global) e favorável intenção de compra desses produtos. Fundamenta-se, assim, a utilização racional desses subprodutos do processamento de frutas como fontes alternativas de fibras, que têm potencial nutricional e tecnológico para serem utilizadas na alimentação humana.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_zv_dr_botfca.pdf: 894968 bytes, checksum: 522dc825bbc64c7631c86fa63430a259 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A murcha de Fusarium spp. em crisântemo é responsável por sérios prejuízos à cultura no Brasil. Uma alternativa para o seu controle é o uso de substrato supressivo, o qual pode ser obtido pela adição de fontes de matérias orgânicas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um substrato supressivo à murcha do Fusarium em crisântemo com a introdução de matéria orgânica em substratos comerciais. Para tanto, lodo de esgoto e lodo de esgoto compostado; torta de mamona; esterco suíno; cama aviária; compostos comerciais Lanzi®; casca de camarão, biofertilizante e hidrolisado de peixe foram incorporados a substratos à base de casca de Pinus e de turfa em diferentes concentrações e combinações. Os experimentos foram realizados em propriedade produtora de crisântemo Bola-belga com problemas de Fusarium. Em todos os experimentos o número mínimo de repetições foi de 20 vasos por tratamento. Transcorridas 8, 12, 15 e 20 semanas do transplantio foi avaliada a severidade da doença por uma escala de notas de 0 para planta sadia a 5 para planta morta. Com os dados foram calculadas as áreas abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da murcha de Fusarium. Além disso, foram realizadas análises dos atributos químicos e da atividade microbiana dos substratos bem como do desenvolvimento das plantas. O lodo de esgoto, lodo de esgoto compostado, cama aviária, casca de camarão e o composto Lanzi® induziram a supressividade do substrato à base de casca se Pinus e/ou de turfa, controlando a murcha de Fusarium. Por outro lado, esterco suíno, torta de mamona, hidrolisado de peixe, quitosana e Trichoderma asperellum não interferiram na supressividade à doença. Substratos obtidos com lodo de esgoto e cama aviária, em mistura ou não, nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 30% (v/v) foram os mais adequados do ponto de vista de indução de supressividade... / Fusarium spp. wilt causes serious damages to chrysanthemum crops in Brazil. An alternative for its control is the use of suppressive plant growth media, which can be obtained by the addition of organic matter to container media. The objective of the present work was to develop a plant growth media suppressive to the Fusarium spp. in chrysanthemum with the introduction of organic matter to commercial container media. Sewage sludge and sewage sludge compost; castorbean presscake, swine manure; poultry litter; shrimp peel, biofertilizer, chitosan and fish hydrolyzed were incorporated to pine-bark and turf container media in different concentrations and combinations. The experiments were conducted in a Belgianchrysanthemum variety producing property with a Fusarium problem. In all experiments the minimum number of repetitions was 20 containers per treatment. Eight, 12, 15 and 20 weeks following transplanting the severity of the disease was evaluated according to a progressive scale from 0 (healthy plant) to 5 (dead plant). Areas under the disease progress curve for disease severity of Fusarium wilt were calculated. Chemical and microbiological attributes of container media and plant development were analyzed. The sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost, poultry litter, shrimp peel and the Lanzi® compost induced the suppressiveness of pine bark and/or turf container media, controlling the wilt. On the other hand, swine manure, castorbean presscake, fish hydrolyzed, chitosan and Trichoderma asperellum did not affect the suppressiveness to the disease. Plant growth media with sewage sludge and poultry litter, in mixture or alone, in the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) were the most appropriate from the point of view of induction of suppressiveness and product quality, being the plant growth media recommended... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Thaisa Anders Carvalho Souza.pdf: 2450969 bytes, checksum: 96a1e35514fbf17aedfa8fc3705b6ae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / This study aimed to verify the microbiological safety of solid waste from cassava starch (peel and bagasse), with different times of storage at room temperature with and without chemical treatment and apply peels and dried cassava bagasse in the formulation of gluten-free cake mixes substituting rice flour. The pH values ranged from 5.3 to 4.3 in fresh cassava peel, while the cassava peel sanitized between 5.6 and 4.4. The pH values ranged from 5.24 to 5.92 on fresh cassava bagasse, while in the acidified cassava bagasse these values were between 4.7 and 5.5. The time significantly influenced the pH values of all samples of peel and cassava bagasse during storage at room temperature. None of the samples of flour and cake analyzed was detected Salmonella, and counting of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium sp. and fecal coliform (45 °C). There were only counts of coliforms, yeasts and molds in peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. All instrumental parameters of color, pH and moisture of the samples of rice flour, peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, showed differences. The rice flour had become clearer, with less red and yellow color when compared to the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The pH differed among the three flours, being the pH of the rice flour larger than those observed in flours of peel and cassava bagasse. The moisture content of rice flour was lower than the peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. The flours of peel and cassava bagasse showed higher contents of ash, total dietary fiber, soluble and insoluble fiber and lower protein and carbohydrates, in addition to the total energy. The specific volumes of experimental cakes made with rice flour and cassava peel flour did not differ in any treatment, already in those made with cassava bagasse flour, treatments with 75% and 100% substitution of rice flour by cassava bagasse flour differed from other treatments. The crumbs of cakes tended to stain darker with increasing levels of replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour. In relation to moisture all the cakes made with experimental flours were different, except the cake without replacement and with 25% substitution of rice flour with cassava bagasse flour. The performance index also tended to increase proportionately to the increase levels of replacement of rice flour by flour of peel and cassava bagasse flour. The ash, lipids and total and insoluble dietary fibers tended to increase in the cakes with replacement of rice flour by peel flour and cassava bagasse flour, carbohydrates, protein and total energy were lower in cakes with increasing replacement of flour waste. All experimental cakes exceeded the cutoff point (score 6) for acceptance testing in sensorial analysis. Cassava peel sanitized and acidified cassava bagasse can be considered safe for use as an ingredient (flour) in the formulation of food products, especially those who suffer heat treatment. The results obtained in the formulations of the cakes were adequate, since they showed satisfactory results in relation to the physical, nutritional, microbiological safety and sensory characteristics. / Este trabalho objetivou verificar a segurança microbiológica dos resíduos sólidos de fecularia de mandioca (cascas e bagaço), com diferentes tempos de armazenamento a temperatura ambiente com e sem tratamento químico e aplicar as cascas e bagaço de mandioca desidratados na formulação de misturas de bolos sem glúten em substituição a farinha de arroz. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,3 a 4,3 na casca de mandioca in natura, enquanto na casca de mandioca sanitizada entre 5,6 e 4,4. Os valores de pH variaram entre 5,24 a 5,92 no bagaço de mandioca in natura, enquanto no bagaço de mandioca acidificado estes valores ficaram entre 4,7 e 5,5. O tempo influenciou significativamente os valores de pH de todas as amostras de casca e de bagaço de mandioca durante o armazenamento a temperatura ambiente. Em nenhuma das amostras de farinhas e de bolos avaliadas foi detectada presença de Salmonella sp, e contagem de Bacilus cereus, Clostridium sp. e coliformes termotolerantes (45 °C). Apenas verificaram-se contagens de coliformes totais e bolores e leveduras nas farinhas de cascas e de bagaço de mandioca. Todos os parâmetros instrumentais de cor, o pH e a umidade das amostras de farinha de arroz, farinha de casca de mandioca e farinha de bagaço de mandioca, apresentaram diferenças. A farinha de arroz apresentou-se mais clara, com coloração menos avermelhada e amarelada, quando comparada às farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. O pH diferiu entre as três farinhas, sendo o pH da farinha de arroz maior que o observado nas farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. A umidade da farinha de arroz foi menor que as das farinhas de casca de mandioca e de bagaço de mandioca. As farinhas de casca e de bagaço de mandioca apresentaram teores superiores de cinzas, fibras alimentares total, solúvel e insolúvel e inferiores de proteínas e carboidratos, além do valor energético total. Os volumes específicos dos bolos experimentais formulados com farinha de arroz e farinha de casca de mandioca não diferiram em nenhum dos tratamentos, já nos formulados com farinha de bagaço de mandioca, os tratamentos com 75% e 100% de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de bagaço de mandioca diferiram dos demais tratamentos. Os miolos dos bolos apresentaram tendência à coloração mais escura, com o aumento dos níveis de substituição da farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. Em relação à umidade todos os bolos experimentais formulados com as farinhas apresentaram diferença, exceto o bolo sem substituição e com 25% de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de bagaço de mandioca. O índice de rendimento também apresentou tendência a aumentar proporcionalmente ao aumento dos níveis de substituição de farinha de arroz por farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca. As cinzas, os lipídeos e as fibras alimentares total e insolúvel apresentaram tendência de aumentar nos bolos com substituição de farinha de arroz pela farinha de casca e de bagaço de mandioca, já os carboidratos, proteínas e o valor energético total apresentaram valores inferiores nos bolos com o aumento da substituição das farinhas dos resíduos. Todos os bolos experimentais superaram o ponto de corte (escore 6) para o teste de aceitação na análise sensorial. A casca de mandioca sanitizada e o bagaço de mandioca acidificado podem ser considerados seguros para utilização como ingrediente (farinha) em formulações de produtos alimentícios, principalmente aqueles que sofrerão tratamento térmico. Os resultados obtidos nas formulações dos bolos foram adequados, uma vez que estes apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em relação às características físicas, valor nutricional, segurança microbiológica e características sensoriais.

Cette thèse porte sur l'intensification de l'extraction de polyphénols à partir de produits à base de pomme (chair, peau et marc) par ultrasons (US) et sur la purification d'extraits de peau de pomme par adsorption/désorption et technologie membranaire. L'extraction sélective des polyphénols issus des produits de la pomme a été analysée. Les données obtenues ont démontré la possibilité d’une régulation fine de l’extraction sélective de la matière soluble, de la catéchine et des composés polyphénoliques totaux en utilisant différentes températures, protocoles UAE, mélanges éthanol/aqueux. La sélectivité de l'extraction de la catéchine dépendait également du type de tissu (chair, peau ou marc) et de la variété de pomme (verte ou rouge). Le phénomène de cavitation généré par les ultrasons pourrait augmenter l'extraction de composants précieux des pelures de fruits en endommageant les membranes cellulaires des échantillons et en accélérant ainsi le transfert de chaleur et de masse. D’autre part, les solvants eau-gaz pourraient améliorer l'efficacité d'extraction des polyphénols des peaux de pomme en renforçant le phénomène de cavitation généré par les ultrasons. L'efficacité de la purification de polyphénols d'extraits de pelure de pomme par adsorption/désorption assisté par ultrasons (adsorbant polyaromatique Amberlite XAD-16) et par électrofiltration sur membrane a été mise en évidence. Les données obtenues ont démontré que la sonication facilitait significativement la cinétique d’adsorption, la capacité d’adsorption accrue et augmentation de l’énergie d’activation de l’adsorption des polyphénols. En outre, le taux de désorption a été positivement affecté par la sonication au cours de l'étape d'adsorption. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont montré que l’électrofiltration sur membrane permettait de purifier les polyphénols dans l’espace anodique (+) et d’obtenir un volume plus important de filtrats. / This thesis focuses on the intensification of polyphenols extraction from apple products (flesh, peel, and pomace) by ultrasound (US) and the purification of apple peel extracts by adsorption/desorption and membrane technology. The selective extraction of phenolic contents from apple products has been analyzed. The obtained data evidenced the possibility of fine regulation of selective extraction of soluble matter, catechin and total polyphenolic compounds using different temperatures, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) protocols, ethanol/aqueous mixtures. The selectivity of catechin extraction was also depended on the type of the tissue (flesh, peel or pomace) and apple variety (green or red). The cavitation phenomenon generated by ultrasound could increase extraction of valuable components from fruit peels by damaging cell membranes of samples and accelerating heat and mass transfer by disrupted cell walls of samples. Meanwhile, the gas water solvents could enhance the extraction efficiency of polyphenols and antioxidant activity from apple peels by enhancing cavitation phenomenon generated by ultrasound. The efficiency of polyphenols purification from apple peel extracts with adsorption/desorption process by ultrasound treatment with the polyaromatic amberlite adsorbent XAD-16 and with membrane electro-filtration were studied. The obtained data demonstrated that the sonication significantly facilitated adsorption kinetics and increased activation energy of polyphenols adsorption. In addition, the desorption ratio was positively affected by the sonication during the adsorption step. On the other hand, the results demonstrated that the membrane electro-filtration allowed the purification of polyphenols in the anode (+) space and obtaining larger volume of filtrates.

No description available.

The pomegranate fruit is one of the high valued crops, but there is insufficient information regarding the fruit properties in South Africa. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties as well as total phenols, anthocyanin, antioxidant, organic sugars and acids of cultivar Wonderful on three locations of the Western Cape. This study was conducted on mature pomegranate fruits harvested in the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Fruit weight (g), length (mm), and width (mm), peel/aril colour and total arils weights (g) were measured. Fruits were also analysed for total soluble solids (TSS) or °Brix), titratable acidity (TA) and juice pH. Results of the study showed that there were significant differences in all measured factors with the exception of % aril yield between the three locations. Though varied per season, fruits produced at Bonnievalle had better physical and chemical properties than at the other localities. With the exception of Aril hue angle, all measured parameters had significant interaction effect regardless of locality (P<0.05). Total soluble solids content varied from 16.0–17.3 (°Brix), pH values from 2.7–3.0, titratable acid content varied from 1.3–1.7 and maturity index from 9.7–13.4. The anthocyanin, total phenols and antioxidant were in order of 772–1134; 1611–1834 and 12.57–14.84. Organic acids (Citric and Malic) showed differences while Acetic acid was not significant in all areas and organic sugar (fructose, Glucose and Sucrose) all had significant differences. It can also be concluded that changes in colour of peel and arils of pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) was mostly as a result of seasonal variation as well as growing area as evident by the interaction between both main factors. / Agriculture / M.Sc (Agriculture)

The pomegranate fruit is one of the high valued crops, but there is insufficient information regarding the fruit properties in South Africa. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physico-chemical properties as well as total phenols, anthocyanin, antioxidant, organic sugars and acids of cultivar Wonderful on three locations of the Western Cape. This study was conducted on mature pomegranate fruits harvested in the 2012 and 2013 seasons. Fruit weight (g), length (mm), and width (mm), peel/aril colour and total arils weights (g) were measured. Fruits were also analysed for total soluble solids (TSS) or °Brix), titratable acidity (TA) and juice pH. Results of the study showed that there were significant differences in all measured factors with the exception of % aril yield between the three locations. Though varied per season, fruits produced at Bonnievalle had better physical and chemical properties than at the other localities. With the exception of Aril hue angle, all measured parameters had significant interaction effect regardless of locality (P<0.05). Total soluble solids content varied from 16.0–17.3 (°Brix), pH values from 2.7–3.0, titratable acid content varied from 1.3–1.7 and maturity index from 9.7–13.4. The anthocyanin, total phenols and antioxidant were in order of 772–1134; 1611–1834 and 12.57–14.84. Organic acids (Citric and Malic) showed differences while Acetic acid was not significant in all areas and organic sugar (fructose, Glucose and Sucrose) all had significant differences. It can also be concluded that changes in colour of peel and arils of pomegranate (cv. Wonderful) was mostly as a result of seasonal variation as well as growing area as evident by the interaction between both main factors. / Agriculture / M. Sc (Agriculture)

Shire of Murray has concerns regarding the negative impact that a 100 year flood could have on existing structures built before 1997. The increase cost in construction due to landfill has an adverse effect on development in Pinjarra. Feasibility of constructing a diversion channel at upstream of Murray River to attenuate the flood level from 1 in 100 year ARI to 1 in 50 year ARI, was investigated by Kiong (2003). The Murray River Water Surface Profile along three kilometres south of Greenlands Road was modelled. Flood damages on each flood occurrence were assessed and Average Annual Damage (AAD) was calculated. The AAD is used to estimate the monetary benefit against the construction cost of the diversion channel. Groundwater along Greenlands and Fauntleroy Drains was also modelled to determine the viable depth of the designed channel, as well as the analysis of backwater. The proposed channel is designed at different scenarios (invert level at breakout point, culvert or causeway design, and diversion channel variations). The benefit cost ratio of the proposed diversion channel is calculated. Other mitigation options are suggested including detention basins for structural measure, or building a new flood-proof township for non-structural measure.