This diploma thesis deals with hydraulic optimization of distribution pipeline for 5 nozzle Pelton’s turbine by using CFD. The thesis is a follow-up to a previous diploma thesis which deals with the possibilities to simplify existing distribution pipeline. A few simplified versions of distribution pipelines were solved and the results show which way we should proceed towards the right solution. The simplified distribution pipeline arises from given parameters and retains the same procedure of evaluation to give us the opportunity of comparing achieved results. Two new geometries of distribution pipeline were created. They were then modified to achieve optimal distribution of discharge in each nozzle. Other criteria used for comparison were static pressure and Coriolis’ number in specific slices inside pipeline. Last but not least a simple economical analysis for selected version of distribution pipeline was carried out on the basis of which we can see the manufacturing costs of the pipeline.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to determine the torque momentum of the jet deflector of the Pelton turbine using a two-phased CFD simulation. The reason for determining the moments is the inaccurate formula according to a standard, whose results are assumed to be too excessive. The first part is devoted to theory of Pelton turbine and its main components. The second part contains the design of deflector, explanation of the used k- turbulence method and the Volume of Fluid two-phased flow modeling method. The results of the simulation are presented at the end of the thesis.

Resumo: A proposta desta dissertação foi a de apresentar o desempenho de uma microcentral hidrelétrica, instalada no Centro de Energias Renováveis da Unesp, Campus Guaratinguetá. As análises apresentadas são de desempenho elétrico e mecânico. A microcentral hidrelétrica utiliza roda Pelton com 0,4m de diâmetro no ponto de incidência do jato de água. O gerador utilizado foi com rotor de ímãs permanentes de ferrite. Tanto o gerador quanto a microusina são de baixo custo de aquisição e instalação. Foram feitos os testes em bancada com o gerador aproximando o máximo possível das condições ideais de funcionamento. Também foram realizadas algumas alterações físicas na microhidrelétrica para manter a rotação constante com a variação de carga. Utilizaram-se cargas resistivas e não-lineares. Os resultados contribuíram para a melhoria da qualidade da energia e o controle do fluxo de água no processo de geração de energia. O conjunto composto de gerador e a turbina Pelton, durante o experimento, apresentaram rendimentos eletromecânicos da ordem de 20% a 30% comparados com a teoria. / Abstract: This proposal of this work is to demonstrate the performance of a Micro- Hydroelectrical Powerplant (MHP), which has been installed at the UNESP – FEG - Renewable Energy Center, in Guaratinguetá-SP. The present analysis refers to the electrical and mechanical performances. The micro-hydroelectrical powerplant employs a Pelton turbine with a diameter of 0,4m at the incidence of water flow. The generator is provided with permanent ferrite magnet rotor. Costs were low for both the acquisition of parts and installation of the generator and the micro-hydroelectrical powerplant. Bench tests carried out with the generator reached the maximum possible ideal functioning conditions. Some physical modifications were necessary to maintain constant rotation with load variations. Resistive and non-linear loads were used in the essays. The results contributed for an improvement in the quality of energy and the control of water flow in the process of generating energy. The assembly composed of the generator and the Pelton turbine presented an electro-mechanical revenue between 20% to 30%. / Orientador: Teófilo Miguel de Souza. / Coorientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho. / Banca: Samuel Euzedice de Lucena. / Banca: Osiris Cancigliere Junior. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:00:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_jlcn_me_guara.pdf: 1246383 bytes, checksum: bca809ae8bb8fe32b7de24055d2e53d7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A proposta desta dissertação foi a de apresentar o desempenho de uma microcentral hidrelétrica, instalada no Centro de Energias Renováveis da Unesp, Campus Guaratinguetá. As análises apresentadas são de desempenho elétrico e mecânico. A microcentral hidrelétrica utiliza roda Pelton com 0,4m de diâmetro no ponto de incidência do jato de água. O gerador utilizado foi com rotor de ímãs permanentes de ferrite. Tanto o gerador quanto a microusina são de baixo custo de aquisição e instalação. Foram feitos os testes em bancada com o gerador aproximando o máximo possível das condições ideais de funcionamento. Também foram realizadas algumas alterações físicas na microhidrelétrica para manter a rotação constante com a variação de carga. Utilizaram-se cargas resistivas e não-lineares. Os resultados contribuíram para a melhoria da qualidade da energia e o controle do fluxo de água no processo de geração de energia. O conjunto composto de gerador e a turbina Pelton, durante o experimento, apresentaram rendimentos eletromecânicos da ordem de 20% a 30% comparados com a teoria. / This proposal of this work is to demonstrate the performance of a Micro- Hydroelectrical Powerplant (MHP), which has been installed at the UNESP FEG - Renewable Energy Center, in Guaratinguetá-SP. The present analysis refers to the electrical and mechanical performances. The micro-hydroelectrical powerplant employs a Pelton turbine with a diameter of 0,4m at the incidence of water flow. The generator is provided with permanent ferrite magnet rotor. Costs were low for both the acquisition of parts and installation of the generator and the micro-hydroelectrical powerplant. Bench tests carried out with the generator reached the maximum possible ideal functioning conditions. Some physical modifications were necessary to maintain constant rotation with load variations. Resistive and non-linear loads were used in the essays. The results contributed for an improvement in the quality of energy and the control of water flow in the process of generating energy. The assembly composed of the generator and the Pelton turbine presented an electro-mechanical revenue between 20% to 30%.

De nos jours, les processus industriels se doivent d’être efficaces, en particulier au niveau de leur production et/ou consommation énergétique.Ce travail vise à améliorer l’efficacité des processus en analysant l’influence des perturbations sur leur comportement, de la phase de conception à la synthèse des contrôleurs/observateurs, ceci dans une approche intégrée.Le problème du Rejet de Perturbation est introduit ainsi que différents types de contrôles permettant d’atténuer et/ou rejeter ces perturbations. Le système de Barre de Torsion est présenté. Une loi de commande basée sur le concept d’état dérivé est présentée et ensuite validée avec comme application le rejet de perturbation. Il est nécessaire d’estimer les grandeurs physiques utilisées dans les différentes expressions de loi de commande. Un observateur à entrées inconnues basé sur la représentation bond graph est rappelé et ensuite étendu au cas multi-variable. C’est la première contribution théorique de ce travail de recherche.Nous comparons ensuite l’efficacité de différentes techniques de commandes pour le rejet de perturbation par simulation sur le système barre de torsion et analysons ainsi l’efficacité de la technique proposée. Une extension théorique au problème du découplage entrée-sortie nous permet de généraliser le problème du rejet de perturbation dans une même démarche intégrée d’analyse et de synthèse. Enfin, ces techniques sont exploitées et analysées sur le système réel. Nous validons ainsi expérimentalement nos résultats.Un modèle très simplifié de centrale hydroélectrique est développé afin d’appliquer les résultats de nos travaux. Un modèle bond graph simplifié est validé par simulation. / Nowadays, industrial processes must be efficient, particularly at the production level and/or energy consumption.This research work aims at improving the process efficiency by analysing the influences of disturbances on their behaviour, from the conception phase to the synthesis of controller/observer, in an integrated approach.The disturbance rejection problem is first introduced as well as different control laws allowing attenuate/reject these disturbances. A control law based on the concept of derivative state variable is presented and validated while applied as disturbance rejection.In order to reject the disturbance, different physical variables must be estimated, such as state variables, derivative state variables as disturbance variables. An unknown input observer based on the bond graph representation is recalled and extended in the multivariable case. It is the first theoretical contribution of this work.We thus compare the efficiency of different so-called «modern control laws» for the disturbance rejection problems by simulation with the Torsion-Bar system example. We analyse the efficiency of our approach. One extension to the Input-Output decoupling problem allows us to extend the disturbance rejection problem to other control law type in an integrated approach. At least, these techniques are applied on the real Torsion-Bar system and compared. We validate our approach.Since this work aims at analysing and developing efficient control laws for industrial processes, a simplified model of a hydroelectric plant is developed, in order to apply our results. A simplified bond graph model is validated with simulations.

Wave energy is a promising renewable resource with a higher energy density than both wind and solar. Waves can travel thousands of kilometers with minimal energy loss, making them more reliable than the previously mentioned alternatives. A device that utilizes wave energy to generate electricity is calleda Wave Energy Converter. The converter studied in this thesis is a non-resonant point absorber, a floating device that absorbs energy through its displacement in the water. An incident wave approaching the converter combined with a latching strategy transforms the wave into a water jet, which emerges as a pulse wave and varies from zero to maximum velocity. The kinetic energy of the water jet gets converted to electricity through a Pelton turbine and a permanent magnet synchronous motor that acts as a generator. The thesis investigates three generator velocity control strategies and two deadtime strategies and aims to answer which strategy yields the best efficiency for the selected wave fields. The strategies strive to maximize the efficiency of the Pelton turbine while minimizing the frictional and electrical losses. The first velocity control approach relies on historical data and computes the average based on the previous wavefield. The second approach maintains a predetermined turbine velocity based on the average jet velocity of each incident wave. Lastly, the third strategy continuously adapts the speed during each jet pulse to maximize the Pelton turbine efficiency. The dead-time strategies refer to the approaches employed between waves. The first approach maintainsa constant generator velocity, reducing the necessary acceleration to match the next incident wave. The second approach freewheels the generator, allowing it to decelerate due to friction losses. During the deceleration, the generator draws no current, but as the next wave arrives it must instead accelerate. Consequently, drawing more current but during a shorter period. The results reveal that there is no significant difference between the two deadtime strategies, but there is a significant difference between the velocity control strategies. Furthermore, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the local averaging method and the adaptive control method, which result in the highest system efficiency. / Vågenergi är en lovande energiresurs som har högre energidensitet än både vind- och solkraft. Vågor kan färdas tusentals kilometer med minimal energiförlust,vilket gör dem mer tillförlitliga än de tidigare nämnda alternativen. En anordning som kan nyttja vågors energi för att generera elektricitet kallas för vågenergiomvandlare. Omvandlaren som studerats i detta arbete är en icke-resonant punktabsorbent,vilket är en flytande anordning som absorberar energi genom dess förflyttning i vattnet. När en kommande våg närmar sig omvandlaren transformeras vågen till en vattenstråle, som framträder som en pulsvåg och varierar mellan noll och maxhastighet, via en styrstrategi vid namn ”latching”. Den kinetiska energin från vattenstrålen omvandlas till elektrisk energi via en Peltonturbin och en synkronmotor som agerar som generator. Det här arbetet undersöker tre hastighetsstyrstrategier samt två mellantidsstrategier för generatorn, och ämnar besvara vilken som är den mest effektiva strategin för en uppsättning vågor. Målet med dessa strategier är att maximera effektiviteten hos Peltonturbinen medan friktions- samt elektriska förluster minimeras. Den första hastighetsstyrstrategin håller en konstant hastighetbaserad på ett medelvärde från ett tidigare vågfält. Den andra strategin hålleren konstant hastighet, vilken anpassas till varje inkommande våg. Den tredje strategin anpassar hastigheten kontinuerligt under pulsvågen för att maximera turbineffektiviteten. Med mellantidsstrategierna menas de styrstrategier som nyttjas mellan vattenpulserna. I den första mellantidsstrategin körs generatorn som motor och håller konstant hastighet, vilket minskar de nödvändiga accelerationerna för att möta kommande vågs referenshastighet. Den andra strategin låter generatorn frihjula, vilket gör att hastigheten faller på grund av friktionsförluster. Under hastighetsminskningen drar generatorn ingen ström, men den måste då istället accelerera när kommande våg anländer. Detta innebär att generatorn kommer att dra mer ström, men under en kortare period. Resultaten avslöjade att det inte var någon signifikant skillnad mellan de två mellantidsstrategierna och att det var en signifikant skillnad mellan hastighetsstyrstrategierna. Resultatet visade att de två metoderna med variabel hastighet gav högre systemeffektivitet än metoden med konstant hastighet.